CECROPIS ERYTHROPYGLIA.

Indian Mosque-Swallow.

Frundo erythropygia, Sykes, Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., part il. 1832, p. 83.—Jerd. Madr.
Journ. Lit. and Scli., vol. xi, p. 237.—Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 337.

——— Mpalensis, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. v. p. 780.

—-  Datwica, Blyth. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soe. Calc., p. 198.—Jerd. Birds of Ind., vol. i. p. 160.—
Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. dast-India Comp., vol. i. p. 92.

Masjid Ababil, of the Hindoos, i. e. Mosque-Swallow.

 

Aut the remarks respecting Indian Mosque-Swallows that have from time to time appeared in various
scientific periodicals, have reference to this species, originally characterized by Col. Sykes, and
differing from its western and eastern allies, Cecropis rufula and C. Daurica, with which it has often been
confounded, in its smaller size, and in the strize on the breast being intermediate, or not so apparent as
in the one nor so faint as in the other—characters by which the bird may be at once distinguished, and
which tend to confirm the opinion of those ornithologists who regard it as a distinct species. However
narrowly defined may be the range of the other members of the genus Cecropis, that of the present bird
appears to be a very wide one; for it is said to frequent the whole of India, from the most southern
part of the peninsula to the Himalayas, and is, moreover, seen in such countless numbers as to excite
the utmost astonishment. Col. Sykes relates that it « appeared in millions in two successive years in the
month of March, on the parade-ground at Poona; but they rested a day or two only, and were never seen
in the same numbers afterwards.” It seems to differ but little in habits and nidification, or in the similarity
of the colouring of the sexes, from its immediate congeners. Dr. Jerdon does not say if it be or be not
a migrant; in all probability it merely changes from one district to another at opposite seasons, without
leaving the country, its movements being influenced by the nature of the season. Mr. Hodgson states that
it “is the Common Swallow of the central region of Nepal, a household creature, remaining for seven or
eight months of the year; ” while Dr. Jerdon informs us that he has seen it nesting in Southern India.

In Horsfield and Moore’s ‘ Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum of the East-India Company,’ there is a
note (from whose pen is not stated) which I take the liberty of transcribing :—

‘This Swallow in general prefers the proximity of jungles. I observed it in those round the Neilgherries
(and also on the summit of the hills), in various other parts of the west coast, and in the Carnatic, at the
Tapoor pass. In the northern parts of the tableland, however, I have seen it occasionally in the cold
weather only, both in the neighbourhood of water and on dry open plains. In the jungles it frequents, it is
often seen seated in great numbers on a tree.”

In Dr. Jerdon’s ‘ Birds of India,’ it is stated that “This Swallow is found all over India, rarely extending
to Ceylon; but it is more common in hilly or jungly districts than in the open plains. I have seen them
in every part of India, from the extreme south to Darjeeling. A few couples, at all events, breed in the
South of India; for I have seen their nests on a rock at the Dimhutty waterfall on the Neilgherries, twenty
or thirty together. I have found one or two nests in deserted out-houses in Mysore; and they are said to
breed very constantly on large buildings, old mosques, pagodas, and such like; hence the native name of
Mosque-Swallow, in the South of India; but I rather think there is a considerable increase of their numbers
during the cold weather; and it was, no doubt, at the period of their northward migration that Col. Sykes
saw them in such vast numbers at Poona. From Hodgson’s remarks I conclude that they breed in Nepaul ;
and Adams says that they breed in the North-west Himalayas, migrating in winter to the Panjab. It
constructs a spherical or oval-shaped mud nest, with a long neck or tubular entrance, of the kind which is
called a retort nest ; and the eggs are white, faintly marked with rusty-coloured spots. The bird may often
be seen seated on trees in great numbers. Mr. Elliot says (taking, I imagine, a native idea), “It flies after
insects, and, when its mouth is full, sits on a tree to devour them.”

Crown of the head, back, scapularies, wing, and upper tail-coverts glossy steel-blue, a few of the white
bases of the feathers showing on the upper part of the back ; wings deep brown, glossed with steel-blue on
the tips of the inner webs; stripe over the eye, collar round the back of the neck, and the rump deep rusty
red; tail deep brown, the central feathers glossed with steel-blue; throat, under surface of the body, and
under wing-coverts creamy white, with a narrow line of dark brown down the centre of each feather ; under
tail-coverts tipped with bluish black, greatly increasing in extent on those — the tail ; bill black ; feet
brownish black. In some specimens the red of the ramp is much paler than in others, and fades off into
creamy white towards the tail-coverts. —

In outward appearance the sexes are alike; but the female is somewhat smaller than the male.

The Plate represents the two sexes, of the natural size.