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characters which are intermediate, and a thorough revision of the groups is necessary before one can
define their exact limits. Speaking broadly, we may separate the three families as follows :—
a. Chin-angle advanced in front of the nasal aperture.
a’. Hallux moderate, measured from its extreme base to the tip of the
claw about equal to the middle toe and claw; the outer and
inner toes sub-equal in length; palatines obtusely quadrate near

their postero-external extremity. [In typical Crows the first primary

is long and extends beyond the tips of the inner secondaries.] . .  CORVIDA.
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Fig. 1.—Ventral surface of skull of Rook (Zrypanocorax frugilegus).
Vig. 2.—Plantar surface of foot of Rook, from fresh specimen, to show the proportions of the toes.
[From the Catalogue of the Royal College of Surgeons, Part III. Aves, pp. 4, 5, 1891.]
6. Hallux very large, measured as above exceeding the length of the
middle toe and claw; the outer toe longer than the inner one;
palatines with the postero-external angle prolonged ; nares impervious ;
nasal septum much swollen and filling up the space between the
palatines ; first primary shorter than the inner secondaries... PARADISEID.

cass Fig. 4.

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Fig. 3.—Veutral surface of skull of Paradisea apoda (slightly enlarged). .o
Fig. 4.—Plantar surface of foot of EF’. apoda, to show the proportions of the toes, from a specimen in spirits in the
British Museum. [From the Catalogue of the Royal Ccllege of Surgeons, Part ILI. p. Hiepelt hele

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