noe er Silvan? ih oa =e Sets ra o a PESTS aR OTA SO = 4 [ anciaegenns ate saneesntas nh ita aN al entation Sn Ml I 5 i mM 4 nm {KITT 2 Ih a AMMAN A MONOGRAPH OF THE RAMPHASTID OR FAMILY OF TOUCANS. JOHN GOULD, F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., M.E.S., F.ETHN.S., F.R.GEOG.S., M.RAY S., CORR. MEMB. OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURIN; OF THE SOC. OF THE MUSEUM OF NAT. HIST. OF STRASBOURG; FOR. MEMB. OF THE NAT. HIST. SOC. OF NURNBERG, AND OF THE IMP. NAT. HIST. SOC. OF MOSCOW; HON. MEMB. OF THE NAT. HIST. SOC. OF DARMSTADT; OF THE NAT. HIST. AND THE NAT. HIST. AND MED. SOCS. OF DRESDEN; OF THE TASMANIAN SOC. OF VAN DIEMEN’S LAND; OF THE ROY. ZOOL. SOC. OF IRELAND; OF THE PENZANCE NAT. HIST. SOC.; OF THE WORCESTER NAT. HIST. SOC.; OF THE NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM AND NEWCASTLE NAT. HIST. SOC.; OF THE IPSWICH MUSEUM; OF THE ORN. SOC. OF GERMANY, ETC. LO ND ON: PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE. PROFESSOR TEMMINCK, OF LEY BN. THE PRESENT AS WELL AS THE FORMER EDITION OF THIS MONOGRAPH OF THE RAMPHASTIDA Is Dedicated, AS A TRIBUTE DUE TO HIS LABOURS IN THE PROMOTION OF NATURAL SCIENCE, AND AS A PROOF OF SINCERE ESTEEM AFTER A CORDIAL INTERCOURSE OF MANY YEARS, BY HIS SINCERE FRIEND JOHN GOULD. Piece He sPeed each, In the Preface to the First Edition of this Work I remarked that I was induced to publish it in order to make known several new species of a most remarkable group of birds, and to revise and set forth in as clear a light as possible the numerous members of which the family is com- posed ; if these reasons were sufficient to induce me then to attempt their elucidation, the same reasons become still more urgent now, when after an interval of twenty years a great amount of information respecting the entire group, and a further addition of new species has been obtained, rendering a Srconp Epirion a matter of necessity. It appeared to me, as I formerly remarked, that the members of the group were naturally divided into several more genera than the two—Ramphastos and Pteroglossus—then recognised ; nor did I omit to notice a suggestion, that some distinguishing title should be given to these divisions, but I did not then feel warranted in following out this idea; the materials since acquired have, however, thrown much additional ight on the subject, and I now feel myself justified in proposing the requisite generic appellations, which with their appropriate characters will be found in their proper place in the Introduction. In order to render the Work as perfect as possible, I have obtained access to all the collections of this country, and have also visited and examined the principal Museums of the continent; in several of which I found some species not contained in the others. ‘Thus in Vienna I first saw the Pteroglossus pluricinctus ; in Munich Selenidera Reinwardti, S. Langsdorffi and Aulacoramphus Wagleri ; in Paris Pteroglossus flavirostris ; while Berlin and Leyden both contained other species not previously known to me. In many instances single specimens only existed, appertaining moreover to Ramphastide, in which much dissimilarity occurs in the colouring of the sexes, whereby I was prevented from illustrating those species so fully as I could have wished. Just as my Monograph was brought to a close, that celebrated traveller and naturalist, the late Mr. John Natterer of Vienna, returned to Europe, bringing with him . females of the species of which I found males only at Munich, together with several other new ones acquired during a sojourn of eighteen years in the Brazils; unfortunately, however, he did not arrive in London until the last sheets had gone to press, consequently I was unable to PREFACE. eae many valuable notes which he, in hese new species, as W ell as the ' in figures of t include therein hg 1 felt very much disposed to publish the work placed at my disposal. the kindest manner, | ini S ] rom one cause or taining these novelties, but 4 othas anew, or at least to issue a supplement con e e pre ome e inter! have constantly kept the l or ment. In the interim ie y kep I have delay d so doing until th ; pt sent m Cc € ne n 1 1 spe t oO t e itl F others vy to science. besides the acceptable addition from time to time of others nev ao Ol ee ant ine species, and figures I now publish a Second Edition with new drawings of the old species, ¢ gures and descriptions of no less than eighteen others—all, in fact, that are known ’ p to the pre time. Great attention has been paid to the colouring of the soft parts—the orbits, eyes, bill, legs, &e. __the hues of which are so evanescent, that unless they be either drawn or noted down from the living bird or immediately after death, it is impossible to present faithful portraitures; and here I have derived much valuable information from the rich menagerie of the Zoological Society of London, in which living examples of no less than five species were exhibited during the year 1853. Of late years, the lowlands of the great country of South America, and particularly those bordering the mighty Amazon and its tributaries, have been explored by many intelligent travellers, who have diligently searched for novelties with success. It is, however, from the high mountain ranges of the Andes and the Cordilleras, rather than from the low forest-covered lands, that the greater number of the recent accessions to the Ramphastide has emanated, and it is there that all the species (with a single exception) of the genus Andigena have been discovered. For the elaborate “ Observations on the Anatomy of the Toucan,” given at the close, I am indebted to my friend Professor Owen, F.R.S.: they were the result of investigations instituted by himself expresslv for mv if y himself expressly for my Monograph. In conclusion, I bee to s . , | beg to state, that neither pains nor expense have been spared to render the resent editi i S$ possi present edition as perfect as possible up to the present period. It will be found to comprise of 5 S eS rreoter 1 127] 51 species. The greater portion of the originals from whieh my figures have been taken are now in the Britist illustrations and descriptions 1 Museum, and these, in addition to the species oreviously contained rel ‘| I y | therein, contribute to render the series of the Ramphastide in the National Collection by far the finest and most compl ete in Europe. May Ist, 1854, JOHN GOULD. vhich he. in sh the work use or othe; tly kept the der species ) figures and resent time. ll, legs, &e, down from atures; and Zoological ited during ularly those y intelligent r, from the rest-covered anated, and have been he close, I vestigations render the > comprise rom which the species e National |). INTRODUCTION. nn | HE earliest record respecting the existence of a species of the remarkable group of birds now so well known by their common appellation of Toucans, occurs in the 28th Chapter of Belon’s third book published in 1555, where a figure of the bill of Ramphastos Toco is given as belonging to a bird of the new world. The beak of another species also formed part of the celebrated collection * John Tradescant, and was described in the ‘* Museum Tradescantium,” published in 1656, as that of the Aracari of Brazil. The first figure of an entire bird appeared in the ‘‘ Ornithologia” of W illughby under the name of Pica Braziliensis Toucan, but is so imperfect that we can scarcely say what species it is meant to represent; most likely, however, it is intended for the Ramphastos Toco: subsequently a correct but very rude figure of another species, probably the Ramphastos erythrorhynchus, was published in Petiver’s ‘ Gazophylacii Nature”; and to these meagre materials but little appears to have been added until the appearance of the ‘Systema Nature ” of the celebrated Linneus, in the twelfth edition of which he enumerates eight species ; but of these #. picatus cannot be identified, and the R. Womotus has nothing whatever t » do with the present family, but is a true Motmot—genus Momotus: six species then were all that were known to Linneus. Gmelin, in his edition of the “Systema Nature,” enumerates eight others, but of these A. pavoninus, torquatus, luteus, c@ruleus, and albus cannot be identified, and R. erythrorhynchus is probably identical with the #. Zucanus of Linneus ; his R. Toco, according to the characters detailed, is therefore the only addition made by him to the previous list. TIlliger appears to have added &,. vitellinus ; at least Mr. Swainson quotes that name as having been given by him, but does not say where, nor have I been able to discover his description of the species. Dr. Shaw proposed the name of R. Aldrovandi for the R. picatus of Linneus, which I have already mentioned cannot be identified. Vieillot merely Latinized the French names given by INTRODUCTION. 10 \ at to tk ree of tl e spec es f our ed in His Oise aux de | ara dis, 1Z. Ramphastos ] ocard. R A } Ss = V Mr. Swainson made us a Dr. Lichtenstein gave cquainted with three additional species, Ramphastos ambiguus, and R. Baillon. nee Pe ss Pteroglossus inscriptus and Pt. sulcatus. the names of Pteroglossus prasinus and terogloss ss two well-marked species Dr. Latham did not add a single species to the group; unless wo well-markee : ey Pt. maculirostris to Toucan, to which he g «‘ Cimelia Physica ” is doubt hen more nearly resemble 2. Toco than any other. his B ue eared \ n S yecific app llati 0 | { W Ad 1cor The Ramp astos nal { Mille S ss me } Ore rese t colours of the under surface were transposed it would t ) in bis ‘* Systema Avium,” published in 1827, added the Wagler, who gave a monograph of the grou; following species —Ramphastos Cuviert and Pteroglossus Reinwardti, Langsdorfi and Humboldte. Subse- 5b a 5 quently he published in Oken’s “ Isis” the description of a fifth new species under the name of Pteraglossus Beauharnaisti. His Ramphastos Le Vaillantii is merely the description of the faded R. erythrorhynchus, figured by Le Vaillant on his fourth plate ; his Ramphastos callorhynchus 1s identical with the A. carinatus of Swainson ; his 22. Forsterorum is taken from the fifth plate of Le Vaillant, which is said to be a represen- tation of a bird made up from A. Ariel and R. Cuvieri; his R. erythrosoma cannot be identified with any known bird; the characters were taken from Le Vaillant’s sixth plate representing a specimen which had probably been tampered with by the bird-mounter, a much to be reprehended, though not unfrequent practice ; lastly, his Prerog/ossus Poéppigi is identical with his Pe. Beauharnaisu. Both Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte and Mr. G. R. Gray consider the Ramphastos maximus of Cuvier to be identical with the R. erythrosoma of Wagler, which, as above stated, has been founded upon a made-up specimen. Mr. Vigors, who comm ; eo Mr. s ommence r ; : 3 4 gors, da monograph of the family in the ‘ Zoological Journal,” but did not live to complete it, named two others, Ramphastos Ariel and Pteroglossus bitorquatus a . S d ou the che % ‘S i 5 is rus Pt. Azare for which I had mistaken it. l Qo my absence l \usti [ Wa ernouse S rit 1 e new species as l Zé 0g t0Ss 8 Dur ng avd Sal alla \ I c Ss ost as, the DIT d aimos S 20 Ss simul c isly > z e 2 Sturm of Nuremberg. M. Natterer, w : Ni. J , Who has furnish i ed us with so much valuable information res ‘neo this group, named a respecting this group, two eS 1es er 0,2" new species Pteroglossus Gouldi and Pt Sturmi rd, R. Azare, stos ambicuus, § prasinus and group; unless mphus sulcatus, an; and if the in apy other. 27, added the aldti. Subse. yf Pteroglossus ‘ythrorhynchus, ie R. carinatus be a represen- ified with any nen which had ot unfrequent imus of Cuvier inded upon a ut did not live from the true roglossus nig? n the Messrs. ‘roup, named Oo 5 PNR ODF CEE I_OnN, Il M. Boissoneau has added to the list Pteroglossus albiwitta ; and M. d’Orbigny Pteroglossus c@ruleocinctus. The Messrs. Sturm, in their German translation of the first edition of this work, have published two others, Pteroglossus atrogularis, and Pt. Wied. The following are the species which I have had the pleasure of making known as additional members of the family ;— Ramphastos brevicarinatus. Pteroglossus Marie. Inca. | Andigena laminirostris. | citreolamus. | ———— hypoglaucus: | ose ulans. Ss CCU Anis: culminatus. Selenidera Nattereri. Pteroglossus pluricinctus. Aulacoram phus Derbianus. peecilosternus. castaneorhynchus. castanotis. = hematopypius: erythropygius. _____—. ceruleogularis. The characters and figure of the R. citreopygius of my former edition were taken from a specimen at that time in the possession of Mr. Swainson, but which, with the remainder of his collection, is now in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge. Upon again examinjng it, and with greater care than upon the former occasion, I find that it is made up of the head of Ramphastos vitellinus and the body of R. erythrorhynchus ; consequently that name must be expunged from the list of the species of this family. Having thus traced the discovery of the various members of this important group from the earliest period down to the present time, I now proceed to speak of their affinities, the countries they inhabit, and the extent of their range; as well as to give all the information I have been able to obtain respecting their habits and economy, duly acknowledging the sources whence it has been derived. e 5 In some parts of their structure the Toucans much resemble the Hornbills; like them they are distinguished by the great development of the beak, by the scantiness of the plumage of the body, and by the rich colouring of the denuded parts of the skin; both are impatient of cold, and both seem especially adapted for a tropical or subtropical climate ; both are said to incubate in the holes of trees, and they are, moreover, very much alike in their general habits and actions; even to the positions they assume while roosting, when both sit with the tail turned upward over the back. In the structure of their feet, INTRODUCTION. 12 owe ; are nt th , S ¢ b e( tw f €a iF Horn ) S c yrOc | da } t | t the foot of the | : a h so nearly allied, the two groups constitute two distinet 1 one bebind: still, althoug more feebly develope | 3 7 he respective countries they inhabit ; the Hornbills dwelling in Africa, families, representing each other in t its 1 1. 4 teanical America. South America then is the true habitat of India and its islands, and the Toucans in tropica the mighty Amazon the centre whence they diverge on either hand. this group, and the forests bordering It is there that we find the greatest number of species, and there every generic form is represented. From Ss Cc 5 5 this central stronghold they range as far south as Paraguay and Bolivia; and their progress northward Ss c Ss 5 ’ = = S . ‘s not bounded by New Grenada, several species inhabiting the Isthmus which connects Southern with Central America, and two even extending their range as far as Mexico. The forests of the Andes and the Cordilleras also afford to several species a congenial place of abode. Some frequent the humid woods of the temperate regions, while others resort to the comparatively colder districts, and dwell at an elevation of from six to ten thousand feet; those inhabiting the lofty regions are generically different from those residing in the lowlands, and are clothed in a more thick and sombre-coloured plumage; all the members of the genus Andigena are thus distinguished, as well as by their bills being strong, heavy and hard when compared with those of the true Toucans and Aracaris, all of which have bills of a more delicate structure, and in several species so thin and elastic on the sides as to be compressible between the fingers. Considerable diversity of opinion exists as to the peculiar uses for which the disproportionate bills of these birds are especially adapted, and as to the nature of the food upon which they subsist; some writers stating that they are strictly frugivorous, and that they never partake of animal food ; while others affirm that they are quite omnivorous : my own belief is that fruits are, strictly speaking, their natural food, but that occasionally, as is the case with the Parrots and many fruit-eating birds, animal food is necessary to their well-being, and is then freely eaten: I have had many opportunities of observing that such is the case in a state of confinement, in confirmation of which I would refer to the interesting account by Mr. Broderip given with the description of Ramphastos erythrorhynchus. Yn this semi-domesticated state they will even eat mice, caterpillars, small birds, and flesh of any kind, especially raw beef; and I have little doubt that they would also eat fish if offered to them: Humboldt states, indeed, that the Toucan loves to fish on the oe of rivers, and it was doubtless some report of this kind that induced Linneus to give the name of al to a species of this family ; but I apprehend that in this particular both these celebrated men have aS ie for, as I have before said, I have every reason to believe that in a state of nature fruit 1s Be ee food, the larger species, such as the Toco and the other members of the restricted genus vamphastos, feeding PTS 3 phastos, feeding upon Bananas and other succulent kinds, while the Pteroglossi and the Toucanets mainly subsist upon the smaller fruits and berries Many inter esting’ S | S S 2 S ellers WhO € ~ e es ting notes res ) y & S 1 K u } 16 mM ri a, and c d F C Gy, c Canno p >I haps do better than give them in then W 1 So \ eri I e -1r OWN words: ; for although uncon- on se ors en re, ers rm dut ‘ to lave it is nus nets pred con- PN TR OD FU CARL ON: 13 nected, they will convey a more lively idea of the habits and economy of this group of birds, than could be obtained from a condensed account derived therefrom; at the same time I must remark that on some points they are very contradictory. The Prince Maximilian of Wied, who has kindly forwarded to me some valuable notes on the Brazilian species observed by him during his travels in that part of South America, says, “* The Ramphastide are very common in all parts of the extensive forests of the Brazils, and are killed in great numbers at the cooler portion of the year for the purposes of the table. To the stranger they are of even greater interest than to the natives, from their remarkable form and from the rich and strongly contrasted style of their colouring ; their black or green bodies being adorned with markings of the most brilliant hue—red, orange, blue and white; their naked orbits in some instances red, and in others green or blue; the naked parts of the body dyed with brilliant colours; the legs blue or green, the irides blue, yellow, &c.; and the large bill of a different colour in every species, and in many instances very gaily marked. The colouring of the soft parts is, however, so evanescent, that, to determine the species with accuracy, they must be depicted during life or immediately after the birds are killed. Common as these birds are in their native wilds, it is exceedingly difficult to detect their breeding places; it is certain that they deposit their eggs in the hollow limbs and holes of the colossal trees so abundant in the tropical forests, but I was never so fortunate as to discover them. The stomachs of the specimens I examined contained nothing but the remains of fruits, principally of the softer kinds, for which indeed they have such a liking that they resort in great numbers to the plantations in the vicinity of their native haunts and commit sad havoc among their favourite delicacies. I was informed that they frequently steal and eat young birds, bat no instance of their so doing came under my own observation, and I never detected the remains of animal food in their stomachs: Mr. Waterton’s opinion agrees with mine, that they feed solely upon fruits; but Azara, among others, states that they also feed upon animal substances. ‘The specimens we saw in a state of domestica- tion were very voracious and pertectly omnivorous, but they seem to be purely frugivorous in a state of nature, a fact which was indeed confirmed by the Brazilian natives whom we questioned on the subject. In their manners the Ramphastide offer some resemblance to the Corvide, and especially to the Magpies ; like them they are very troublesome to the birds of prey, particularly to the Owls, which they surround and annoy by making a great noise, all the while jerking their tails upwards and downwards. The flight of these birds is easy and graceful; and they sweep with facility over the loftiest trees of their native forests ; their strangely developed bills, contrary to expectation, are no encumbrance to them, for a singularity of structure (the interior being replete with a tissue of air-filled cells) renders these organs very light and even buoyant. The voice of the Ramphastide is short and unmelodious, and is somewhat different in every species. Their feathers are used by the Indians for personal decoration, especially the yellow breasts of the birds, which they affix to their heads on each side near the temple, and also to the ends of their bows. The descriptions of these birds in the older authors are very incomplete and of little value, from want of knowledge relative to the colouring of their bill and soft parts; nor have they been correctly described in INTRODUC ON 14 i i serve J *] , y raVv - . 4 tl k e recently published. I he species observed by me during my travels in Brazil, which many of the works mor j ; : oa | 7 7 ; he 13th to the 23rd degrees of south latitude, or from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro, were ed from the } 2: g Ariel, Pteroglossus extend | a Ramphastos Toco, R Wiedi, and Pt. maculrostris. amphastos Toco, 4. Mr. Waterton remarks, that “ While the Cotngas attract your attention by their superior plumage, the Mr. Waterton remarks, the : , an makes a lasting impression on your memory. singular form of the Touc . Bose 4 smerara, < hree diminutives which may be «There are three species of Toucans in Demerara, and t j called Toucanets. The largest of the former frequents the Mangrove-trees on the sea coast. It is never seen in oucanets. ges the interior till you reach Machauchia, where it is found in the neighbourhood of the river Tacatoa ; the other two species are very common. They feed entirely on the fruits of the forest, and though of the Pie kind, never kill the young of other birds or touch carrion. «The larger is called Bouradi by the Indians (which means zose), the other Seirou. They seem partial to each other’s company, and often resort to the same feeding-tree, and retire to the same shady noon-day retreat. ‘They are very noisy in rainy weather at all hours of the day, and in fair weather at morn and eve. The sound the Bouradi makes is like the clear yelping of a puppy dog, and you fancy he says ‘ Pia-po-o-co,’ and thus the South American Spaniards call him Piapoco. All the Toucanets feed on the same trees on which the Toucan feeds, and every species of this family of enormous bill lays its eggs in the hollow trees. They are social but not gregarious. You may sometimes see eight or ten in company, and from this you may suppose they are gregarious, but upon a closer examination you find it is only a dinner party which breaks up and disperses towards roosting time. You will be at a loss to conjecture for what end nature has overloaded the head of this bird with such an enormous bill; it cannot be for the offensive, as it has no need to wage war with any of the tribes of animated nature, for its food is fruits and seed, and those are in superabundance throughout the whole year in the regions where the Toucan is found. It cannot be for the defensive, as the Toucan is preyed upon by no bird in South America, and were it obliged to be at war; the texture of the bill is ill-adapted to give or receive blows, as you will see by dissecting it. oT ig” eth ee nienn ee bow ncls : : 5 : 3 : . he flight of the Toucan is by jerks; in the action of flying it seems incommoded by this huge dispr rtlone Fes ° E loa é “7 : proportionate feature, and the head seems as if bowed down to the earth bv it against its will. If the extraordinary size < ‘or : . ae. se = : : é ary and form of the bill expose the Toucan to ridicule, its colours make it amends. Werea specimen of each species of Tone: < : | ach species of Toucan presented to you, you would pronounce the bill of the Bourad the most rich and beautif is W eautiful one. It is worthy of remark, that all these brilliant colours of the bill are to be fo i , ag i und in the plumage of the body and the bare skin round the eye.” I 1OW QIveE h ] t ) isk 3 by Z a,a C C acu c the animals of South America, and whose works will always be held valuable. ENT ROD CHI ON. lo “Tt is my intention to classify the Tucans, ‘so called by the Guaranis,’ amongst the diurnal birds of prey, although nature seems to have united in them a character and figure altogether opposed to a cruel and sanguinary appetite. They are nearly always gregarious, since it is usual to meet them in a family party or congregated in little troops. «They have very short wings and a misshapen beak, incapable of the operations of bending, sawing or grinding. The legs cannot be advanced alternately, but only by forced jumps. The two hind-claws are quite useless for seizure, attack or defence. ‘«The Toucans, contrary to all appearances, destroy a great number of birds, and on account of their large and strong beak are respected and feared by all species. They attack and drive them from their nests, and in their very presence eat their eggs and young ; these they draw from the holes with the long beak, or throw down nest and all together. “Tt is credibly reported that the Toucans do not even respect the eggs or young of the ‘ Aras’ and ‘Caracaras ;’ and if the fledglings are too large or too strong to be lifted from the nest, they dash them to the ground, as if it were their nature not only to devour but to uselessly destroy. ‘‘The solid nest of the White Ant, that resists the action of the weather and other destructive causes, is not proof against the Toucan’s attack, for he waits until the clay of which the nest is formed is moistened by the rain, and then breaks it up with his beak so as to obtain the eggs and young ants ; in fact during the breeding season the Toucan feeds upon nothing else; the rest of the year is for him a long fast, so strict, that he can only get fruits with sometimes a few insects and buds of trees, nor does he continue to annoy other birds. It is my opinion that the Toucans are unable to catch adult birds; but supposing they were, their stomach would not be capable of digesting the feathers and bones, nor their bill of plucking and disjointing. But in order not to deviate in-any respect from the truth, I confess that I I am not sure that the small species of Toucans do not break the nests and devour the young ones, because, being more rare than the others in Paraguay, I have not been able to verify the fact, although I do not doubt it; for having the same form and the same manner of living, they must have the same habits. “In the first two species the bill is out of all proportion. The bird in flying presents the point of it to the wind, so that it does not offer more resistance than that of other birds in which the head and superficies are equal in extent; besides which, the conformation and specific lightness of this long beak cannot impede flight, because the highest points of the bird being the bill itself and the anterior portion of the body, they form no obstacle, the wind first taking effect upon the point of the bill: when in a state of repose, the Toucan carries its bill rather more elevated than a horizontal line that would pass through the eyes, and when closely looked at it appears like a false bill, because its base exceeds the breadth of the head, which presents the appearance of being enclosed in a case. ‘In addition to these singularities, the nostrils are placed behind the aforesaid base. «The tongue is very narrow and of an equal thickness throughout; it is entirely osscous, and resembles somewhat a feather two lines in width furnished with an osseous fringe, which is directed from INTRODUCT ION. 16 : 5 one. stiff and unyielding, takes no part in the direction of the food, nor jn behind forwards, so that the tongue, stl — ee the formation of the note, which, in the first two species, is confined to the me able ‘ rac. «The mandibles are very distinctly dentated at their edges ; these jena not corresponding at all above and below, nor are they even relatively symmetrical. The beak itself is a thin osseous sheath filled with a number of empty cellules. «The eye is large and surrounded by a triangular naked space, puffed up and very pretty. « The foot is very short and stout, and covered nearly to the heel with long scales, harsh ‘to the touch, The outer toe, as well before as behind, is the longest. The claws are m uch flattened and curved, as in the Woodpeckers. The tail is composed of ten feathers. nd in a straight horizontal line, flapping its wings occa- «The Toucan flies at a moderate height a sionally with some noise. The flight is quicker than the smallness of the wings would lead one to believe. It perches towards the top of the highest trees, and although unable to climb after the manner of Wood- peckers, it still progresses with speed, hopping from branch to branch. It pays great attention to all that takes place in its vicinity, advancing with fear and diffidence, like the ‘ Uruca’ and the ‘ Acahes’. “There is no perceptible difference between the two sexes, nor do I believe that the species exists towards the south beyond 28°, nor that it drinks ; it rarely settles on the ground. «The first species (2. Toco) is not rare; it is found near habitations and in the woods, but never in the fields. ‘As regards its nidification, it builds in the holes of trees, and hatches two young ones, closely resembling the adults, which feed them until they are able to fly. I have observed that young birds reared artificially always die at the end of two or three months. “The Toucan hops obliquely and very awkwardly, with the legs separated almost a hand’s breadth. ‘When it takes young birds from the nest, pieces of meat or fruit, it throws them in the air, as a . a a re The z 2 > ugole alls. < ‘ »}z an 4 A c : . ‘ = . oe juggler his balls, and by a quick movement of the beak, repeats this action until the food is in a favourable position for being swallowed, and then by another movement gulps it down its large throat > { aloe abe “Tf the mouthful be larger tl if ; : irger than the orifice he culle T ree : | arg an the orifice of the gullet, the Toucan abandons it without seeking to divide it. “Tt is not know . ; ©. c S . ( W S 1 ite ed 1S CO 1e Ider au hors 1¢ ie 1 by no means ‘le fF i SS S t . clear. The Name may 381 J ise i ¥V > a ? V of e yossibly have aris if > fi wi i 1 ] 5 Gentleman’s Magazine, p. 000 :— co 7 5 S fo d a b d The genus 1s confine { 5 g S 1S C r parts rs | to the hotte parts ors outh America 7 Cals Carthagena is un ir called } U dl Preacher, fr tT , from the custom of its | S it re at re Ite 1 s perching above its companions, and with a ridiculous motion of its head « ’ attended with its hars d with its harsh note, as it were uttering a diicateenS 5 : se. Vi inn 5 0 I 5 cus and the olde WI : s B I r wr mG 2 r 1 ereg ‘ , | iters, all the members of this sroup known to them V mp is in - Single genus Ramphe sf c @) , 5 5 astos. In the year 8 | - : | h year le te however, Illiger separated the smaller ind more el 5 ntly f e species gprly L ; i ‘ I | I ecles, popularly known as Aracaris into a li | = > i . a cs . ae : § > a distinct genus, to which he gave the nam ter'0- S ye flave acquired c 1 much mor ox IV 1 e€ e ind the A es a ; c ore extensive acqua c > 7] at a stil] further subdivision of the famil 1 | , : an a 4 i a ? : 3 c lly ls necessary: | a wi into five Or SIX distinct sections or , a = : a 4 : : j ‘a = S ; genera, each he 7] a are r R x aving well-m; “Ke sNarac CS others. The genus Ramphastos of Linne ; e : a i = a S ce al : Cc -US must of ; rs 1 their laroe = . = course EClc : or : ist heir large and gaily-colc ‘ . b I tain d for the ou ans distin . ish y 5 5) J ured bills c 1 7 8S, anc the black Pteroo: : ; colouring of ce ‘ : : teroglossus is retained for thes Abe 1g of their plumage ; in like manner Illiger’s genus eloukedunaic Aragaris, birds having a ; a ed in green above and yelloy 1 g a more elegant contour, and whose bodies ar a Vv and red be : g eneath. In b : oth these sectj ; ‘ se sections the sexes are alike in colour INTRODUCTION. Plg The next section in point of affinity comprises the beautiful Amazonian group of Banded Aragaris, figured under the. names of Pteroglossus Beauharnaisii, Pt. Azare, Pt. Jlavirostris, Pt. Marie, Pt. bitor- quatus and Pt. Sturmi, and for which the generic appellation of Beauharnaisius has been proposed by Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte. In this section the females very closely assimilate to the males in colour, but differ in the lighter hue of the throat. The fourth section, for which I have proposed the generic appellation of Selentdera, and the trivial one ’ Pp 5 of Toucanets, is exceedingly well-marked ; all its members are of small size when compared with the true Aracaris, have shorter and harder bills; shorter and less graduated tails; and are, moreover, distinguished 3 9 5 5 by a crescentic mark of yellow at the back of the neck ; by brilliant orange and yellow ear-coverts ; and by a great difference in the colouring of the sexes. The fifth division comprises the Hill Toucans, a group inhabiting the elevated portions of the Andes. They are all well-proportioned birds, have larger and harder bills than the Selenidere; a thick but lax plumage; and are not banded on the under surface like the Aracaris. For this group I have proposed the generic name of Andigena. The sixth and last division, constituting my genus Aulacorhynchus, altered by Mr. G. R. Gray to Aulacoramphus, comprises ten species distinguished by a nearly uniform grass-green style of plumage, the feathers composing which are long and loose, and by the bill being in some of the species grooved along the sides. The sexes are alike in colour. For the true Toucans then I retain Linneus’ genus tAMPHASTOS, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :— Rostrum maximum, tenue, culmine cultrato et versus apicem incurvo; basi margine incrassato, maville angulo frontali, transversim subtruncato, tomia ineequaliter serrata; nares frontales, pone maxille basin site ; orbite nudee ; /ingua mediocris, angusta, pennacea; ale subelongate, concave ; remigibus primis et secundariis ad apices in spatham angustam eductis; primariis sexta et septima cozqualibus, et longitudine prestantibus ; cauda equalis ; pedes scansorii; digiti externi internis longiores ; acropodia scutulata. Bill very large, thin; culmen sharp and curved down towards the tip; thickened on the margin at the base; serrated on the edges ; nostrils placed behind the base of the bill; orbits naked ; tongue long, narrow and INTRODUCTION. 20 + ave: first and sect srimaries with the tips prolonged j feather-like ; wigs rather lengthened and concave ; first and second primé ps prolonged into a eather-like ; . i aoe » longest ; scansor w spatulate form ; the sixth and seventh primaries equal, and the longest ; feet Seauaamae narrow spatute 2 = is genus are ‘o widely distributed over South and Central America than th The members of this genus are more widely disti e ie y = ers Paras ‘ pete ee ees ae 3 he family ; for although it 1s 10 Brazil, and particularly in the forests clothing the of any other section of t delta of the Amazon, that the oreater numbers exist, some of the species are found as far south as Para. c t ’ 5 ouay: and one as far north as Mexico. The warmer forests, both on the eastern and western sides of the ata) © ; Andes, are equally tenanted by them. The species are :— 1. Ramphastos Toco. : PL 9, _—_———_ carinatus : j Pi. ib 3, _———— brevicarinatus : : : Pi. 1G 4, ——_——— Tocard ; : : Pl. 1 D. ambiguus : : : Ph. ¥ 6. erythrorhynchus : : PIV 7. ————_ Inca. : Pl. Vu ee _Onviert : ; : Pl. VIII. 9, —_—_——_ citreoleemus : PL DS 10. ————— osculans : , : PE Xe 11. ————— culminatus ; Pl. X# 12. ———_—— Ariel . . Pl. XE 13. ————— vitellinus ; . : Pl. XO8 14, ————— dicolorus é; : Pl. X13 For the Aracaris, Illiger’s genus PTEROGLOSSUS, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :— Rostrum r | c d d assc tilt, am plum, te 1ue cultr t im SI] i 1 | E atu basi I argir e incrassato 5 ] i i : ‘ , ? | 3 ; 5 maxillé angulo tr ontali optus } altiore s et In mMaxille basi p SI ce U t e Ss Ss o aC€d we conca ill S OS1Te ; 1 i 3 ingua m diocris ’ angusta, pel acea ; a 0 b INTRODUCTION. Ai staturam, quam in genere Ramphasto dicto; primariis quartaé, quinta et sexta coqualibus et longissimis ; cauda gradata; pedes scansorii; digiti externi internis longiores ; acropodia scutulata. Bill large, light, serrated on the edges; nostrils above situated in the base of the bill; tongue long, narrow and feather-like ; wings shorter in proportion than in the genus Ramphastos ; concave ; fourth, fifth and sixth pri- maries equal, and the longest ; tail graduated ; feet scansorial ; outer toes longer than the inner. Although very generally dispersed over South America, the Aracaris have a less extended range than 5 wae ? ] 3 dD the true Toucans. Ihave not seen any species from the countries southward of the latitude of Rio de Janeiro, and no species have been found to the northward of Guatemala. The great countries of Venezuela, Guiana, the forests of the Amazon generally, and Northern Brazil are the portions of the 5 ¢ Continent in which the species are found in the greatest abundance. They are— 15. Pteroglossus Aracari . i 3 : : f f BI oky: 16. —— Wiedi _. : ; : . : ; : Pi x 17. —— pluricinctus . ; é , ; : : PEXVIE 18. ———-—— peecilosternus : : ; ; ; : Pl. XVILL 19, ——————._ castanotis : : : : : : : BE XE 20. ——————__ torquatus : ; : : : : : Pl. XX. 21. —————._ erythropygius : ; : : : ; PIX a nmbolai ; : : ; : Pl. XXII. 23. ——————__ inscriptus : ; : : : : PE XE ye : : : : : . E IE xe Of these ten species seven are normal, and the remaining three somewhat aberrant; in fact the two lettered Aracaris, P. Humboldti and P. inscriptus, might with propriety be separated into a distinct genus, and the P. viridis made the type of another. INT RODUS ON: ae to adopt Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte’s For the third section, or Banded Aracaris, 1 propose to I ante generic title of BEAUHARNAISIUS, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :— ee ; ‘ostro delice eeviore, necnon alis brev S Aspectus generalis, sicut In genere PrEROGLOSSO dicto, attamen rostro delicatule le ; s brevioribus, et caudd attenuate minore. General structure as in Pteroglossus, but the bill more delicate, the wings shorter, and the tail smaller and of a lighter form. Unlike the members of the genus Ramphastos, which are universally spread over South America, and the Pterogloss?, which are nearly so, the members of the genus Beauharnaisius are almost entirely confined to the districts bordering the Amazon and its tributaries; and there is scarcely any part of the banks of this river where Palm-trees abound that one or other of the species is not to be found. They are :— 25. Beauharnaisius ulocomus : : : Pl. XX¥ 26. ————_——_ bitorquatus ; : Pl. XXVE 27. Sturmi. , ; P]. XXVII. 28. ——___—— Azare ; ; é Pl. XXVIII. 29. ——__—_——_flavirostris : Pl. XX 30. ——_—_—_—— Marie... Pl. XXX. Lhis is by far the most beautiful section of the entire familv. In the plates ; scripti e plates and descriptive letter-press they are retained under the s old term Péeroglossus ; but m future they will stand as above-named. icien Bonaparte’, yn alis brevioribus. d the tail smaller uth America, and entirely confined ‘t of the banks of fT. roglossus ; but 1 FNERODU CREON. 23 The fourth section comprises the species constituting my genus SELENIDERA, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :-— Rostrum brevius et amplius quam in genere Pteroglosso ; cauda ratione ad magnitudinem corporis habita brevior ; sexus inter se colore dissimilis ; mare caput pectusque nigra, foemind has partes castaneas habente ; plume auriculares flave ; lunula ad cervicem posticam flava. Bill shorter and thicker than in the genus Pteroglossus ; tail shorter in proportion to the size of the body; sexes differing in colour ; the male having the head and breast black, the same parts in the female being chestnut ; ear-coverts and a crescent at the back of the neck yellow. This interesting group of Toucanets again have a more restricted range than either the typical Ramphasti or Pteroglosst. No one of them bas yet been found so far to the northward as the Isthmus of Panama; and few of them have been observed beyond the latitude of the Amazon in this direction. On the banks of that river, however, and those of the Rio Negro and Rio Madeira, they are very numerously dispersed ; and one species, the Selenidera maculirostris, is found as far south as Rio de Janeiro, and I believe in Corrientes and Paraguay ; still the forests bordering the Upper Amazon and its tributaries are undoubtedly the cradle of the race. They constitute a well-marked section of the family, and are distinguished by their small size, by their short bills, by the crescentic mark of yellow at the base of the neck, and by the brilliant colours which adorn their ears and flanks. The females have all these character- istic marks, but differ conspicuously in the colouring of the anterior half of their bodies, which is generally chestnut-brown instead of black. The species are— 31. Selenidera maculirostris é : : : : : Pl. XXXI. 32. ———— Gouldi : : : : Pl. XXX: 33. ———— Langsdorfi . 5 : : : : : Pl. XXXIII. 34, ——___ Nattereri : i . 2 : PIE XXX 35. ———— Reinwardti . : ; : ; Pl. XXXV. > piperivora. : : é : : : JPL. XXXVI. INTRODUCTION. i 1 Toucans, forming my genus The fifth section contains the Hill Toucans, forming my § ANDIGENA, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :— Rostrum turgidum magnum, attamen minus quam in genere restricto Pter oglossus dicto Ale et ca ud@ ut in genere 4ulacorampho nominato. Ptiluma elongatum, laxum, capillaceum. Bill stout and swollen, but not so large as in the true Pteroglossi; wings and tail very similar to those of Aulaco- ramphus ; general plumage long, loose, and hair-like. It has been found that even the higher ranges of the Andes are not untenanted by the Toucans ; Professor Jameson of Quito informs me that the 4. laminirostris even ascends the sides of Pichincha to an elevation of from six to ten thousand feet. ‘The members of this genus extend all along the Andes and the Cordilleras, from the Caraccas to Bolivia, where Mr. Bridges found a species in the forests of Cocapata, in the department of Cochabamba ; one species, however, the A. Bailloni, appears never to quit the lowlands of Brazil. These Hill Toucans have stout hard ills, are very thickly clothed, and have the under surface generally of a uniform and delicate colour. The species are— 37. Andigena laminirostris : ; . Pl. XXXVII. 38. — hypoglaucus : Pl. XXXVIII. 39. ——— nigrirostris . : ; : Pl. XXXIX. AO cnemiaus : Pl. Xt 41, — — Bailloni E : : Pl. XLI. The sixth and last sect rises bi and last section comprises a series of birds remarkable for some of the species having the sides of their bills deeply grooved ; they form my genus AULACORAMPHUS, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :— hostrum co 1} tly o \ a e ress er Ss tur 1 Y la inferiore 5 mparative DEGVE, l tum c ; oe : 7 5 9 GC d culm n depr essum ; a bud later a suicatum ; anc ib 1 0 lique ultra oculi linea C ale ves iS c ’ wir ? m tenden 3 5 C; 11@ Dreves et To undaté 5 remige C uarta lo oissima qu a; x INCE OD UG OW: 25 septima inter se fere cozqualibus ; cauda, paululum brevis, et minus gradata quam in genere Pteroglosso nominato. Bill comparatively short, broad and flattened on the culmen; furrowed on the sides, and with the base of the under mandible extending obliquely beyond the line of the eye; wings short and round, the fourth quill the longest, the fifth, sixth and seventh being nearly of equal length; ¢éail comparatively short, and not so decidedly graduated as in the true Pteroglossi. This may be considered an Andean group, for it is among those lofty mountain ranges that nearly all the species are found. They are dispersed over all parts of the temperate regions, from Bolivia on the south to Mexico on the north. They possess characters common to each other; their plumage is nearly of a uniform green, and the sexes are precisely alike in colour. The species are— 42. Aulacoramphus sulcatus : : : : ‘ Pl. XLII. AS =a ee = erbianus. |= : . : g ; Pl. XLII. AA ee castaucorhynenas, - ‘ ‘ : : PE XEN. Ap = heematopyeius : ; : ‘ : REN AG. = Cc—eeruleocinctus : : : ee Pl. XLVI. nT : : : ‘ : Pl. XLVII. 48. — Wagleri : : i : : : Pl. XLVI. 49, —______—_ albivitta : : : ; : : Pl. XLIX. net a aise : : : : : REE. 7 Cel coeulanic a ‘ : : : REE Since the above was in type, Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte has sent me a portion of his remarks on the Birds brought by the late M. De Lattre from Nicaragua, in which I find in a note at page 84 he proposes a still further division of this family: first, Rampnomexus for the Andigena nigrirostris ; next, Rampnoxantuus for the Aulacoramphus prasinus, A. albivitta, &c.; and Pirertvorvs for Selenidera piperiwora, Pteroglossus viridis, Andigena Bailloni, Pteroglossus inscriptus, &c. As regards Rampuome us, I think any further subdivision of the Hill Toucans inadmissible: the bird upon which the Prince proposes to establish the genus has all the characters common to the other members of the section, with the exception of the black colouring of the beak, which surely must be regarded rather as a specific than as a generic distinction. INTRODUCTION. Precisely the same remark may be made with respect to his new genus RampuHoxanruus for Aaa 5 . C0- ramphus prasinus and A. albivitta, inasmuch as they do not in my opinion offer sufficient generic differenc es to warrant their separation from the other birds with which I have associated them. The birds comprising his genus Prperrvorus I consider to belong to three distinct genera. The frst : 8 —piperivora—is a true Selenidera—the fourth, Bailloni—an Andigena; the second and third—viridi d é —wiridis an inscriptus—might perhaps be separated ; but in that case vrzdis would stand alone in one genus and 2 S an inscriptus with Humboldti in another, for which the term Gram) 'NCHUS mig ’ MARHYNCHUS might be an appropriate appellation. Aulaco- erences he first is and us and ‘Opriate Lis © OF Pe x Wes: Ramphastos Toco, Gmel. ———___— eins, Naas. brevicarinatus, Gould. Tocard, Mreill. — ambiguus, Swains. erythrorhynchus, Gmed. Inca, Gould. —_— Cuvieri, Vag/. citreolemus, Gould. (SEI AN Sem COLICE — culminatus, Gould. —___— Ariel, Vig. ——————— idle, /Z Sees dicolorus, Gmel. Pteroglossus Aracari. WATE CIES LUTTE: —— pluricinctus, Gould. —_—_ pecilosternus, Gould. ———— emons, Gant. —__—_— torquatus, Wagl. -erythropygius, Gould. Humboldti, Vag. —_ inscriptus, Swains. ee viridis: —_—_—— Beauharnaisi, Vag. ——— bitorquatus, Mg. Pteroglossus Sturmi, Matt. Azare, Vieill. ———_—— flavirostris, Fras. ——— Marie, Gould. Selenidera maculirostris. = (Gol Langsdorffi. —_— Nattereri, Gould. eT ACO ite —_——— piperivora. Andigena laminirostris, Gou/d. ——— hypoglaucus, Gould. —_ cucullatus, Gould. —_——— nigrirostris. SS Bailloni: Aulacoramphus sulcatus. see —— Derbianus, Gould. —— castaneorhynchus, Gould. ————_— hematopygius, Gould. ceruleicinctus. —__—_______ prasinus. —_——__——— Wagleri, Sturm. 2 eee albivatta: - atrogularis. eS Geequleooulanisy Gola. pc ‘“ iat = ~ if spn RAMPHASTOS TOCO, Gmei. Toco Toucan. Specretc CHARACTER. Ramph. rostro magno, aurantiaco ; fascia basal maculaque ovalt utrinque ad apicem mandibule supervoris negris ; tectricibus caude superioribus albis. General plumage black; throat and cheeks white, gradually passing into brimstone-yellow on the breast, the lower feathers of which are narrowly fringed with blood-red ; upper tail- coverts white; under tail-coverts blood-red; bill rich orange, with a series of obscure transverse marks of a deeper hue on the sides; a large oval spot of black on each side of the tip of the upper, and atransverse band of the same hue at the base of both mandibles ; irides pale green next the pupil, to which succeeds a narrow ring of yellow, bounded externally by a still narrower one of olive; orbits naked, prominent, much corrugated, and of two colours; the part next the eye being fine cobalt-blue, forming a ring nearly a quarter of an inch in breadth, and the remainder very rich orange ; legs and feet greenish blue ; claws black. Total length, 24 inches ; bell, 82; wing, 10; tael, 7; tarse, 2. Ramphastos Toco, Gmel. Edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 356.—Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. i. p. 135. —Temm. Man. d’Orn., 2nde Edit. tom. i. p. lxxvi—Wagl. Syst. Av., Ramphastos, sp. 1. —Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. 6.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit.. pl. © .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 403, Ramphastos, sp. 7.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 93, Ramphastos, sp. 10. Toucan, seu Pica Bresselica, Gesn. Av., p. 726. Le Toucan de Cayenne, appellé Toco, Buff. PI. Enl. 82. Le Toco, Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois., tom. vii. p. 117. pl. 6.—Le Vaill. Ois. de Parad., tom. ii. Paiiapla2: Le Toucan proprement dit, Azara, Voy. dans LAmér. Mérid., tom. i. p. 141. No. L. The Toco, Lath. Gen. Syn., tom. 1. p. 325. pl. 9. Toco Toucan, Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. vii. p. 361. pl. 46.—Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. 11. p. 281. pl, xxix, Ramphastos Indicus, Mill. Cim. Bhiys jpleong | —_— niveus, Less. Compl. Buff., p. 184? = NUP TUT OBITS; OW AlDS- A.ruouex other members of the family equal the present species in the size of the body and the relative proportions of the wings and tail, none of them have so large or so gaily-coloured a bill; in this respect it far exceeds all other known species, and is rendered not only one of the most striking and singular mem- ) 8 § bers of the group to which it belongs, but one of the most owtré birds yet discovered. Yet, when we view the bird in a state of nature or in our menageries, we see this organ carried with the greatest ease, the 5 5 5 ? lightness of its structure enabling the bird to feed, and to plume its body feathers with as much facility as other birds do with their shorter and apparently more manageable bills. Several examples lived for some I ) § } years in the fine Menagerie of the late Earl of Derby, and latterly the cages in the Gardens of the Zoological y 5 J? ’ 5 5 Society in the Regent’s Park have been graced and enlivened by the presence of the Ramphastos Toco. But | k f this fine species in a Sta Cc of na ure, and he Cxten ol Its range over th g S ri Ce Si ! hat he usually observed it in small groups, three or four in number, and that most numerous ; ver liate neighbourhood of Para, while it is common crested Aracari, and states t ) dicated by its loud croaking notes. Following up the River Madeira, the its vicinity was always in he I I may state that I have myself seen skins from the borders of tributaries of which commence in the Andes, in Bolivia, and it 1s spoken of by Azara as an inhabitant of Paraguay. t ‘ S y these streams anit ant ighness the Prince Maximilian of Wied, and the late M. John Natterer, It is from the pens of His H that we derive the greatest amount of information respecting this species. Both these naturalists observed it in Brazil, which may be considered its central habitat. “This species,” says Prince Maximilian, “is never found near the coast, but is plentiful in the interior of the province of Minas Geraes and Bahia; that it is also abundant in the southern part of Brazil is proved by Mr. Sellow having found it in considerable numbers in latitude 32°S. Those observed in the vicinity of Bahia were very shy, the result of their having been repeatedly fired at by the inhabitants in defence of their fruit-trees, and to procure them for food ; notwithstanding which, the desire to feed upon the oranges and guavas induced them to approach very near the town at the season when those fruits were ripening. ‘« Very pretty little powder-flasks are occasionally made of their large and finely coloured bills.” M. Natterer, who first met with it in the province of St. Paul’s and afterwards on the road to Goyaz and Mattogrosso, on the banks of the Amazon and on the Upper Rio Branco, remarks that it will probably be found in all parts of Brazil, and believes that the bird prefers woods adjoining sandy plains, for he more than once met with it in low steppe-coppices, where ripe fruits were to be found. He generally met with it in small families, and observed that the bill varied in length according to the age or sex of the bird, and that the note was deeper than that of all the other members of the family. It resembles grrr or grrra. I find the following note with regard to the nidification of this species in Edwards’s entertaining “‘ Voyage up the Amazon ”—* The nests of Toucans are represented in works of Natural History as being constructed in the hollows of trees. It may be so in many cases and with some species. The only nest we ever saw, which was of the Toco Toucan, was in the fork of a large tree over the water upon the Amazon.” The only observation I have to make on this passage is, that it is desirable that the nidification of the bird should be detailed by other observers before full reliance be placed upon the assertion that the bird makes a ae for the hollows of decayed trees are the usual incubating places of all the Toucans. a pee ‘ ee eS assmmila ting in their colouring and markings, nearly a third smaller than the male; the - aes : one He fel Brehereen cot, aunoet pulpy bill . re a, irds ee the colouring of the adult at a very early age, The Plate represents a male al a femal € line co curing and the denticulations are merely indicated. é ale of the natural size. RAMPHASTOS CARI NATUS, Swains. Keel-billed Toucan. Sprciric CHARACTER. Ramph. rostro compresso, fascia angusta nigra basah circumdata, apice sanguineo ; mandibula supertore viridi, culmine maculaque utringue aurantio-flavis ; gutture pectoreque luters ; uropygio albo. Crown of the head and back of the neck dull black, with a wash of rufous on the latter, varying in intensity in different individuals; back, wings, abdomen and tail black, glossed with green; upper tail-coverts white; under tail-coverts vivid blood-red; cheeks and throat yellow, bounded below with a band of scarlet in some specimens and not in others ; bill green, with a spot of orange-yellow on each side of the upper mandible, and a line of the same colour extending along the culmen throughout its whole length; both mandibles bounded at the base with a narrow line of black and tipped with red, and both marked with indistinct transverse rays of black ; orbits verditer-green, passing into yellow on their outer margin; immediately behind the bill a small patch of yellow feathers ; feet blue, with a tinge of lilac on their under surface. Total length, 22 mches; bzll, 5; wing, 82; taal, 7; tarsz, 23. Toucan, or Brazilian Pie, Edw. Glean., vol. ii. p. 64. pl. 64. Yellow-breasted Toucan, th., vol. iii. p. 253. pl. 329. Ramphastos Tucanus, Shaw, Gen. Hist., vol. viii. p. 362. ———— callorhinchus, Wag}. Syst. Av., Ramphastos, sp. 6. peeilorhynchus, Licht. in Mus. Berlin. sulfuratus, Less. Traité d’Orn., p. 173. carinatus, Swains. Zool. [l., vol. i. pl. 45.—Wagl. Syst. Av., Ramphastos, sp. 7. —Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 7.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. Gmel. Edit., tom. 1. p. 355.—Lath. ——_— piscworus, Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 151. Ind. Orn., tom. i. p. 136.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 403, Ram- phastos, sp. 6.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 93, Ramphastos, sp. 9. Tucana Brasiliensis gutture albo, Briss. Orn., tom. iv. p. 413.—Ib. 8vo, tom ii. poe: Brazihan Toucan, Lath. Gen. Syn., tom. i. p. 327.—Shaw, Nat. Misc., pl. 183.—Ib. Gen. Zool., vol. viii. p. 363.—Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 284. Tuere is little doubt in my mind that the characters of Linneus’ Ramphastos piscivorus were taken from an example of this species; it is true that the throat is described as white, which would militate against such an opipion ; but it is probable that the whiteness of the throat was due to the bird being out of health or to some other cause: if this supposition be correct, it will be said that the term peservorus ought to be the specific appellation adopted ; it is, however, so objectionable, being indicative of a habit not found to exist in any species of the family, that I have preferred employing Mr. Swainson’s name, carinatus, so peculiarly descriptive of the remarkable form of the bill. I do not know any species of the family which is subject 9 the bill than the present bird; some individuals having the jp se hile in others both mandibles are of the latter colour ; af wal hill is st wanting ; in others it is divided into a succession of cae ae the whole length of the mandible; in others sein el eS Joe d il s colouring of the bill, correctly represented in leat e = ae : \ s 1849 d 1850 the Gardens of the Zoological Nes A Z S ca also chee 9 e bills of specimens from different localities, . a ets s e depth is the same. In some examples a x a . oF ceuke “< st, separating yellow of the throat from the black of Ss S S Ss Q The a s S Mexico, over the greater portion of which, fut latitude of Vera Cr s s of P s ] very generally dispersed. In the British M S s s ery short bills ; these were brought fi} Pacific side « c s of the longer-billed birds dwell there e : I e ¢ entertained, that there is probably mm e species of green r Two ex es ; Ssess of Prince Massena at Paris, and now mn ti T. B. Wilson, Es Py S g¢ difference :—the longer-billed specimen lat t f the s c S e it is well-defined; an additional reau b iY ev cons = C ird is called P s of M The Plate represents the S s > colouring of the bill and denuded parts a : I 5 Tn I 4 ya HTT 7 = om 4 | il | SS Saas RAMPHASTOS BREVICARINATUS, Gowa Short-billed Toucan. Specreic CHARACTER. : ce ee a. ace , Ramph. rostro brevi, compresso, fascia, angusta nigra basali circumdato, apice sanguineo ; man- ye a , : dibula supertore viridi, culmine maculéque utrinque aurantio-flavis ; gutture pectoreque lutezs, hoc torque sanguineo infra succincto. General plumage black with a pale wash of rufous at the back of the neck, and a gloss of green on the back, wings, abdomen and tail; upper tail-coverts white ; under tail-coverts blood- red; cheeks, throat and breast yellow, bounded below with a band of scarlet ; bill light green, passing into deep red on the tips of both mandibles ; along each side of the upper mandible an oblong patch of reddish orange; both mandibles bounded at the base with a narrow line of black, and both marked near the tomiz with indistinct transverse rays of black ; orbits verditer-green, passing into yellow on their outer margin ; feet blue, tinged with lilac on their under surface. Total length, 14 inches; S7//, 42; wing, 7; tail, 6; tarsi, 13. From the time I commenced the study of the various members of this group of birds, I have always felt convinced that the Mexican Keel-billed Toucans constituted more than a single species ; for upon examining the fine collection of the Prince Massena at Paris, while engaged on the first edition of this work, I found two fully adult specimens differing considerably in all their admeasurements, and especially in the length of the bill, which in one was fully a third longer than that of the other, while there was no marked difference in their depth ; in the smaller bird the yellow of the breast was separated from the black of the under surface by a well-defined and somewhat broad band of blood-red, of which there was either a very slight or no trace in the larger one; subsequently I saw other examples in some of the continental museums, but was undecided as to the propriety of characterizing them as distinct ; the British Museum, however, having been lately enriched with specimens of the short-billed species sent direct from the western side of the isthmus of Panama, all of which are alike in admeasurement, and have well-defined pectoral scarlet bands, I have considered it only right to define and give a representation of the short-billed bird, leaving it for future explorers to determine whether it be really distinct or only a local variety. Its specific characters are a short and deep bill, whence the name drevicarinatus, accompanied by a bright scarlet band on the chest. My attention has been lately called to a third variety or species, intermediate between the two, but from a different locality—New Grenada; the first instance that has come under my notice of a Keel-billed Toucan being found south of the Isthmus of Panama. The collection of the Prince Massena above alluded to is now in the Museum at Philadelphia; the American ornithologists will therefore have an opportunity of investigating the subject, and of giving an opinion as to the specific value of .Ramphastos brevicarinatus. The figures are of the natural size. 3] 4 iii IM 5 2 Y RAMPHASTOS TOCARD, Fieii. Tocard ‘Toucan. Specretc CHARACTER. Ramph. mandibule superioris base in erne inferiorisque basi totd castaneo-rufis; hujus apice linedque obliqua a rictu ad frontem extensd nigris ; supertoris culmine parteque antica aurantiacis ; gutture lutescenti-flavo ; tectricibus caudce supervoribus albis. General plumage black ; throat rich yellow, bounded below by a narrow line of white, to which succeeds a broader one of scarlet ; upper tail-coverts white ; under tail-coverts blood- red; basal half of the sides of both mandibles reddish chestnut, passing into black ante- riorly on the upper mandible, and into the black apical half of the lower mandible; the remainder of the upper mandible rich orange-yellow, the extent of the two colours being strongly defined ; orbits and naked skin of the throat beautiful yellow ; irides blackish brown; tarsi and feet blue. Total length, 23 inches; zl/, 63; wing, 9=; tail, 7; tarsi, 2. Le Tocard, Levaill. Hist. Nat. des Ois. de Parad., tom. 1. p. 25. pl. 9. Ramphastos Tocard, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’'Hist. Nat., 2nde Edit., tom. 34. p. 280.—Ib. Ency. Méth. Orn., part iii. p. 1480.—Wagl. Syst. Av., Ramphastos, sp. 4.—Less. Traité dOrn., p. 171, Ramphastos, sp. 4.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 403, Ramphastos, sp. 5.- -Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 93, Ramphastos, sp. 8. ambiguus, Swains. Zool. Ill., vol. i. pl. 168. ——_._ Swainsoni?, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part I. p. 69.—Ib. Mon. of Ramph., pl. 8.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit. ———— eugnathos, Wagl. Iv the former edition of this work I dedicated this species to Mr. Swainson the ornithologist, under the belief that as so much confusion existed with respect to the bird figured by Levaillant under the name of Le Tocard,\ should be better promoting the cause of science by giving it a new name, than in retaining one which it was very doubtful if it belonged to it. I find, however, that modern writers are generally disposed to prefer the term Zocard applied to it by M. Vieillot, and as it is far from my wish to dissent from the general opinion without very good grounds for so doing, I have adopted it in the present edition. I may add, that I was mainly induced to give a distinctive appellation by the circumstance of Levaillant’s figure representing the bird with a white breast ; but I have now every reason for believing that this was due to his having drawn from a faded specimen. The native habitat of this species is the hotter and temperate regions of Peru, Ecuador and Columbia. I have myself received it from Bogota, Popayan and Quito ; and there are magnificent specimens in the British Museum, which I believe were collected at Buena Ventura. We find that it was one of the species which excited the attention of Dr. Tschudi during his travels in Peru; he informs us that it extends farther to the eastward than any other species observed by him, and that it is found in the hottest parts of the country; that it shrouds itself in solitude amidst the dense foliage of the gigantic trees during the day, and only comes out at sunset. Its monotonous cry closely resembles the Spanish words ‘‘ Dioste dé” (May God give thee) ; hence the Indians call it Dioste dé, and maintain that while emitting its cry it cannot be shot; but the contrary is the case, for its attention being entirely absorbed in its occupation, it takes no heed of the hunter, and may be easily procured. Dr. Tschudi also states, that a living specimen kept by him for some time while at Lima lived very peaceably with the fowls, and took its food with them ; and that it was his intention to have brought it with him to Europe, but unluckily it fell into a water-tank kept for ducks, and was drowned. I have been favoured by M. Jules Bourcier, late French Consul at Quito, with a fine head and neck of a ‘ specimen which he procured living, and which unfortunately died on his passage to Europe: this relic, together with the information M. Bourcier gave me, has enabled me to figure the soft parts correctly. But neither M. Bourcier nor Dr. Tschudi has told us whether the difference observable in the colouring of the bill is due to sex or to immaturity. This therefore is a point yet to be determined by those who may be favourably situated for investigating it. The Ramphastos Tocard must be regarded as one of the largest and noblest members of the family, and one which would be a most attractive and ornamental object for our aviaries, could it be introduced with success ; a matter in my opinion of but little difficulty. The figures are of the natural size. AMPHASTOS A MI IBICG Of Ly S ) Swans Aten ue Gow Fullinte Jd & Ree am pe aha” y RAMPHASTOS AMBIGUUS, Swains. Doubtful Toucan. Sprectric CHARACTER. ‘ Ramph. niger ; jugulo flavo ; mandibule superiorts parte supertore flava, transversé maculata, strigd viride obliqué divist ; mandibuld infertore nigra. —Swainson. General plumage black, with a tinge of rufous at the back of the neck and a greenish gloss on the wings, body and tail; throat rich yellow, bounded below by a narrow line of yellowish white, to which succeeds a broader one of blood-red ; upper tail-coverts creamy white ; under tail-coverts blood-red ; upper mandible obliquely divided for about three-fourths of its length from the base by a strongly defined streak of black, the space below which is chocolate-black, and that above yellow, traversed by a broad streak of green; under mandible chocolate-black at the base, passing into black towards the tp ; orbits blue ?; legs and feet blue above, lilac beneath. ‘Total length, 20 inches; bell, 52; wing, 83; tail, 6+; tars, 15. Ramphastos ambiguus, Swains. Zool. Ul. 1st Ser., vol. mi. pl. 168. —___ Swainsonzz, Gould, Mon. of Rect pl. 8, lower figure.—Ib. Sturm's Edit., pl. , lower figure. However much I may have been perplexed by the Mexican Keel-billed Toucans, I have been ten times more so by the Columbian species known under the name of Tocard, to which in the former edition of this work I eave the name of Swainsoni, believing as I did that the Zocard of Le Vaillant and the Ramphastos ambiguus of Swainson were one and the same species; I am now, however, induced to regard them as distinct, in consequence of having recently seen in some of the continental Museums, and lately received in a collection of birds from the neighbourhood of Bogota, several examples which precisely accord with Swainson’s figure of his Ramphastos ambiguus, aud which differ from the R. Zocard in having smaller and straighter bills, with all the space beneath the oblique band purplish black, and with a distinct trace of the green mark along the sides of the yellow portion of the upper mandible so conspicuous in Swainson’s drawing ; I have determined therefore upon restoring that appellation to the bird for w hich Mr. Swainson doubtless intended it, and which I believe to be quite distinct from the R. Tocard. Some variation appears to exist in the colouring of the bare skin round the eye. Mr. Mark, Her Majesty’s Consul at Bogota, tells me it is bluish green. Dr. Tschudi, who collected specimens in Peru, says it is blue, which on examination ! found to be the case, so far as could be judged from the appearance of his specimen in the Museum at Neufchatel. Swainson, who states that his figure was taken from a drawing made from the bird immediately after death, also represents it blue: the diversity of hue is probably due to age, but may be attributable to some other circumstance with which we are not acquainted. In the examples from Bogota, the oblique verditer-green mark on the upper mandible, forming so conspicuous a feature in Swainson’s figure, is very apparent ; and this among other reasons has led me to consider the species to be a true one and to figure it as such. Bs 3 , It is scarcely necessary to add, that this conclusion has been arrived at since my account of the R. Tocard 5; was printed ; and that the insertion of Swainson’s name of R. ambiguus among the synonyms of that species is an error. The term ‘“ Doubtful,” 1 may observe, alludes to the species, and not to the ‘ Toucan” as a generic appellation. ‘ The figures are of the natural size. att f > & RYT hi DS LAST AMUP) /\ IR iit 5 Uti 3 4 UA) LITTIN ny om 4 HAULLIHANL RAMPHASTOS ERYTHRORHYNCHUS, Ginez. Red-billed Toucan. SpreciFic CHARACTER. Ramph. rostro rubro; culmine luteo; gents, gutture, pectoreque, albis lutescenti-tinctis ; tectri- cibus caudee supertoribus flavis. Crown of the head, back, wings, abdomen and tail black; throat and breast white, with a faint wash of straw-colour pervading the latter, and bounded below by a crescent of fine deep scarlet ; upper tail-coverts sulphur-yellow ; under tail-coverts deep scarlet ; bill rich crimson- red on the sides, bounded posteriorly by a transverse band, which as well as the edges of both mandibles and the point of the lower is deep black ; culmen yellow, becoming of a pale horn-colour at the tip ; across the base of the bill a broad band, which on the upper mandible is yellow, and on the under rich bluish lead-colour, the two colours blending into each other at the edges of the mandibles; immediately at the base of the bill a strong line of black; orbits greenish blue, with a ring of bluish lilac around the eye; irides dark brown ; naked skin of the throat bluish green ; above the orbits at the base of the upper mandible a small patch of white feathers; feet blue, with a lilac tinge on their under surface; nails black. Total length, 22 inches; bell, 61; wing, 9; tail, 65; tarsi, 2. Female.—Similar to the male in colour, but somewhat smaller in size. Toucan Surinamensis niger ex albo, flavo, et rubro mixtus, Petiv. Gazoph., t. 44. fig. 13. Red-beaked Toucan, Edw. Glean. Nat. Hist., p. 58. pl. 238.—Lath. Gen. Syn., vol.i. p. 328. Ramphastos Tucanus, Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit. 10.—Borowski, Natur., tom. ii. p. 97. t. 6. Tucana Cayanensis gutture albo, Briss. Orn., 4to. tom. iy. p. 416. pl. xxxi. fig. 2, 8vo. tom. ii. p: 159. Ramphastos erythrorhynchus, Gmel. Edit. Linn, Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 355.—Wagl. Syst. Av. Ramphastos, sp. 2.—Vig. in Zool. Journ., vol. ii. p. 475.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 3.—Less. Traité d’Orn., p. 170, Ramphastos, sp. 2. Toucan a gorge blanche, Buff. Pl. Enl. 262.—Ib. Hist. des Ois., tom. vii. p. 121. Ramphastos erythrorhynchos, Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. i. p. 136.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 1. p. 403, Ramphastos, sp. 1. Ramphastos erythrorhyncos, Vieill. Ency. Méth, Orn., Part III. p. 1429, Ramphastos, sp. 3. Le Tocan, Levaill. Hist. Nat. des Ois. de Parad., tom. ii. p. 10. pl. 3. Le Tocan a collier jaune, Levaill. Ib., p. 13. pl.4. (With the scarlet of the breast band and under tail-coverts abstracted, says Mr. John Natterer, by exposure to light, or the heat of an oven to which it had probably been subjected to destroy the insects that had attacked the skin.) Red-billed Toucan, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. ii. p. 285.—Shaw, Gen. Hist., vol. viii. p. 367. pl. 47. —Ib. Nat. Misc., pl. 183. Ramphastos Levaillanti, Wagl. Syst. Av., Ramphastos, sp. 3.—Less. Traité d’Orn., p. 170, Ramphastos, sp. 3. Tuts is one of the oldest known species of Toucan, a figure and description of it having been published by Petiver in 1709; it occurs among the drawings by Madame Merian, formerly in the possession of Sir Hans Sloane, and now in the British Museum (where it is represented nearly of the natural size, with a small bird between its mandibles); it is also figured by Edwards, Brisson and Borowski, and it is doubtless the bird to which Linneus, in the 10th Edition of his “Systema Nature,” assigned the specific appellation of Tucanus ; as, however, this term, or rather that of Zucana, was applied by all the preceding writers in a generic rather than a specific sense, it becomes necessary to adopt that of erythrorhynchus of Gmelin for the species here represented. The synonyms given above have all reference to the present bird. The richly ornamented and elegant Ramphastos erythrorhynchus is very numerously distributed over the whole of the densely wooded fluviatile regions of the river Amazon, and Mr. John Natterer found it on fadel ; . it also inhabits the low countries of Guiana, Surinam and the rivers Madeira, Negro and Branco ; Ba nee Cayenne. It differs from every known species in the rich co a asons than at others, conside that have reached this country, and constantly occurring in the In the latter, a great difference is found to exist, the ing of its bill, the brilliancy of which ; rable difference in this respect having ars to be much greater at some s¢ appe amples been observed in the few living ex bills of the specimens sent home for cu museums. fine scarlet being more or less clouded with dull black, w of the cellular tissues within, and partly to ¢ en more than usually and at the base of the red; while we frequently find probable that the greater or hich may be partly attributed to the effects of the i auses which existed while the bird was living. decomposition One of my specimens appears to have be in having no trace of the transverse black b ; egular and indistinct bars of dull black. It is ; alth and vigour of the bird, and that it is more brilliant, and differs from all others that I have seen, the red crossed by numerous 1rr ay illi f il @ ring’ is the he lesser brilliancy of the red colouring 1s dependent upon intense at the breeding-season than at any oe period. As is the case with R. Cuvieri, a slight difference is observ iti ir bi i rary in form, Ss eing -e swollen than others, and having the blue localities ; their bills also slightly vary in form, some being more swollen thi na aving space at the base of the under mandible of ss 25 oe moulted birds have a delicate straw-coloured tinge pervading the white breast, able in the size of specimens from different a greater breadth : these variations are, however, too trivial to be considered as specific. Newly but it soon disappears under the united influence of light and heat. In its general habits and manners it resembles the rest of its congeners, branch among the topmost foliage of the lofty trees of its native forests. Mr. Waterton states that the native name in Demerara is Bourach, signifying ‘nose’ ; that it frequents the leaping lightly from branch to mangrove trees on the sea-coast, and is never seen in the interior till you reach Machouchia, where it is found in the neighbourhood of the river Tacatou. It feeds entirely on the fruits of the forest, and never kills the young of other birds or touches carrion. The sound the Bouradi makes is like the clear yelping of a puppy dog, and you fancy he says pra-po-0-co ; and thus the South American Spaniards call him Papoco. It lays its eggs in the hollows of trees. Although Mr. Waterton states that the bird lives entirely upon fruits in its native wilds, it exhibits the utmost partiality for animal food in a state of captivity, as shown in the account given by W. J. Broderip, Esq., of a living specimen of the present species examined by him in 1825, at a dealer’s in St. Martin’s Lane. « After looking at the bird,” says Mr. Broderip, ‘‘ which was apparently in the highest state of health, I asked the proprietor to bring up a little bird, that I might see how the Toucan would be affected by its ap- pearance. The proprietor soon returned bringing with him a goldfinch, a last year’s bird. The instant he introduced his hand with the goldfinch into the cage of the Toucan, the latter, which was ona perch, snatched it with his bill. The poor little bird had only time to utter a short weak cry ; for, within a second, it was dead, killed by compression on the sternum and abdomen, and that so powerful that the bowels were protruded after a very few squeezes of the Toucan’s bill. As soon as the goldfinch was dead, the Toucan hopped with it still in his bill to another perch, and placing it with his bill between his right foot and the perch began to strip off the feathers with his bill; when he had plucked away most of them, he broke the bones of the wings and legs (still holding the little bird in the same position) with his bill, taking the limbs therein, and giving at the same time a strong lateral wrench. He continued this work with great dexterity till he had ag reduced the bird to a shapeless mass ; and, ever and anon, he would fake his prey from the perch im his bill, and hop from perch to perch, making at the same time at which times I observed that his bill and wings were afte the latter were not expanded. a peculiar hollow clattering noise, cted with a vibratory or shivering motion, though a ae He would then return the bird to the perch with his bill and set his foot on 1 Y rs 2 a 2 " $C ie Cc e 1 » S ry . . e iy re the viscera and continued pulling off and swallowing piece after piece, till the head, neck, aac sare iP . oe : f as of the ae and sternum with their soft parts were alone left ; these, after a little more wrenching, while ¢ were he a rc 5 : : ‘e ; a ere ia a the perch and masticated as it were while they were held in the bill, he at last swallowed, not even leaving the beak or leos i . g ak Or leas of his prey. It was clear > r i Re 5 . for whenever he seized his prey from the 2 : pre) as clear to me that he felt great enjoyment ; : prey trom the perch he appeared to exult, now masticating the morsel with his toothed bill and applying his tone i . i Ses pplying ongue to it, now attempting to goree it. = 1 i : g gorge it, and now making the peculiar ing motion above- i r : a a quarter of an hour. He then cl 1 hi bill I Bee iheahole Opera ee ae cc ¢ . g €aned his bill by r WL heen : may be as well to mention another fact, whicl y rubbing it against the perches and bars of his cage. It c ' Tact, which appears ne yas . . once seen him return the food from hj “ppears to me not unworthy of notice. I have more than ) 1S Crop some tI after cE epee: . ees POC eno o: | time after he had taken it, and after masticating the c ue in his bill, again swallow it; the mholeconcr: ng : 5 peration, particularly the return of the food to the analogous action in ruminating to which a little bird is al food, picking clattering noise accompanied by the shiver bill, bearing a strong resemblance to the mal . . f : Speers animals. ‘ -onsists bread, boiled vegetables, eggs and flesh ; : als. His food Ons a added every second or third day. He out ¢ sels ipti . t all morsels of that description, and not resorting mer 1s exhausted.” d of the natural size. shows a decided preference for anim to the vegetable diet until all the for The Plate represents the bir Ht Pere ee f a RAN (PT — { [A QIN ¢@ HASTOS INCA : VW AN 9 Gould. Hallman RAMPHASTOS INCA, Gow. Inca Toucan. Ss PECIFIC CHARACTER. Ramph. rostro negro, im lateribus sanguineo obnubilato; culmine mandibule supertoris ad apicem, et lata fascia basali flavis, hac postice lined nigra, antice lined coccinea cincta ; guld et pectore albis flavicinctis, hoc torque sanguineo infra succincto; tectricibus caude superiortbus aurantiacis. General plumage black ; throat and chest white tinged with yellow, and bounded below by a band of blood-red ; upper tail-coverts rich orange ; under tail-coverts blood-red ; bill black, with a patch of pale blood-red on the sides of the upper mandible near the base, with the culmen and point of the lower mandible yellow, and with a broad basal belt of the same colour, bounded posteriorly with a narrow line of black, and anteriorly with a narrow line of scarlet, the yellow clouded with olive-blue on the lower and the cutting edge of the upper mandible ; orbits yellow, passing into yellow on their outer margins ; irides brown ; legs and feet bluish lead-colour. Total length, 20 inches; JS7l/, 54; wing, 9+; tal, 73 tarsi, 24. Ramphastos Inca, Gould in Proe. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 68.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iii. App. p. 19 (App. to p. 403)—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., pao Ramphastos, sp. 2. For a knowledge of this species we are indebted to Mr. Bridges, who brought a single specimen from Bolivia. It is nearly allied to R. erythrorhynchus, but differs from that species in having the greater part of the mandibles black; a mark of scarlet, almost triangular in form, occupying a small sp ace on each side of the culmen only; and in having a faint line of scarlet posterior to the black colouring, which does not occur at all in the other species: the blood-red band on the breast, too, is broader and deeper col and the white of the throat is more strongly tinged with yellow. A still greater distinction is, however, observable in the colouring of the upper tail-coverts, which in R. Inca are of a rich fiery orange, while in ht. erythrorhynchus they are lemon-yellow. From all appearances, it is probable that the specimen brought by Mr. Bridges is a female; and if that be the case, the male, when discovered, will prove to be one of the most rich coloured species of the genus. oured, Mr. Bridges’s specimen was procured in the elevated and dense forests at Chimorée in the country of the Yuracaras Indians in Bolivia; beyond this, I regret to say, nothing is known respecting it. The figure is of the natural size. RAMPHASTOS CUVIERI, Wagi. Cuvier’s Toucan. Sprcrric CHARACTER. Ramph. rostro tumido ad basin, brunneo-nigrescente, culmine luteo; genis, gutture, pectoreque albis lutescente-tinctis ; tectricibus caude superioribus aurantiaco-flavis. Male.—Crown of the head, back, wings, abdomen and tail black; throat white ; breast pale yellow, bounded below by a crescent of fine deep scarlet; upper tail-coverts pale sulphur- yellow at the base, passing into rich orange ; under tail-coverts deep scarlet ; bill brownish black on the sides ; culmen rich yellow, becoming pale horn-colour at the tip ; across the | vase of the bill a broad band, which on the upper mandible is of a rich yellow hue, and on the under bluish lilac, the two colours blending into each other at the edges of the mandibles ; immediately at the base of the bill a strong line of black ; orbits bluish green, with a ring of bluish lilac around the eye; naked skin of the throat bluish green; above the orbits at the base of the upper mandible a small patch of white feathers; feet blue, with a lilac tinge on their under surface ;_ nails black. ‘Total length, 23 inches; bzd/, 6+ ; wing, 9: ; tal, 62; tarsz, 2. Female.—Precisely similar in colour, but smaller in all her admeasurements, especially in the length of the bill. Note—The colouring of the soft parts differs in brilliancy at different seasons, according to the age and vigour of the bird. Ramphastos Cuviert, Wagl. Syst. Av. Ramphastos, sp. 5.—Less. Traité d’Orn., p- 171, Ram- phastos, sp. 5.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 2.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 11. p. 403, Ramphastos, sp. 2.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p- 92, Ramphastos, sp. 3. Le Grand Toucan a gorge orange, Levaill. Hist. Nat. des Ois. de Parad., tom. ii. Pp 1S: ple (See note below.) Ramphastos Forsterorum, Wag\. Syst. Av. Ramphastos, sp. 9.- —Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, Ramphastos, sp. 3. Wuen I published the first edition of this work, now nearly twenty years ago, a single specimen only of this fine Toucan had come under my notice, although I had personally examined most of the public museums and private collections in Europe; during the interval which has elapsed, much information has been obtained respecting the localities the bird inhabits, and the colouring of its soft parts, both of which were at that time comparatively unknown: I have had ample opportunities too of examining the numerous examples trans- mitted to England from several districts of the Lower Amazon by Messrs. Wallace and Bates, and to the Jardin des Plantes of Paris from Peru, by the celebrated traveller M. Alcide D’Orbigny. From the cir- cumstance of so many examples being sent from the above-mentioned localities, I am induced to infer that the whole of the extensive forests bordering the mighty Amazon, from its source amidst the lofty Andes to the sea, is inhabited by this noble bird; I have also seen numerous spe \ from Santa Fé de Bogota. Some slight difference of size occurs in examples from these distant localities, the Venezuelan specimens being smaller and having shorter bil Peru and Bogota are rather larger than either of the others: for the birds to be considered otherwise than as races of one and the same species. In the perfect or newly moulted plumage, the breast of both sexes is washed with yellow, which colour ars to fade under the influence of a tropical sun, leaving the breast, until the next moult, of a pure a uarrow thread-like line of scarlet separates the black colour of the upper ight tinge of red is sometimes observable near the base cimens from Venezuela, and one Is than the Amazonian, while those from these variations are, however, too slight appe white. In some specimens mandible from the yellow culmenal ridge ; and a sl mandible of the Peruvian birds. In its affinities this species is more nearly of the dark portion of the upper but its rich orange-coloured upper tail-coverts will at all times allied to R. erythrorhynchus than to any other, enable the ornithologist to distinguish it. I mention this because the red colouring of the bill in R. ery- throrhynchus sometimes gives place to black, a change induced either by a particular state of the bird (perhaps from being out of health), or from decomposition of the fine colour after death. ‘Note.—Le Grand Toucan a gorge orange of Levaillant is added as a synonym of this species on the authority of a passage in Sturm’s Edition of this work, in which it is stated, that the late Mr. John Natterer had discovered that Levaillant has figured many made-up birds ; and that he had recently found the originals of two of his figures in the Royal Museum at Leyden ; one of which, the subject of his fifth plate, Le Grand Toucan a gorge orange, is certainly nothing more than a Ramphastos Cuvieri with the orange- coloured forepart of the neck, and the red of a Ramphastos Ariel added. The accompanying Plate represents a fully adult Amazonian specimen of the natural size. FIND TEN , Gould. Pee Hallmans £ Val RAMPHASTOS CITREOLAMUS, Gow. Citron-breasted Toucan. SpecirFic CHARACTER. Ramph. rostro nigro, vitta lata basal, et culmine olivaceo viridibus, hoc colore gradatim cum flavido apud apicem mandibule utriusque se commiscente ; gula alba ; pectore citreo, vitta splendidé coccinea cincto ; tectricibus caude superiorzbus citreis. General plumage black ; throat and chest white, the latter washed with citron-yellow, which is deepest in the centre, whence it gradually fades into the white of the sides of the neck and throat; across the lower part of the breast a band of deep blood-red ; upper tail- coyerts sulphur-yellow; under tail-coverts deep blood-red, curving upwards at the sides and meeting at the base of the upper tail-coverts, inducing at first sight a belief that the upper tail-coverts are of two colours, blood-red and sulphur-yellow; bill black, with a broad basal and culmenal band of greenish yellow passing into pale yellow on the tips of both mandibles, and deepening into orange at the gape. Total length, 21 inches; ell, 5+; wing, 81; tad, 7+; tarse, 14. Ramphastos citreolemus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XI. p. 147.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 403, Ramphastos, sp. 15. —citreolaimus, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 92, Ramphastos, sp. 7. An examination of the Prince of Massena’s collection at Paris in 1843 afforded me an opportunity of giving a description of a species of Toucan I had never before seen. The only information I could obtain respect- ing this new bird, of which His Highness possessed a male and a female, was that it had been received in a collection from Santa Fé de Bogota in Columbia. In the interval that has since elapsed, the Prince’s fine collection has been transported to North America, and now finds a resting-place in the extensive Museum of the Academy of Sciences at Philadelphia. Being desirous of instituting a more rigid examination of the species, and a more careful comparison of it with the allied members of the family than I was enabled to do when it first came under my notice, I applied to T. B. Wilson, Esq. of Philadelphia for another sight of it, and he has, with the utmost liberality, allowed it again to cross the Atlantic for this purpose. On re-inspecting it, I find that the conclusion I originally came to, as to its being a distinct species, is quite correct. It belongs to that section of the family, members of which are distinguished by broad culmenal marks, a feature more conspicuous in this than in any other species, the greenish yellow colour not being confined to the culmen alone, but occupying a considerable portion of the sides of the upper mandible also : the lower part of the breast is fine sulphur-yellow, passing into white on the throat and sides of the neck ; the rump is fine sulphur-yellow, instead of passing into orange, as in R. Cuviert, R. culminatus, and R. oscu- lans ; the bill is thick and swollen, as in the latter; but it is shorter, and on comparison will be found to present a different aspect. The figures are of the natural size. LE iW 1 I RAMPHASTOS OSCULANS, Gould. Osculant Toucan. Speciric CHARACTER. Ramph. rostro aterrimo, culmine fascidque nigra basali flavis ; pectore in medio aurantiaco, latera versus in flavescentem transeunte, gula regioneque parotica albis ; lined pectus posticé cingenté crissogue cocciners ; uropygio sulphureo in aurantiacum transeunte. General plumage jet-black ; breast orange-yellow in the centre, fading off into light yellow, which again is lost in the pure white of the throat, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck; band across the breast and under tail-coverts deep blood-red ;_ upper tail-coverts sulphur-yellow at the base, and fine orange on their apical half; bill black, with the culmen, the tip of the lower mandible, and a broad basal band fine greenish yellow, the latter washed with greenish blue towards the cutting edge of the upper and on the lower mandible ; at the base of the bill a narrow line of black; orbits light greenish blue, becoming of a deeper or cobalt-blue towards the eye; eyelids dark bluish grey ; outer edge of the irides bluish green, their inner edge dark greenish brown; tarsi and feet very rich light blue in front, and of a lilac hue behind. Total length, 19 inches ; bedl, 53; wing, 73; tail, 6+; tarsi, 14. Ramphastos osculans, Gould in Proe. of Zool. Soc., Part IIL. p. 156.—Ib. Mon. of Ramph., pl. 5—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 403, Ramphastos, sp. 14.— Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 92, Ramphastos, sp. 6. Ar the time I published the First Edition of this work, the single specimen contained in the Imperial Museum at Vienna, from which I took my figure, was, I believe, the only one that had been sent to Europe, and it is even now a rare bird in our collections. This may be due to the circumstance of its habitat being a distant and remote part of South America, rarely visited by Europeans. Mr. John Natterer, to whom I am indebted for a knowledge of its soft parts, killed it on the river Madeira; Mr. Wallace has sent it from the Rio Negro; and there is a specimen in the Museum of the Zoological Society of London, which was brought to this country from the interior of Guiana by Sir Robert Schomburgk. It may be regarded as, without exception, one of the loveliest of the Ramphasti, vieing as it does in the variety of its colours with all the other members of the group. The white feathers at the side of the neck are dense, and of a pure white; the orange-yellow wash on the centre of the breast is of the most lovely tint imaginable ; the tail-coverts too are of a beautiful sulphur-yellow at the base, passing into an equally beautiful orange on their apical half; and the general plumage is of the blackest jet. In the colouring of its breast it resembles R. vitel/inus, but it differs from that species in the broad culmenal mark of yellow and in its orange-coloured upper tail-coverts. In the general colouring of the bill it resembles 2. culminatus, but it differs from that bird in having the breast orange: again, it is nearly allied to 2. Cuvier? and R. citreolemus, but is readily distinguished from both those species by its smaller size, and by the rich colouring of its breast. I find some slight variety in different specimens as to the amount of the scarlet on the breast: in some it assumes the form of a band, while in others it forms a large gorget-like mark, as in R. vitellinus: the orbits are perhaps denuded to a larger extent than in any other species; and in most of the specimens I have seen the culmen is very broad and much flattened, and moreover bulges out laterally so as to form a decided ridge on each side; but I have one example in which the bulging is not so decided, and the culmen is narrower and regularly arched. I do not, however, consider this difference to be indicative of more than a local variety. The figures are of the natural size. LAMIPHASTOS CU EMUINENISIUS|. Zena nmi 3) 4S RAMPHASTOS CULMINATUS, Gow. Culminated ‘Toucan. Sprcrric CHARACTER. Ramph. rostro negro, culmine fasciaque busali viridi-flavis ; gula pectoreque albis. Head, back, wings, abdomen and tail black; throat and chest white, bounded by a narrow pectoral band of blood-red; rump feathers sulphur-yellow at the base, passing into fiery orange at their tips; under tail-coverts blood-red; bill black, with the exception of the culmen, the tips of both mandibles, and a very broad band at the base of each, which are greenish yellow ; orbits and feet apparently lead-colour, and the irides brown. Total length, 193 inches; bell, 53; wing, 83; tail, 7; tarsz, 1. Ramphastos culminatus, Gould in Proce. of Zool. Soc., Part I. p. 70. —Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 1—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. © —Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 11. p. 403, Ram- y phastos, sp. 4.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 92, Ramphastos, sp. A,, Ir is impossible to confound the present with any other known species of Toucan ; its snow-white breast, which I believe is at all ages unsullied, together with the beautiful greenish yellow culmen and band at the base of the bill, and the rich orange-coloured tail-coverts, being characters which will always distinguish it ; besides which, the white rises higher on the cheeks, and leaves a smaller orbit than in any other species. The specimen in my own collection was obtained in New Grenada, while another in the British Museum, the finest example of this bird I have yet seen, was collected by Mr. Wallace on the Upper Amazon. The rred to in my former edition, as being in the collection of the Zoological Society, has the bill specimen refe | of my own specimen is formed like that of the front figure in the accompanying very much curved; the bil Plate, while the bill of the British Museum example is of an intermediate form ; it is evident, therefore, not constant: a depressed groove ou each side immediately below the Nothing whatever is known respecting the that the contour of the bill is culmen is also found in some specimens, and not in others. but I am enabled to state that the countries mentioned above are among habits and economy of this bird ; It must be regarded as one of the rarest of the its natural habitats, a circumstance until lately unknown. Toucans (2tamphast.), there being few collections in Europe which contain examples. As is the case true , and the female is only distin- with the other members of the genus, the sexes present no external difference guished by her somewhat smaller size. The figures are of the natural size. RAMPHAST Os AR UK; La ) lig. ho hi yl il? oy Mul Sh Li Ue Hh ae > j | My ot it i N whl RAMPHASTOS ARIEL, Fiz. Ariel Toucan. SpPEcIFIC CHARACTER. “ 2 oO - . y a af. 5 . Wy 5 a 7 % Ramph. rostro nigro ; fascead basal aurantia, culmine ad basin ceeruleo ; gula, genis, guttureque aurantio-lutets, hujus margine inferiore sulphureo ; crisso uropygroque cocciners. Male.—Head, back of the neck, back, wings, abdomen and tail black, with a gloss of green on the back, wings and tail; throat rich deep orange, bounded laterally and below by a line of sulphur-yellow ; broad crescent-shaped mark across the breast, upper and under tail- coverts deep blood-red; bill black, with the exception of a broad transversal band of orange-yellow, and the basal fourth of the culmen, which is blue; orbits deep red ; irides and legs blue ; the hinder part of the tarsi inclining to lilac; nails black. Total length, 19 inches ; bell, 43; wing, 7+; tail, 6%; tarsi, 14. Female—Somewhat less in size, but similar in colour. Tucana, sive Toucan Brasiliensibus, Marcg. Hist. Bras., p. 217.—Ib. Orig. Drawing in Roy. Lib. Berl. (J. Natterer.) Tucana Brasiliensis gutture luteo, Briss. Orn., tom. iv. p. 419. pl. xxxu. fig. 1. Le Toucan a gorge jaune du Bresil, Buff. Pl. Enl. 307. Le Toucan de Para de t Amérique méridionale, Vieill. Gal. des Ois., Supp. Ramphastos Ariel, Vig. in Zool. Journ., vol. i. p. 466.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 10. Temminckit, Wag). Syst. Av., Ramphastos, sp. 10.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. Tucanus, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 11. p. 403, Ramphastos, sp. 10. Tur Ramphastos Ariel enjoys a wide range over the eastern portions of Brazil; inhabiting, as it does, all the countries from the River Amazon to Rio de Janeiro. Considerable difference is found to exist in the birds from the southern provinces near Rio, and those from the neighbourhood of the Amazon, the latter being generally of a smaller size, and having the orange of the breast of a redder hue, and the black of the body more intense ; they cannot, however, be regarded otherwise than as varieties of one and the same species. The following note has been kindly sent to me by His Highness the Prince Maximilian of Wied :— ‘«« This species 1s very common in all the great forests and woody chains of mountains in the eastern part of the Brazils; it usually dwells among the tops of the high trees, flying around and perching upon them, and there giving forth its whistling voice, which somewhat resembles that of the Missel Thrush ( Zurdus viscivorus) of Europe. It is very active and lively, and curious withal, its attention being easily drawn to any it collects in small companies on the approach of a bird of prey, especially an owl, which they object ; The bird being very common, we killed many during the day for the sake of the flesh as attack violently. This is one of the species, the feathers of which are used as ornaments by the aboriginal in- s, on the Rio Doce, a battle-chief of the Botocudos with a yellow breast while the now civilized Tubinampians used the same part of a viand. habitants; thus we saw at Linhare of the bird attached to each end of his bow ; the bird to decorate either side of their foreheads.” Mr. Natterer met with this bird not far from Margaritiba, to the south of Rio de Janeiro, on the road to San Paulo, on the right bank of the Amazon, above the mouth of the Rio Tapajoz, and frequently at Para ; it appeared to follow the course of the Amazon for a certain distance ; but it was not noticed by him on the Rio Madeira, Rio Negro, or Rio Branco, where its place was supplied by Ramphastos vitellinus. A fine individual of this species lived in the possession of the late Mr. Vigors for eight years, and formed interesting account of the habits of the bird in captivity, published by him in the second the subject of the which work being now scarce, I shall take the liberty of transcribing volume of the ‘ Zoological Journal,’ therefrom those passages which are likely to be of interest to my readers :— «« When in his cage,” says Mr. Vigors, ‘ he is peculiarly gentle and tractable, suffers himself to be played with, and feeds from the hand. In general he is active and lively; and, contrary to what might be expected ’ oO fi m he apparel t dis yropor SG inely cl umsy shape oO the bird Ss O I is g us, 0 | Pp } } ] 7 - 11S en Pp yea 1Ce not n y (Ort c cefu 9 > S I ’ 5 T t "re a dlc Z ts A 3 72 2S , : +h so, as to have suggested to an intelligent friend who patnessed them, the speouG name sylph-like ; so ane a = a himself in beautiful plumage ; his lighter colours being strikingly I have ventured to assign ue pu: cal oe in particular, being always bright and glossy. For this fine vivid, and the deep black of his Be eee are panes Every day he immerses himself condition he a to be meee Me a aiin co cei adc eee ape j vater with apparen a > ; - eae et, ee his own warm climate to our uncongenial Se ae Baers ise, he utters at times a hoarse and somewhat discordant cry, when he “* Besides a hollow clattering noise, he a ; * hiesstaroeeee happens to be hungry, and to see his food about to be presetiad ko hin ; oe a ae | ste 3 . ecm raising his head in the air, and half opening the bill as he emits a en These are the ae ae have heard him utter, and in neither can I say that I have detected ay sunnulesatty, or even approach to the word Toucan, as has sometimes been asserted, and from whence the inne oe of the genus has been Supposed to originate. Neither have I been able to verify another San has pe agence es necunr, these birds, that the bill is compressible between the fingers in the ee Ee The bill, SE Sa the lightness of its substance, is firm, and capable of grasping an object wit Se strength. The mode in which Mr. Broderip describes his Toucan as having broken the ules of the bird which he was about to devour, by ‘a strong lateral wrench,’ sufficiently shows that the bill is oO deficient in oe Indeed, I observe that my bird generally takes what is offered him, rather by the sides than by the Pomme of ns bill ; and I suspect that much of the powers of that member are centred in this lateral motion. The serration of the edges also may be supposed to tend to these peculiar powers. ‘“T have not allowed it to be indulged in that disposition to animal food, which so strikingly belongs to this family ; I find, in fact, that it thrives sufficiently well upon a vegetable diet, and I fear that if it should once be allowed any other, it would be difficult to restrain its inclination for it within moderate limits. Eggs are the only animal food with which it has been supplied since it came into my possession. Of these it is particularly fond; and they are generally mixed up in his ordinary food, which consists’ of bread, rice, potatoes, German paste, and similar substances. He delights in fruits of all kinds. During the period when these were fresh, he fed almost exclusively on them ; and even in the winter months he exhibits great gratification in being offered pieces of apples, oranges, or preserved fruits of any description. These he generally holds for a short time at the extremity of his bill, touching them with apparent delight with his slender and feathered tongue, and then conveying them by a sudden upward jerk to his throat, where they are caught and instantly swallowed. His natural propensity for preying upon animals, although not indulged, is still strongly conspicuous: when another bird approaches his cage, or even a skin or preserved specimen is presented to him, he exhibits considerable excitement. He raises himself up, erects his feathers, and h seems to be the usual expression of delight in these birds ; the irides of his eyes at the same time expand, and he seems ready to dart upon his mitted his approach. utters a hollow clattering sound, whic prey, if the bars of his cage per- “« Since the cold weather has commenced, he has been broue ght into a room with a fire, and the unusual light seems to have interfered with his general habits ; he does not 80 to rest so early or as regularly as was his custom; and he sometimes feeds even at a late hour. During the warmer months, however, when he was more free from interruption, his habits were singularly regular. As the dusk of the evening approached, he finished his last meal for the day, took a few turns, as if for exercise after his meal, round ae perches of his cage, and then settled himself on the highest perch, disposing himself almost at the moment he alighted on it with his head drawn in between his shoulders, and his tail turned vertically over his back. In this pores he generally remained about two hours, in a st aking ; his eyes for the most part closed, but opening on the sli htest j : : ° I g ightest intert ould allow himself to be handled, and ae red him, without altering his posture further than by agentle his al to be replaced by the hand in its natural downward posture, Meena. i” vertical position. In these movements the tail seemed to ally to turn his bill over his rj i a oe oe ae pee pas gee g the feathers of his back, sometimes con- aving a slight portion of the culmen exposed. At and those of the thj assuming the appear ate between sleeping and w uption. At such times he Ww would even take any favourite food that was offe turn of the head. He would also suffer and would then immediately retur a spring. ght shoulder, and to nestle it cealing it completely within the plum the same time he drooped the fe legs and feet; and thus nearly against all exposure to cold.” _ age, at other times le athers of his wing c : 2g gh-coverts, SO as to encompass the ance of an oval ball of feathers, he secured himself The figures are of the natural size. wu Ah ml mil i mt AU Til hi i UUIstaat | (Neral) 4 RAMPHASTOS VITELLINUS, m Sulphur and White-breasted Toucan. SpectFic CHARACTER. Ramph. rostro nigro ; fascia basali cceruleo postice linea negra cincta ; pectore aurantiaco-flavo wn album ad latera et anticé transeunte ; tectricibus caude superioribus et infertoribus cocc2ne?s. General plumage black ; breast orange, gradually blending with the white of the cheeks, chin, and sides of the neck; across the chest, immediately below the orange, a broad crescentic mark of deep blood-red ; the upper and under tail-coverts are also blood-red; bill black, with the exception of a broad band of blue near the base and a stripe of the same hue uniting with it on the base of the culmen; orbits greenish blue ; feet blue. Total length, 193 inches ; Jz//, 43 ; wing, 73; tail, 7; tarsi, 13. Le Prgnan-coin, ou Toucan a gorge jaune, Levaill. Hist. Nat. des Ois. de Parad., tom. ii. p 195 pl. 7: ae Ramphastos vitellinus, lll_—Swains. Zool. Ill., vol. i. pl. 56.—Licht. Verz. der Doubl., poe 3 No. 22..—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 9.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 403, Ramphastos, sp. 9.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Ay., p. 95, Ramphastos, sp. 11.—Less. ‘Traité d’'Orn., p. 173, Ramphastos, sp. 12. —Wagl. Syst. Av., Ramphastos, sp. 12. Tuts fine species, like the Ramphastos Ariel, has the upper and under tail-coverts scarlet; and this so constant, that in the hundreds of specimens I have seen no indication of a yellow or orange hue. has been observable : I mention this fact, because the late Mr. John Natterer once obtained a specimen which he considered to be referable to this species with the tail-coverts orange, but which I consider to have been an accidental variety or a distinct species. The native habitat of this bird is Guiana, Cayenne, I believe the Island of Trinidad, and the banks of the Amazon generally. Mr. Natterer also found it on the banks of the Rio Branco below the Sierra Caraman under the second degree of north latitude, and still further south near Barra on the Rio Negro. Specimens from Guiana are somewhat larger in size, have stronger i a re a deeper ti ‘e diffused than those fron bills, and have the orange colouring of the breast of a Beoper tint and more diffusec us e 1 the other localities ; they cannot, however, be regarded as distinct, but simply as a local variety. The figures are of the natural size. =— TT 4 RAMPHASTOS DICOLORUS, Gee. Green-billed Toucan. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. » Ramph. rostro viridi-luteo, marginibus serratis rubris, fascia lata basali nieré ; pectore auran- , 5 nara ee, y : ee . s traco, lined sulphured cincto ; abdomine caudceque tectrictbus coccineis. Crown of the head, back, wings, tail, flanks, thighs and vent black glossed with steel-blue ; chin and throat delicate primrose-yellow, with a large gorget-like mark of rich orange in the centre; abdomen, upper and under tail-coverts blood-red ; bill greenish yellow, be- coming of a more pure yellow on the culmen; both mandibles surrounded at the base by a broad band of black; orbits red; immediately behind the nostrils a small patch of yellow feathers; irides greenish yellow, the green tint predominating so as to form a ring next the pupil; eyelash greyish blue; feet blue. Total length, 18 inches; dzl/, 33; wing, 7+; tazl, 64; tarsi, 1%. Ramphastos dicolorus, Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 152.—Gmel. Edit. Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. 1. p- 356.—Lath. Ind. Orn., tom. i. p. 135.—Swains. Zool. Ill., vol. 11. pl. 108.— Jard. and Selby, Hl. Orn. vol. i. pl. 29.—Turt. Edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., vol. 1. p. 211.—Wagl. Syst. Av., Ramphastos, sp. 14.—Less. Traité d’Orn., p. 173, Ramphastos, sp. 14.—Vieill. Ency. Méth. Orn., Part III. p. 1429. pl. 107, fig. 3 —Gould, Mon. of oe pl. 11.—Ib., Sturm’s Edit., pl. .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 403, Ramphastos, sp. 11—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 93, Ramphastos, sp. 14. chlororhynchus, Temm. Man. d’Orn., tom. 1. p. Ixxvi. pectoralis, Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. vi. p. 365. Le Tucai, Azara, Voy. dans YAmér. Mér. Sonn. Edit., tom. 1. p. (a3) IN@. ILIL Toucan a gorge jaune, Bute Pi Bole 26902). bist des bee tom. vil. p. 118. Yellow-throated Toucan, Lath. Gen. Syn., vol. i. p. 325.—Ib. Gen. Hist. vol. 11. p. 282. Le Petit Toucan a ventre rouge, Levaill. Hist. Nat. des Ois. de Parad., tom. ii. p. 22. pl. 8. Ramphastos Tucai, Licht. Verz. der Doubl., p. 7 . No. 23.—Wagl. Syst. Av., Ramphastos, 2 sp. 13.—Less. Traité d’Orn., p. 173, hee sp. 13. Ir is the opinion of ornithologists generally that this bird is referable to the Ramphastos dicolorus of Lin- neeus and Gmelin, under which a relnien I have accordingly retained it: if such be the case, it is certain that the habitat assigned to it by those authors (Cayenne) is decidedly incorrect; the true habitat of the species being the southern portions of Brazil and Paraguay, all, or nearly all the specimens which reach this country, coming by way of Rio de Janeiro. Mr. Natterer shot it in the forests on the road to San Paulo, but never observed it farther to the southward than the 25th degree of south latitude. It is very well described by Azara, who mentions that he met with it in the dense woods, but gives no account of its habits. The 2. dicolorus may be readily d It is so extremely common, that no collection need be without examples. ate in which they are barely capable of providing istinguished from every other known species by its greenish yellow bill and by its scarlet abdomen. The two lower figures represent young birds in that st for their own wants; the bill at this age is extremely delicate in apparently to require the most soft and pulpy fr wits, to which in all probability insects and their larve are added. It will be seen that in this youthful state the plumage has assumed the almost perfect colouring, adult, and I believe that the same law prevails with regard to the other species of the family. In this respect they closely resemble the Kingfishers and other and incubating in dark recesses, especially the holes texture, and is so soft and yielding as the tints being scarcely less brilliant than those of the Fissirostral birds, as they also do in laying white eggs of trees. The sexes are alike in colouring, but the female is somewhat smaller than the male. The figures are of the natural size. iit iouda &Richte ah ¢ : 17 ¢ Walter My Hulimandd & Wa PTEROGLOSSUS ARACARL. Cayenne Aracari. SprecrFic CHaRacteEr. oe ss oe: : Pter. mandibula superiore stramined, macula lata culminali nigra ; mferiore nigra ; rostro toto hast albocincto ; femoribus olivaceis. Head, neck and throat deep black; back, wings upper tail-coverts and tail rich olive-green ; oS) orimaries dark brown; rump blood-red; under surface greenish yellow, crossed on the I ; I 3 g 5 upper part of the abdomen by a broad band of blood-red ; thighs olive-brown ; upper mandible straw-colour, with a broad mark of black along the culmen; under mandible black ; at the base of both mandibles a raised band of straw-white ; irides olive; orbits dark grey; bare skin beneath the feathers of the lower part of the sides of the neck and on the upper part of the flanks beneath the wing, deep red; legs and feet light green, their under surface tinged with olive. ‘Total length, 19 inches; dell, 5; wmg,6; tail, 7+; tarsi, 1%. tamphastos Aracari, Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 151.—Ib. Gmel. Edit., tom. i. p. 354.— Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. i. poe Tucana Brasiliensis viridis, Briss. Orn., tom. iv. p. 426. tab. 33. fig. 2. Aracar?, Marcer. Bras., p- 217.—Ray, Orn., p. 44.—Will. Orn., p. 140. tab. 22. Grigr?, Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois., tom. vii. ps 126: Toucan verd du Breésil, Buff. Pl. Enl., 166. L Aragart a ceinture rouge, Le Vaill. Ois. de Parad., tom. ii. p. 29. pl. 10. Nat. Misc., pl. 198.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. viii. p. 371. pl. 49.—Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. ii. p. 290. Aragart Toucan, Lath. Gen. Syn., vol. i. p. 332. Pteroglossus Aracar?, lll. Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Av., p. 202—Temm. Man. d’Orn., 2nde Edit. tom. i. p. lxxv.—Wagl. Syst. Av., Pteroglossus, sp. 2.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 12.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. —Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 403, Pteroglossus, sp. 1.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 93, Pteroglossus, sp. 1. Tuere can be little doubt that it was the present bird, and not its near ally the P. Wredi, which was known to Linnzeus and the still earlier authors, for I find it was very correctly described by Marcgrave as long back as 1649, his description being evidently taken from a Cayenne specimen, with the strongly marked culmen: his words are, ‘a thick black line upon the top of the bill running the whole length, with a tail six inches long and blackish green thighs.” It is also the type of Illiger’s genus Pterog/ossus. The countries of Cayenne, Guiana, Surinam, and Northern Brazil constitute its native habitat, while Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Southern Brazil are inhabited by the P. edi, from which bird it may be at once distinguished by its larger size, by its strongly toothed bill, by the greater breadth of the culminal black mark, and by its chestnut thighs. The sexes offer little difference in colour, but the female may be readily recognized by the browner tint of her ear-coverts, and her somewhat smaller size. The figures are of the natural size. PTEROGLOSSUS W LE DI 4 A 2b) CUT PL. W ger Mba 1 Lr, coma fl rraaribed Mallon Ip PTEROGLOSSUS WIEDI, Sturm. Prince Maximilian’s Aracari. Specretc CHARACTER. - , a are aan A * . . > . a s Pter. mandibula superiore flavido-alba, culmine per totam longitudinem fascia angustd, margine tomeorum ad basin mandibulique inferiore negras ; rostro toto basi albocincto ; femoribus veridibus. Head, neck and throat deep black, with a very slight tinge of rufous on the ear-coverts ; upper surface, wings and tail deep green; lower part of the beak and rump blood-red ; upper tail-coverts green, blotched with blood-red ; under surface pale greenish yellow, faintly stained with blood-red next the black of the throat and with a broad band of the same hue across the middle of the body ; thighs and vent green ; upper mandible creamy white, with a narrow line of black along the culmen and a conspicuous vertical mark of the same colour near the base; under mandible black; both mandibles with a raised ridge of a creamy white at the base; orbits very dark blackish grey; irides dark brown ; legs greyish green. Total length, 18 inches; bell, 4+; wing, 52; tazl, 63; tarsi, 14. Pteroglossus Aragari, Prinz Max. Von Wied, Beit. zur Nat. von Bras. iv. Bd. i. Abth. p: 283. ————— Mredit, Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. Wuen speaking of the true Pterog/ossus Aracari, in the first edition of this work, I remarked that I was at a loss to determine whether that bird, which is a native of Cayenne and Guiana, be identical with a some- what similar one from the Brazils, and which, although closely resembling it in colour and size, invariably possesses characters which at once indicate its country. The variations to which I allude consist in the examples from Cayenne having the mandibles more attenuated and hooked, the teeth more defined, the black mark on the culmen much more expanded, and the black of the throat bounded by a line of fine red, which although traceable in the other is much more obscure; the thighs also are dull olive-green with strong dashes of reddish brown, so predominant in some specimens as to obscure the green entirely, while in the Brazilian birds the thighs are wholly green ; besides which, I have invariably found the true Aracari to be of a larger size. Whether these differences are specific, or only to be considered as variations dependent upon difference of climate and other local circumstances, is a question not easy to determine ; I am inclined, however, to believe that they constitute two distinct species. The Messrs. Sturm, after pointing out the differences above alluded to, have given to the Brazilian bird the specific appellation of P. Wied, in honour of His Highness The Prince Maximilian of Wied, a compliment most justly bestowed, since few travellers have done more to advance ornithology, or taken a greater interest in Natural History generally. Skins of this bird are frequently found in collections from Bahia and from Rio de Janeiro. M. Natterer killed it at Mattagrossa near Borba, and also received specimens from Mattodentro, the neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro and San Paulo. In the stomachs of those he examined were found the remains of insects and the pips of oranges. The Prince Maximilian of Wied informs me that its voice consists of two short notes, having the sound of “ Culik ! Culik !”—that, like the Ramphastos Ariel, it inhabits all the great forests of the Brazils traversed by him, and that it has precisely similar habits. During the breeding season it lives in pairs ; afterwards it congregates in small flocks, which fly from one tree to another in search of fruits. Their flight is performed without much motion of the wings. In the cold season they leave the forests for the plantations near the coast, become very fat, and are killed in great numbers and eaten by the inhabitants, their flesh forming excellent food. In its native wilds it may be often seen peri uet on the naked branches of the loftiest trees, and while perched is said to make a flirting motion of the tail similar to that of the Magpie, Pica caudata. Like the other species of the family, it is in the habit of oc and teasing the birds of prey that may visit its locality, particularly owls. The eggs are deposited in the hollows of trees, and are white and two in number. The figures are of the natural size. PT i" 2 : 1a 7a ] KROGLOSSUS PLURICINCTYUS, Gould a Uh tl Gould hese, dal alten! Hulimnandel AMalte! HULUISAA LUAU ATTGONAT TTA THT mt 2 " | 4 | 5 omy PTEROGLOSSUS PLURICINCTUS, Gowa Many-banded , Cc Sasciata. Crown of the head, sides of the face, chin and upper part of the back shining greenish black ; wings and tail dull brownish green ; lower part of the back, rump and upper tail-coverts rich blood-red ; under surface yellow, stained on the chest with blood-red, and crossed on the breast by a band of mingled black and blood-red ; thighs chestnut; bill bordered at the base by a narrow line of dull white ; the remainder of the bill yellowish horn-colour, with a broad stripe of black along the upper mandible near the cutting edge and a narrow line in the centre of the culmen ; upper mandible black. ‘Total length, 18 inches; bzd/, 5; Wines On: ton, fz, Casi lee Pteroglossus erythropygius, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XI. p. 15.—Ib. Zool. of the Voy. of H.M.S. Sulphur, Birds, p. 45. pl. 28.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 1. p. 404, Péeroglossus, sp. 15.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 94, Pteroglossus, sp. Se Tue great country lying to the northward of the Isthmus of Panama has a fauna which is in a great measure peculiarly its own; it is true, that generically many of the forms are the same as those of other tropical portions of America, but the species are unquestionably different. ‘The accompanying Plate represents one if not two species of Preroglossus, and there is at least another, belonging to the same genus, which appears to be exclusively an inhabitant of Central America, by which I would be understood to mean in awide sense—Mexico. I have said that the accompanying Plate represents either one or two species ; and it will be seen that some difference occurs in the figures which were taken from two unique specimens, one in my own collection, the other in the Museum of the United Service Institution. The latter, which is represented in the foremost figure, formed part of the oe made by R. B. Lehn Bsa Surgeon R.N., the naturalist attached to the Expedition under Sapa Sir Edward Belcher, HNO! NLS Sulphur, and was obtained at Realejo, on the shores of the Pacific in Central America : the precise locality in which the specimen in my own possession was procured is not known with certainty. Mr. Hinds’s bird differs from mine in being of a much larger size, in having the under mandible of a nearly uniform straw-white, and the breast much less stained with scarlet. If hereafter it should be found that the two birds are different species, the term sanguineus might not be an inappropriate name for the smaller bird. Both the specimens or species in question are nearly allied to the Pteroglossus torquatus of Ww agile: (P. regalis of Lichtenstein, and of the former edition of this work), but the total absence of the crescentic brown collar at the nape of the neck will at all times distinguish them from that species : the markings of their bills are also very different. | The specific name of erythropygius was given to this bird to indicate the rich scarlet colouring of its rump, which hue is also extended over the whole of the upper tail-coverts. The figures are of the natural size. uw =< It 3 Ou 7m. HAT INUU PTEROGLOSSUS HUMBOLDTI, Fagi Humboldt’s Aragari. SpeciFic CHARACTER. Mas.—Pter. rostro majore ; mandibula superiore flavescenti-aurantiacd, culmine, lined basali cengente, maculaque ad singulam serraturam nigris ; mandibula inferiore nigra, ad basin - : ; A lavescenti-aurantiaco cencta. Male——Head, neck, throat and chest black; back, wings and tail olive-green; upper tail- coverts crimson ; primaries blackish brown ; under surface yellow, tinged with green on the flanks ; thighs chestnut ; upper mandible yellowish orange, the culmen, tip, a line down the sides near the base, and a narrow irregular mark above each serrature black ; under mandible black, bounded at the base with orange-yellow ; orbits, in front of the eye greenish blue, above and behind purer blue, beneath lilac, between which and the purer blue is a triangular mark of scarlet; irides dark carmine; legs and feet dark green. Total length, 16 inches ; d7//, 4; wing, 5; tarl, OF; tarsz, 1%. Female.—Sides of the face, ear-coverts, throat and chest chestnut; in all other respects similar to the male. Pteroglossus Humboldti, Wagl. Syst. Av., Pteroglossus, sp. 4.—Gould, in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part II. p. 157.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 22.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 11.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 94, .S5e Pteroglossus, sp. 12. Tuis species, although known to us for nearly thirty years, having been first discovered TDG Wes Pes of Brazil, by Spix and Martius, previous to 1824, is still very rare in collections. us Banc country is the extensive and almost unexplored forests of the Upper Amazon and the Rio Madeira; it was in ee country that M. Natterer obtained his specimens, and it is to him that I am indebted for the colouring of the soft parts, he having kindly communicated them to me during his sojourn in London, when on his return from the Brazils to Vienna ; Mr. Wallace, who procured spe = informs me that, like the Curl-crested Aracari (Peeroglossus Beauharnaisi), it is very local, and that, as is also of this family, a river often forms the boundary of its habitat; a feature | both in Van Diemen’s Land and on , and they may therefore be depended on. cimens on the southern bank of the Amazon above the Rio Madeira, the case with some other members which I frequently observed to occur with respect to Australian birds, the continent of Australia. This fine species is very nearly sides of the bill; but the much larger size of th readily distinguish it from that species. The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size. allied to P. inseriptus, and exhibits a similar style of markings on the e bird and the entire black colouring of the under mandible PTEROGLOSSUS INSCRIPTUS, Swains. Lettered Aracari. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Mas.—Pter. rostro stramineo, nigro serrato ; culmine, apice, fascidque basali nigris ; capite colloque atris ; crisso coccineo. Foem.—Gula brunnea. Male.— Head, neck and throat glossy black ; back, wings and tail dark olive-green; rump blood-red ; under surface lemon-yellow; thighs externally olive-green, internally pale brown; bill straw-yellow, with a basal band of black and a black culmen and tip, the serrations also marked by irregular bands of black; raised ridge at the base of the bill straw-yellow; irides dark carmine; orbits very gaily coloured, the different colours separated by a fold in the skin; the portion above and before the eye light cobalt-blue ; below the eye violet-grey, behind which is a triangular mark of yellowish carmine ; tars! dark green. Total length, 13 inches; bell, 3; wing, 43; tail, 52; tarse, 14. Female.—Similar to the male, except that the throat is dark chocolate-brown instead of black. Pteroglossus inscriptus, Swains. Zool. Il., vol. ii. pl. 90—Wagl. Syst. Av., Pteroglossus, sp. 5. —Gould’s Mon. of Rampb., pl. 23.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. .—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 94, Pteroglossus, sp. 13.—Less. Traité d’Orn., p. 175, Pteroglossus, sp. 5.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 11. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 12. scriptus, Lemm. Man. d’Orn., tom. 1. p. Ixxvi. Tue great forests clothing the low alluvial land of South America to the north of the Equator, through which flows the majestic Amazon, constitute the natural habitat of this elegant little species. Hitherto it has been supposed that it was confined to the remote parts of Guiana and Cayenne; but that it enjoys a ge is proved by the circumstance of Mr. John Natterer having found it in the woods on in the vicinity of Cidade de Mattagrosso (formerly called Villabella), in the 15th degree ba, where the Madeira flows into the Amazon, and near Para, which lies between It is from this latter locality that the specimens from which very extensive ran the River Guapore, of south latitude, near Bor the first and second degrees of south latitude. my figures were taken were sent by Mr. Wallace. oe Plate will at once indicate to the reader why this bird has been named A glance at the accompanying he bill offer a considerable resemblance to Hebrew cha- mnscriptus, as it will be seen that the markings of t racters, which circumstance has obtained for it the trivial name of the Lettered Aracari. We find it = : . . n ae Edition of this Monograph, on the authority of Mr. Natterer, that it lives in families, stated in Sturm’s ilie yanying Plate, Bilbergia iridifola, and feeds principally on berries. The beautiful plant figured in the accom] was copied from a drawing made by Miss Hamilton Smith, whose talents as an artist are only equalled by her many other acquirements and amiable disposition. The colouring of the orbits of this bird is very varied and beauti Irawing given to me by Mr. John Natterer, a sufficient guarantee for its accu- racy. The female may be distinguished from the male by the brown, instead of black colouring of her throat ; in other respects the sexes are very similar. As is the case with other species, the bills of the letter-like markings varying in form, and the black mark at ful, and is carefully represented on the accompanying Plate, from a ¢ individuals differ somewhat in appearance ; mandible being more extensive in some than in others: the Messrs. Sturm have the base of the lower . h we learn that in the youthful state the letter-like markings are very figured an immature bird, from whic faintly indicated, and the black mark at the b The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size. ase of the lower mandible is much smaller than in the adult. = Bi mT 4 It 3 Mlill Tu) cm 4 (ALUN PTEROGLOSSUS VIRIDIS. Green Aragari. SpEcIFIC CHARACTER. Mas. Mandibuld superiore culmine Jiavo; & lateribus castaneo-rufis, supra lined longitudinal ae = eee ae nigra ; mandbula inferiore negra, ad basin coccinea ; capite colloque nigris. Feem. Capite colloque castaneis. Male.—The whole of the head, neck and throat glossy black ; back, wings, upper tail-coverts, tail and thighs olive-green ; rump deep blood-red ; under surface greenish yellow ; sides of the upper mandible and a small space round the nostrils rich chestuut-red, bounded above by a line of black ; culmen yellow, cutting edge white; at the base of the under mandible a triangular mark of scarlet, the remainder black, passing into blue immediately before the scarlet; bare skin before and below the eye rich deep blue, grad ually becoming paler and more beautiful, and with a greenish tinge on the upper part in front of the eye, and of a paler blue bounded by a mark of deep red above and behind the eye; irides reddish chestnut ; legs grass-green, becoming of a bluer tinge on their under surface. Total length, 13: inches; Did/, 3}; wing, 4; tail, 53; tarsi, 1%. Female.—Similar to the male, except that the head, neck and throat are rich chestnut, fringed on the latter with black. Ramphastos viridis, Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p- 150.—ITb. Gmel. Edit., tom. i. p. 353.—Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. i. p. 138.—Shaw, Nat. Misc., ple v7. Tucana Cayanensis, Briss. Orn., tom. iv. p. 423. pl. xxxui. fig. 2—Ib. 8vo. tom. ii. p. 162. Toucan verd de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl., 727, 728.—Ib. Hist des Ois., tom. vii. Ds 127. Yellow-hreasted Toucan, Edw. Glean., pl. 329. Green Toucan, Lath. Gen. Syn., tom. i. p. 131.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. viii. p. 370. pl. 48.— Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. ii. p. 288. Pteroglossus viridis, Ill. Prod., p. 202.—Swains. Zool. Il., vol. iii. pl. 169.—Wall. Syst. Av., Pteroglossus, sp. 6.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 21—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 403, Pteroglossus, sp. 8—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 94, Ptero- glossus, sp. 8. LT Aracari verd, Levaill. Hist. Nat. des Ois. de Parad., pp. 41, 43. pls. 16, 17. Ramphastos glaber, Lath. Ind. Orn., tom. 1. p. 138. Smooth-billed Toucan, Lath. Gen. Syn., Supp., p. 67.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. viii. p. 375.— Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. ii. p. 280. Pteroglossus brevirostris, Less. ‘Vraité d'Orn., p. 198! Tuts species of Aragari is distributed over Guiana, Cayenne, and the adjacent northern countries of tropical America, where it would seem to be very abundant, few collections being sent from thence to Europe which do not comprise specimens of both sexes. The living ee which Oniiaticyred the Gardens of the Zoological Society in 1844, afforded me an opportunity of ascertaining the colouring of the soft parts, which are correctly represented on the accompanying Plate, oe which were per oasly EOE, As will be seen, there is a marked difference in the colouring of the sexes, the female having the head, neck and throat chestnut instead of black, as in the male. The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size. PTEROGLOSSUS BEAUHARNAISL Wael. Curl-crested Aracari. Specrric CHaracteEr. Pter. plumis capitis, genarun, nucheque foliiferis, ellius crispis nigris, harum spatulatis, genarum stramineis nigro apiculatis. >, Co Descr.—Crown of the head clothed with curled horn-like appendages of an intense and glossy black, which as they approach the occiput gradually lose their curled character and hecome straight, narrow and spatulate ; the cheeks clothed with similar appendages, straight, narrow, of a more decidedly spatulate form, and of a pearly white tipped with black ; occiput, back, and a band across the rump deep blood-red ; lower part of the back, wings and tail very. deep green; primaries brown ; upper tail-coverts deep green, with a crescent of reddish brown near the tip; all the under surface yellow, the feathers of the breast fringed in a crescentic form with blood-red, and the flanks largely stained with the same hue, traces of which also occur on the vent and under tail-coverts ; culmen of the bill chocolate-red at the base, passing into the orange-red of the apical half; next the culmen a stripe of bluish green, the remainder of the upper mandible chocolate-red, with the exception of a line along the serratures which is white ; under mandible yellowish white, except at the tip which is orange; both mandibles bounded at the base with a narrow band of dull red ; orbits blue, passing into green behind the eye and with a narrow line of blood-red next the appendages of the crown; irides red ; thighs olive; legs and feet green. ©? Total length, 18 inches; S2l/, 4; wing, 5%; tazl, 7+; tarsi, 24. Pteroglossus Beauharnaiszz, Wagl. in Unterh. “das Ausland,” 1830, no. 118. S. 470.—Ib. Olen Isis, 1832, S. 280.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., Sturm’s Edit. pl. —Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 16.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Ay., p- 95, Pteroglossus, sp. 16. Peppign, Wagl. Oken’s Isis, 1832, 8. 1230.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. it. p- 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 17. lepidocephalus, Nitzsch. ———— ulocomus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part I. p. 38.—Ib. Mon. of Ramph., ple is. Beauharnasius ulocomus, Bonap. in litt. Tus may be considered not only the finest of the Perog/ossz, but the most beautiful of the Ramphastide ; it is moreover rendered conspicuously remarkable by the singular structure of the glossy and ae 1 row ‘hich we ty SI justice to; they can only be curled appendages clothing the crown, which we find it impossible e do j ; y ca y compared to the horn-like feathers decorating some species of the Galline,—the extreme ends of the neck- Cc 5 and wing-feathers of the Gallus Sonnerati for instance. This structure appears to consist of a dilatation of S . rt re rhaps agelutination as it were of the webs into one mass. the shaft of each feather, or perhaps an agglutination as 1t were a me i ing F rere 4 2S is bird were transinitted to Europe, some In 1830, and the three following years, several examples of this birc were t itted pe, of which found a resting-place in England, and others on the continent, principally in Germany. Almost imultaneously, the bird from its great beauty and interest attracted the notice of various ornithologists, ae a an i Taoler calling it P. Beauharnaisi, Nitzsch P. lepi- and several specific appellations were assigned to it, Wagler calling it P. : . ley docephalus, and myself, unaware of either of those names having been given, proposing that of wocomus : ; ys ’ that of Wagler, however, having the priority, is the one now adopted; and will always be retained with pleasure, as perpetuating the name of his late Imperial Highness the Duke of Leuchtenberg, a prince who took a most lively interest in the study of Natural History, and whose premature decease every lover of that branch of science must therefore earnestly deplore. During the last five years, several travellers have visited the countries watered by the upper tributaries of the Amazon, the native habitat of this bird, and, as might be naturally expected, many examples have been procured and transmitted to Europe. Natterer found it in the forests near Monaquiri, at the mouth of the Rio Negro; Mr. Wallace, who has more recently killed and sent home specimens from the Upper Amazon, states that it is exceedingly local, and that he only met with it on the south side of the Amazon above the Rio Madeira, and is not aware of its having been found higher up, although it is believed that Professor Peeppig found it on the eastern dip of the Peruvian Andes: Mr. Wallace adds, that in the districts he mentions, it appeared in great numbers in the month of July, when certain fruits on which it feeds are abundant. The sexes, like the other Prteroglossi, present little or no difference in their colouring, a trifling disparity in the size of the female being the only external guide by which to distinguish that sex: the colouring of the soft parts and the bill are taken from the notes of M. Natterer and Mr. Wallace, and their accuracy may therefore be depended on. The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size. The plant is the Sida ntegerrima. By the inhabitants of its native country it is called Mulatto Aracari. =. mr 4 TT TP PTEROGLOSSUS BITORQUATUS, Fiz. Double-collared Aracari. SpPectric CHARACTER. Pter. mandibula mferiore albidad, fascia obliqua apicali nigra ; gula guttureque castaneis, hoc subtus nigro marginato ; torque pectoral angusta sulphureda. oO o °o LE Malé.—Head black ; sides of the neck and throat chestnut, bordered below by a narrow band of black, to which succeeds a similar one of sulphur-yellow ; breast, back of the neck and rump blood-red ; abdomen and under tail-coverts sulphur-yellow, the latter tinged with rufous ; thighs olive; upper surface, wings and tail dark olive-green ; upper mandible greenish yellow ; under mandible white, with an oblique mark of black occupying the apical half; both mandibles bounded at the base with a narrow raised belt of white, within which is a thread-like line of white, and on the lower mandible a broader line of black ; irides orange-coloured, with a black spot on each side at their inner margin, giving the pupil an horizontal-oval appearance; round the eye a greenish grey ring, the remainder of the orbits beautiful vermilion-carmine red ; legs dark greyish green. Total length, 14 inches; bell, 372; wing, 4%; taal, 53; tarsi, 14. Pteroglossus bitorquatus, Vig. in Zool. Journ., vol. 11. p. 481.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 16. —Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 1. p. 403, Pteroglossus, sp. 5.— Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., Pteroglossus, sp. 5. nigridens, Wagl. Turs bird was first characterized as new to science by the late Mr. Vigors, who took the description given by him in the second volume of the “‘ Zoological Journal ” above-quoted, from a fine specimen then in his but since transferred to the Museum of the Zoological Society of London ; and who states that possession, ested by the two narrow bands, one of yellow, the other of black, the specific name deforguatus was sugg which surrounds the chest. SS . In my former account of this species, I spoke of it as being remarkable for its rarity as well as its beauty aol elezance of form,—Mr. Vigors’s specimen, one in the collection of the late Earl of Derby, and = ; = . . . the Museum at Berlin, being all that had then come under my notice ; the bird is, however, no i s having recently transml his country and to the continent. longer rare, numerous specimens having been recently transmitted 9 this We My own collection contains fine examples procured by Mr. Wallace in the neighbourhood of Para, on the Lower Amazon; and other specimens, also procured by that gentleman in the same locality, form part of 5 c > ed a 5 the National collection. The Messr S. Sturm Ss ate, s08T thei edition of this work, that the yellow cresce nt is only found on the breast hat this 1s not always he case, aS a third in and that the male is entirely devoid of it; but I suspect t cimens at the British Museum, which I have no doubt is that of a ebted for the following description of the soft parts, the colouring “Tris orange-coloured, with a black spot on its Inner margin of the females, it is very conspicuous in one of the spe male. To those gentlemen I am also ind of which was previously unkuown to me :— on each side, so that the pupil appears horizontal-oval ; oe : y mixing car -ermilion.” » as would be produced by mixing carmine and vel itement at the sight of a snake ; it must not, however, ring surrounding the eye grey; the rest of the orbits beautiful red, sucl The Plate represents this species in a state otexe , be understood that the bird feeds upon these animals ; oe mere oe a (as mentioned by Prince Maximilian of Wied) they are excited by the sudden appearance of any unwontec ly so represented to show how readily object. 4 se > two sexes > natural size. The figures represent the two sexes of the nature Add Hid”: ddd hth idimeaiidel & Wallen, Tmp Gou Natt. PTEROGLOSSUS STURM I, Sturm’s Aracari. x e aN Specrerc CHaractrer. : A an "oN oi elzie A 5 ee eee A : - ae Pter. mandibula superiore sordidé viridi-flacad ; mandibuld mnferiore tota niera ad apicem viridi- ye A : : : ‘ : flava 3 nucha, pectore, eprgastrio uropygioque COCC2NE2S. Crown of the head deep black ; cheeks and throat chocolate-brown, bordered posteriorly with a crescentic mark of chestnut-black, below which is a broader crescent of yellow; nape, upper part of the back, the breast and the rump bright blood-red ; back, wings and tail dark olive-green; primaries brownish black, narrowly edged with olive-green; under surface of the wings dull yellow; centre of the abdomen yellow; lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts dull greyish yellow; thighs olive-green ; upper mandible dull greenish yellow, passing into bluish green at the base, becoming almost white on the cutting edge, and having an oblong spot of black at each denticulation ; under mandible black except at the point, which is dull greenish yellow; raised band on the sides of the mandibles at the base ochreous yellow ; irides dark brown ; orbits dark bluish grey, bounded above by a streak of dull carmine-red ; legs and feet dark greyish green. Total length, 143 inches ; Sed/, 3+; wing, 5; tatl, 5%;. tarst, 14 Ae Pteroglossus Sturmit, Natt.in Imp. Mus. of Vienna.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. Tue solitary example of this fine species contained in the Imperial Museum at Vienna ts the only one that has yet been sent to Europe. It was brought down by the late Mr. John Natterer, on the 22nd of January, 1830, out of a small flock flyin proved to be a fine male in the adult dress, and, after his return to Europe, was named by him Prerog/ossus g in the primitive forests at Borba near the mouth of the Rio Madeira. It Sturmii, in honour of one or other of the brothers Sturm of Nuremberg, who have included a figure and description of it in their translation of the first edition of this work. As I have never seen the bird myself I have been obliged to copy their figure, and it is only fair to them to give their remarks upon its alliance, and the differences by which it is distinguished. ; “This species differs from the very similar Pteroglossus itor quads 10 having the uueten mandible entirely black, instead of black with a white base; in having a dark brown iris iad of oan with a black spot on each side near its inner margin; in the orbits being dark blue grey, with a border a dull carmine-red nea the feathers of the crown instead of the eye-rings being grey, and the remainder of the orbits beautifully mingled carmine and vermilion ; and in the pale yellow crescentic mark on the pic oe ae a pa in the male P. detorguatus, and which is narrower and of a brighter ee in the female o et 1e reasons which induced M. Natterer to regard this bird, of which it 1s true he had only received i single specimen, as distinct, was the circumstance of its being a fully adult bird, ae - ee e oe other species, as the Preroglossi maculirostris, Gouldi, Natterert, Langsdorffi, Reinwardti, the specific distinctions reside almost exclusively in the beak.” The figure is of the size of life. Be Sa) 1 Ag ) Vi “A gl PTEROGLOSSUS AZAR. Azara’s Aracari. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Pter. rostro stramineo-flavo ; mandibulce superioris lateribus macula longitudinali rufa. Male.—Crown of the head black ; back of the neck dark chestnut-red ; upper surface very dark green; primaries black, edged with very dark green ; rump deep blood-red ; cheeks and throat blackish chestnut, bounded below by a narrow line of deep black; across the breast a broad crescentic mark of blood-red ; on the upper part of the abdomen a broad band of black tinged with green ; lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts yellow, stained with blood-red next the black band ; thighs olive ; bill delicate straw-yellow, with a broad streak of red along the sides of the upper mandible, bounded below by an inter- rs 5 7G Bel yA rupted narrow line of orange ; irides dark carmine-red; orbits immediately round the eye ° dark greenish grey, inclining to indigo-blue, and with a patch of red at the anterior angle above, and another in the posterior angle behind the eye; legs green. ) oS J > Om o Total length, 142 inches; bell, 3%; wing, 5; tatl, 5%; tarsi, 1. Female.—Similar in colour, but with the chestnut hue of the throat paler, and the black mark bounding it below more conspicuous than in the male. \ LE’ Aracari Azara, Levaill. Hist. Nat. des Ois. de Parad., Supp., p. 40. t. A. VA tamphastos Azara, Vieill. 2nde Edit. du Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat., tom. xxxiv. p. 283.—Ib. | Ency. Méth. Orn., part ii. p. 1431. Pteroglossus Azare, Vieill. Gal. des Ois., tom. ii. pl. et p. (aot numbered).—Wagl. Syst. Av., : Pteroglossus, sp. 3.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 403, Ptero- glossus, sp. 6.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., Pteroglossus, sp. 6.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. Ir gives me great pleasure to figure this, the true P. Azare of Levaillant, from very recently killed speci- mens sent fo this countrv by Mr. Wallace from the Rio Negro on the Amazon; by means of which I am enabled to give a representation of the colouring of the soft parts as they appear in life it wall be seen es they give a very beautiful appearance to the bird, and consequently add materially to its interest. Since the publication of the first edition of this work, numerous examples have os a “ ues SOMME prince cipally, however, by Sir Robert Schomburgk, who collected them during his penn Ons ae the interior of British Guiana. Little difference in size exists between this species and P. flavirostris ; ee iS, OneTa, the smaller of the two; but, with the exception of the bill, the two birds are precisely alike in their colouring it is certainly one of the most elegant species of the genus, and it is much to be regretted that nothing is known of ie habits and economy of so beautiful a bird. The figures represent the two sexes of the size of life. PIE] » N P AUS 0) G | ( S > S s OS S] Yaa SS NS) EE AAVIUR OS b e WA SWRI S WEBS og fra NS, 7 f kuchtel fh Gould hi eee! Halt Yellow-billed Aracari. SPECIFIC CHaRAcTER. Pter. rostro stramineo-flavo «+ tomic > "207s ornationr OT? flavo ; e, mandibulee Superioris emarginationibus nigris ; mandibuld wnferiore aurantio tincta. Male.—Crown of the head black ; back of the neck between the shoulders dark chestnut-red ; upper surface, wings and tail very dark green; primaries black, edged with very dark green; rump deep blood-red ; cheeks and throat blackish chestnut, | »0unded below by a narrow line of deep black ; across tl 1e breast a broad crescentic mark of blood-red; on the upper part of the abdomen a broad band of black, tinged with green; lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts yellow, stained with blood-red next the black band, particu- larly on the sides ; thighs olive ; bill delicate straw-yellow, with a narrow streak of black along the serrations of the upper mandible, and a broad streak of orange-yellow along the cutting edge of the lower mandible; irides dark carmine-red ; orbits immediately round the eye dark greenish grey, inclining to indigo-blue, and with a patch of red in the anterior angle above, and another in the posterior angle behind the eye ; legs green. Total length, 15+ inches; Si/, 33; wing, 51; tal, 64; tarsi, 14. Female.—Similar in colour, but with the chestnut hue of the throat paler, and the black mark bounding it below more conspicuous than in the male. Pteroglossus Azare, Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. 17. flavirostris, Fras. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 60.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., p. .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 11. p. 403, Pteroglossus, sp. 7.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 94, Pteroglossus, sp. 7. From the time I published my first drawing of this species, now nearly twenty years ago, until very lately, I have been greatly perplexed respecting the specimen in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes a -ans from which it nee taken, inasmuch as none of the numerous examples sent to this country agreed with it, and it was only upon a more careful examination of it on a late visit, that I discovered that the Tee had been partly manufactured, the second broad scarlet band across the abdomen ee been substituted for the few stains of that colour which occur in the genuine specimens :—this practice of malversating species cannot be too forcibly deprecated, tending as it does to produce inextricable confusion: We learn from Sturm’s Edition of this work, that the indefatigable Mr. John Natterer met with this species near Marabitana, on the 14th of May 1831, at which time it was moulting; and agai on the 4th of June, in the woods on the banks of the River Xie, a tributary of the Dees Rio Negro; and oe Professor Poeppig also met with it on the Amazonas, in the province of Maynas in Peru; and I have very fine specimens from New Grenada. The Pteroglossus flavirostris may be at once d colouring of its upper mandible, or in other words, I trek cer portion of the bill which is so conspicuous in P. Azore : aoe by its having - poe : a : : ee lower mandible, which part of the bill in P. Azare@ is entirely free from markings of any ; y other respect the two species are alike in colour. The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size. istincuished from P. Azare by the uniform straw-yellow 5 2 ? by being without any trace of the red streak along that Be a LAE: 5 Goedd | y w% & 2, T) T Tr oe Dd Ww ny { { uh vote, Hel a Gouda &h eaten Tutimandte He PTEROGLOSSUS MARI AL, Gould. Duchess of Leuchtenberg’s Aracari. Specreic CHaracter. Pter. mandibula supervore pallide stramineo-flava unecolore, maculis ad tomias nigris ; imferiore ochraceo-flavo unicolore. Crown of the head black ; nape, upper part of the back and rump very deep blood-red ;_ back, wings and tail dark olive-green ; primaries black, edged with dark olive-green ; cheeks and throat chocolate, bordered below by a narrow line of black, beyond which is a broad crescentic band of rich blood-red, succeeded by astill broader band of dull black ; remainder of the under surface pale yellow, stained with blood-red immediately behind the black band, particularly on the sides ; under surface of the wings pale yellow; thighs dark olive ; upper mandible straw-yellow, with a narrow interrupted streak of black along the denti- culations ; under mandible uniform ochreous-yellow ; at the base of both mandibles a narrow raised band of pale yellow; irides crimson; orbits deep blood-red, with a ring of cobalt- blue next the pupil; legs and feet olive-green. Total length, 14 inches; dr//, 3; = OOO eae Ce te LORS Ne Tue Banded Aracaris are some of the most striking and beautiful of the forest birds inhabiting the borders of the River Amazon. They constitute a little group unequalled among the Toucans for the grace and elegance of their form, and ane distinguished above all others by the rich polonnine of thei under surface, with the curl-crested species at their head as the largest, and the oe diminutive one at the other extremity. As the name Beauharnasius, in honour of the late Duke of Leuchtenberg, has 5 been asso- ciated eth this group as the specific appellation of the former, [have Ee it not ee seni the smaller species in honour of the widow of a prince distinguished for his love and support of science, and whose premature death all naturalists must deplore. The native habitat of this species is the woods clothing t ee specimens have been sent by Mr. Hawkswell ; all of which gon precisely oa both “ oe mn . ee The species to which the present bird is most nearly allied is the LEE UE but it di ae | i ig of the upper mandible, in which there is no ee of the orange mark ; 1 the lower mandible being wholly ochraceous, he sides of the Lower Amazon, whence numerous smaller size, in the uniform colour beneath the nostrils so observable in that species, and 11 along the side only. i less whi rj streak of ochraceous tes > straw-white with a streak of ochre ee ly by her somewhat smaller size that the 5 ore . a Bios ‘ is ] The sexes appear to be precisely alike in colour, and it 1s ot female may be distinguished from the male. 0 3 te’ > Pei BN) Sy r EE "ccm , «=. SELENIDERA MACULIROSTRIS. Spotted-billed Toucanet. Specrerc CHaracrer. Mas.—Sel. mandibula superiore ad latera maculis transversis neers wrregulariter fasciata Male—Crown of the head, nape, throat and chest deep shining black; ear-coverts deep orange, crossing obliquely a tuft of pale yellow ; crescentic mark at the nape pale yellow ; back wings and upper tail-coverts rich olive-green ; primaries brown, margined externally with olive; tail dark olive-green, inclining to brown, the six central feathers tipped with chestnut; abdomen yellowish green ; flanks orange; thighs mingled rufous and green ; under tail-coverts crimson ; bill whitish horn-colour; culmen and tips of both mandibles pale green; sides washed with pale bluish green; upper mandible crossed by irregular bars of black, and the lower one by a single nearly vertical band of the same hue near the apex, meeting an oblique mark on the upper mandible; orbits fine yellowish green ; inner circumference of the irides yellow, outer pale green, clouded anterior and posterior to the pupil with dark brown ; tarsi and toes dark green. Yotal length, 13 inches; 2//, 2+; wing, 5%; taal, 54; tarsi, 14. Female.—Crown of the head, throat and breast reddish brown, inclining to chestnut on the former ; flanks pale orange ; ear-coverts reddish olive ; in every other respect the plumage of the female resembles that of the male; the bill is also very similar, but is not so richly coloured, and has the transverse markings less defined and not so numerous. After death the delicate green colouring of the mandibles disappears and leaves the sides more horny. Pteroglossus maculirostris, Licht. Verz. der Doubl., p. 7. No. 95.—Wagl. Syst. Av., Ptero- glossus, sp. 9.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 94.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pi. © —Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 20. L’ Aracari Koulik mile du Brésil, Le Vail. QOis. de Parad.,tom. i. p. 39. pl. 15.—Female, Ib. Supp., p. 41. fig. A, A. Ramphastos maculatus, Vieill. Gal. des Ois., tom. ii.—Supp. texte et pls. male et femelle.— Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn., vol. i. pl. 26. Sere Toucan. Lath. Gen. Hist: of Birds, vol. 1. p. 292- pl. xxx. female. oy . : - ae : a Y ee 2 9. Selenidera maculirostris. Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 95, Selenrdera, sp. st of the Toucanets, few collections of any magnitude being common than the other species of the genus, which e been less frequently visited by collectors. abundant are the southern and eastern Tuts is generally regarded as the commone without examples; in reality, however, it is not more cause their native localities hav appears to be most subsists upon are simply more rare with us, be The portions of South America in which it districts of Brazil, where it frequents the virgin forests and pee ( illars but this is at present unascerte : also fee aterpillars and o a i aoe ee - Prince Maximilian of Weid, to The following note has been kindly commu fruits and berries ; it is probable ther insects, ficated to me by His Highness whom my thanks are due :— The §. maculirostris ‘“‘ appears to be le observed by me. Its mode of life and economy were ] the Rio melmonte and the Rio Parde it was known by t killed male was 13 inches; breadth 16 inches.” The Plate represents two males and a female of the ss abundant in the eastern parts of Brazil than the other species : : a \ © te “4 ar to those of the Common Aracart. On yrecisely simil ength of a fresh- he name of Arassari-poka. The | natural size. Ny ® Sa) i er liculd ELUM, dd. au th Hidlimandel. &Walter Bs SELENIDERA GOULDI Gould’s Toucanet. SPECIFIC Cr ARACTER. Mas.—Seé. mandibuld superiore nigra, apicem versus livide corned, apice alba fascidique aneustd alba ad basin; mandibulé inferiore alba fascié nioré apiceque livide corneo pedibu : S As Ly C & > > S plumbers. Male.— Crown, nape, throat and chest deep shining black: ear-covert , nape, rf st deep shining black; ear-coverts deep orange, posterior to which is a second tuft of yellow, the two crossing obliquely ; at the nape a crescent of pale BOW packs wings and upper tail-coverts rich olive-green; primaries dark brown, exter- nally margined with olive ; tail dark olive-green, inclining to brown; six middle feathers tipped with chestnut; abdomen yellowish green; flanks orange; thighs rufous; under ‘ 5 ; ’ oN S55 tail-coverts crimson ; upper mandible black, bounded along the serratures and posteriorly with white, and bordered next the face with a very narrow line of greenish yellow ; under mandible yellowish white, crossed near the apex with a band of black, and bordered at the base with greenish yellow ; tips of both mandibles very delicate green ; orbits pea- green ; irides pea-green, with a circle of pale yellow next the pupil; feet green. Total length, 13 inches; b//, 2+; wing, 5; tail, 5; tarsi, 14. Female.—Head, neck, throat and breast reddish brown, inclining to chestnut on the former ; ear-coverts reddish olive ; in all other points the plumage is the same as in the male; the bill is also very similar, but not so brightly coloured, and moreover has the greenish yellow mark at the base of the under mandible dilated into a triangular form. Pteroglossus Gouldii, Natt. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 44.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould's Mon. of Ramph., pl. .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 11. p. 404, Preroglossus, sp. 19. Pteroglossus (Selenidera) Gouldii, Gould, Icon. Av., pl. Selencdera Gouldi, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 95, Selenidera, sp. 1. i 1 1 7 OO > 2g 1] mf, y ans rece > ny 0 ol Ve Tuis bird was figured for the first time in my ‘ Icones Avium,” from specimens presented to the oe 1 1 Jatterer of Vienna, w rocure , nthe banks of the Society of London by the late M. John Natterer of Vienna, who had procured them o : ae : 1 ira 1 i ino of the Society he 11th of April, 1837, had been River Madeira in Brazil, and who at the Meeting of the Society, held on t pril, : pleased to name the species after myself. Since that period a great number of examples have come under my notice from the banks of the River Amazon, which every respect wit hich the species is very nearly allied, but from may be considered one of the natural localities of : . Jatterer’s ; > of them exhibiting a the bird: all these specimens correspond in h M. Natterer’s ; none of gi tendency to partake of the characters of S§. maculirostris, to w : : ae Pay which it differs in the single large patch of black on the upper mandible, in the more intense orange colouring of the sides of the body, and in a slight dive Although I have been so fortunate as to see many examples, and may be considered one of the rarest of the genus. The Plate represents two males and a female of the rsity in the colouring of the orbits and irides. it is a species seldom found in collections, natural size. me’ i BY a ee Hullmandd& 5 4 = = e TD my INN} SELENIDERA LANGSDORFFI. Langsdorff’s Toucanet. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Mas.—Sed/. rostro nigrescente prope basin in conereo-flacum transeunte, serraturis pallidis Male.—Head, neck, throat and breast black; ear-coverts orange, crossing obliquely a tuft of popow ete ; at the nape a crescent of bright yellow ; upper surface and wings greenish olive ; primaries dark brown, margined externally with olive; flanks rich orange ; lower part of the abdomen mingled olive and yellow ; thighs dark chestnut; under nicer crimson ; tail dark greenish olive, the six middle tail-feathers upped with chestnut ; orbits yellowish green ; irides blackish brown ; bill black, becoming paler on the serratures, and passing into greenish horn-colour at the base ; legs and feet green. Total length, 13 inches ; be//, 2¢; wing, 5; tail, 5; tarsi, 14. Female —Head and back of the neck deep chestnut-red ; throat and breast pale chestnut-red ; ear-coverts olive-yellow ; remainder of the plumage similar to that of the male, but the nuchal collar and the hue of the other parts much less brilliant. Pteroglossus Langsdorffii, Wagl\. Syst. Av., Pteroglossus, sp. 12.—Gould in Proe. of Zool. Soc., Part II. p. 157 —Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 28.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. — Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 23. Selenidera langsdorffi, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 95, Selenidera, sp. 5. Tue only example of the present bird that had come under my notice, when the first edition of this work was published, was the original specimen in the Munich Collection, from which the late Dr. Wagler took his description for the Monograph of the group contained in his valuable “Systema Avium:” since then, examples of both sexes have been received by me from the banks of the Amazon, whence its range would seem to extend to the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes, as we find it mentioned in ‘ Froriep’s Notices,” dated from ‘‘Pampayaco am Huallago” in eastern Peru, and I have myself received examples from that country. Some of my specimens were shot at Ega on the Upper Amazon, where it doubtless replaces the S. maculirostris of eastern Brazil, from which it may be readily recognized by its more the colouring of their plumage the two birds are robust form, and by the more uniform and sombre colouring of its bill. In very similar; the orange spot on the sides, however, is always of a deeper ane richer hue in - ae species. It is by no means a common bird, there being few collections in which examples are to be found. Froriep gives the following account of the habits of the species :— ee ‘ Always observed in couples fluttering from branch to branch, and never flying ae i ae a g frightened by the huntsman, which is probably due to t ts voice resembles the of a Crow, and when uttered, the body is placed upright, vat the head bent b ok 8 the bill directed upwards ; it is only in this position that its cry 1s emitted Os oo swa ; cd. P / ‘ker ing into the nests of the state of nature it searches for its food after the manner of the Woodpecker, bori iB oe Termite Ants with which the branches of the forest trees are covered. In captivity 1f 1s om1 S, rpillar of the larger ants, he shortness of its wings. yack on the shoulders and i and becomes very tame In a may be easily kept upon insects, especially the cate few days.” : ; : ze. The Plate represents a male and a female of the natural si a x) . tr pan = we ipo gare Gould & fucker dl Hulinandd & Waeltore, LY ! SELENIDERA NATTERERI, Gowa NT ’ Natterer’s Toucanet. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Mas.—Sel. rostro rubro, ad apic RR ee Tee oe ; Mas.—S : picem flavescenti albido ; lined culminal, macula ad latera utriusque mandibule, maculaque supra singularem serraturam viridi : serraturis albis Male —Head, ae throat and breast black; ear-coverts pale lemon-yellow, passing into dull orange ; at the nape a crescent of pale yellow ; upper surface, wings and tail olive-green ; tips of the six middle tail-feathers chestnut ; flanks orange, passing into the chestnut of the thighs ; under tail-coverts dull crimson; bill red ; culmen light green ; a patch on the side of each mandible near the base and a small irregular mark above each of the serratures dull dark green ; serratures white ; tips of both mandibles yellowish white ; orbits dull deep green ; irides crimson; eyelash blue; legs and feet dull green. Total length, 13 inches ; bell, 2%; wing, 51; tail, 5; tarsi, 1%. Female.—Head and neck reddish chestnut, under surface of a similar but paler hue; ear-coverts chestnut-yellow ; the remainder of the plumage as in the male, except that there is only a faint tinge of the orange hue on the flanks. Pteroglossus Nattereri, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part II. p. 157.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 25.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. it. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 21. Selenidera Nattereri, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 95, Sedenedera, sp. 3. Ix the first edition of this Monograph, I remarked, that ‘‘ although I have at all times endeavoured to avoid imposing a specific title on a new species, which did not convey some idea connected with its form and ‘rom this rule in the present instance, from an earnest desire to pay colouring, I have been induced to deviate f ae ] onal exertions in the Brazilian forests a just tribute of respect to a most able naturalist, through whose pers | ee ‘ansmitte enn > capital of tha for the long period of eighteen years, a vast collection has been transmitted to Vienna, the on) E : ; able “osec is researches.” 1ortly country by the munificence of whose government he was enabled to prosecute his researche Sh . his If and every lover of natural history had to lament the loss of this after this paragraph was written, myse ae i tuated the name of my ornament to science; I, however, had the satisfaction of knowing that I had pery ; the specimens in the Imperial Museum, from which on i . interval which has elapsed, many others my figures were taken, were the only examples in Europe; 1n the interval which has elay a } on we 1 tl ie) i e M. Natterer’s specimens were collected on the Rio Madeira; Su lave come under my notice: I believe M. \Natterers : S ae ae ] ; ‘a interior of Britis iana; and Mr. Wallace Robert Schomburek brought numerous examples from the far mterio1 of British Guiana; ¢ ao a ects bordering the tributaries of the Upper observed it on the Upper Rio Negro ; consequently the forests bordering i ‘der » habit “this fine species. Amazon, towards the Andes, may be considered the habitat of this I as to its habits and economy. friend by naming this species after him. At that time At present nothing whatever is known The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size. UAAVNNNN)NVUUVUULERUCTOREUEOYTTT PITTA ATT] T TT m , 7" y ‘i Gould. & Pachter del @ il Walter LP Hullmanded L Wal SELENIDERA REINWARDTTI. Reinwardt’s Toucanet. e SPECIFIC CHARACTER. CY : . ae : : Mas.—Sel/. rostr2 dimidio basali sordide sanguineo-rufo « ; OSU 0; culmine, apice, serraturisque nj ; is aturisque nigr is brunneis. ee que nwgrescenti Male.—Head, neck, throat and ches <; ear-coverts orang i L : | ce chest black ; ear-coverts orange, crossing obliquely a tuft of yellow feathers ; at the nape a cresce fF yellow ; r surfac i : ‘ ‘a a} crescent of yellow; upper surface and wings brownish olive-green ; primaries blackish brown, margined externally with olive; flanks’ rich orange ; abdomen mingled green and yellow ; thighs rufous; under tail-coverts crimson ; = AS = ae -oree a << = ° xe Are in 1 < j tail dark olive-green, the six middle feathers tipped with chestnut; orbits dark green ; irides dark red, with a bluish lash; basal two-thirds of both mandibles dull blood-red ; culmen, tips of both mandibles and interspaces of the serratures black ; legs and feet green. Total length, 13: inches; bzd/, 2%’; wing, 5; tail,5; tarsi, 14. Female.—Head and neck dark chestnut; throat and breast paler chestnut; ear-coverts olive; the remainder of the plumage as in the male, but much less brilliant ; irides brown. Pteroglossus Reinwardti, Wagl. Syst. Av., Pteroglossus, sp. 11.—Gould in Proce. of Zool. Soc., Part III. p. 157—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 26.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. = .— Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Péeroglossus, sp. 22. Selenidera Reinwardti, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 95, Selenedera, sp. 4. Tue single specimen of this bird in the Munich Collection was the only one known when the first edition of this work was published; during the interval of twenty years that has since elapsed, several other examples have been sent to Europe, and individuals of both sexes now form part of my own collection ; these latter were collected on the eastern slopes of the Andes, in the rich country of Peru. Sir William Jardine, Bart., has just received an example from Professor Jameson of Quito, which I believe was procured from the banks of the River Napo, while the Munich specimen was from the western borders of Brazil; we may skirting the eastern dip of the Andes for ten degrees on either side of the equator are its true and natural habitat. Although the colouring of its bill assi- milates somewhat to that of S. piperivora and S. Nattereri, the bird is quite distinct from both of them. h difference in the thickness of the bill, not an indication of their being infer, therefore, that the great primeval forests In the several specimens that I have seen, I have observed muc er s é sur s is some being much more dilated than others; and Iam not sure that this elphia Museum, and a female in my own, bs ing ir Willie ‘line. It is one o hat belonging to Sir William Jardine ; . : Oh; have the bills much two species: the specimens in the Philad thicker than the one in the Munich Museum, and than t the rarest of the Toucanets. The figures represent the two sexes of the size of life, on Rio de Janeiro. a plant sent to me by Thomas Reeves, Esq., of | ; IF, NW > 2 E RA IPIUPERIVORA Could blue; ddl, W & Hudlmande & Valion Ing ~ Mas. Sel. rostro nigro, basin versus in Y ays 5 AO ~ oO 9 va e = *, i . i Fem. Cervice castaned ; jugulo pectoreque cinereo, viridi- Male.—Crown of the head, back of the necl Tuts species inhabits Cayenne and the whole of the low fluviati from its embouchure to Barra on the Rio ! slight degree from the typical specie structure, in which it is very similar ; the ¢ in lieu of the nuchal crescent of yellow observable in t chestnut, and instead of the usual lively chestnut col said to feed principally on peppers, SELENIDERA PIPERIVORA Culik Toucanet. SPECIFIC CHaracrer. rubrum transeunte ; corpore superiore olivaceo-viridi. lavatis. x, throat and breast glossy black ; ear-coverts and crescent-shaped mark at the base of the neck bel ‘i und rich orange-yellow ; upper surface deep oil-green ; wings and tail deep green, the feathers of the latter tipped with chestnut; lower part of the abdomen olive-green, mixed with vy . : P ve-green, mixed with yellow ; thighs mingled chestnut and green ; under tail-coverts blood-red; basal fourth of the upper and basal half of the lower mandible red, the remainder black, a few of the serrations near the gape white; orbits 27's : ; 5 5 s beautiful green, with a streak of 2 Se GDC Re au green, with a streak of blue on their upper margin ; irides red; legs green. Total length, 13: inches ; bill, 3; wing, 4+; tail, 44; tarsi, 14. Female.—Crown of the head black; back of the neck chestnut; throat and chest grey, washed with green; under surface yellowish olive ; thighs brownish olive; the other parts as in the male. Ramphastos piperworus, Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 150.—Gmel. Edit., vol. i. p. 353.—Bor. Nat., tom. ii. p.92.—Lath. Ind. Orn., tom. i. p. 138. —Vieill. Ency. Méth. Orn., part mi. p. 1433. Tucana Cayanensis torquata, Briss. Orn., tom. iy. p. 429. pl. xxxii. fig. 2—Ib. 8vo, tom. ii. p- 163. Koulik, Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois., tom. vii. p. 128. Toucan a collier de Catenne, Buff. Pl. Enl., 577, male. Toucan a ventre gris, Ib., 729, female. Green Toucan, Edw. Glean., pl. 330. —e Piperine Toucan, Lath. Gen. Syn., tom. 1. p. 334,—Id. Supp., p. 67.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. viii. p. 372.—Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 291. Pteroglossus Culik, Wagl. Syst. Av., Pteroglosus, sp. 10.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 27. DL Aragari Koulik de la Guyane, Levaill. Hist. Nat. des Ois. de Parad., tom. 11. pp. 35, 37. pls. xin. xiv. Pteroglossus piperivorus, Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. —Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. D4. Selenidera piperivorus, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 95, Selenedera, sp. 6. le countries bordering the river Amazon, Negro, whence I have received specimens. It differs in some 2 . . . . . however, in its colouring than in its f ; s Selenidera ; more s of the genus Selenidera ; ; 7 ' a principally in the female, which lifference in the colouring too 1s he females of the other speci has that part greyish green. es, has a broad band of ouring of the under surface, ; | ; sulik, fr yeculiarity of its cry, and 1s This bird is known in the countries it inhabits by the name of Culik, from the I E E yee which induced Linneeus to give it the specific name of pi The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size. capite collo pectoreque nigris ; ; ry a] : Be a ee CY te ANDIGE And. rostro ad basin coce subtus cinereo-cyaneo. Crown of the head and ba brownish black ; rum slaty grey, four centr on either flank a larg blood-red ; culmen ar the upper mandible a side of the upper m coloured plate or lam and detached in front of the mandible beloy Total length, 18 inches Andigena laminirostris, For our knowledge of this who discovered it in the fore: that country. At the time single specimen had been s Philadelphia, was kindly len describing. Since that tim collection. It is certainly one of the feature in its laminated bill n tnknown to us, and we are ¢ the other members of the f be the females ; if so, they k Nhe: Gece 7 he figures are of the nat ANDIGENA ILAMINTROSTIRIS , Gould GAVUCUAVUUUYAUUGLANOOONGTO GOTT TUTE i " "7 y "i ANDIGENA LAMINIROSTRIS, Laminated Hil] Toucan. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. And. rostro ad basin coccineo : subtus cinereo-cyaneo. blood-red ; culmen and apical half of both mandibles black ; a broad b the upper mandible and the basal half of the lower mandible deep bl side of the upper mandible, immediately coloured plate or lamina, continuous with of the mandible below ; feet sl bill, 33 aty blue. 5 Total length, 18 inches ; wing, 62; tail, 6%; tarsi, 12. Andigena laminirostris, Gould, in Proc. of Zool. Soc., 1850, p. 93. For our knowledge of this fine new species we are indebted to the researc who discovered it fi the forests at the base of Pichincha, in Ecuador, during his rec that country. At the time I described the bird in the «Proceedings of the Zoolc single specimen had been sent to Europe, which, having be her, E. Wilson, Esq., for Philadelphia, was kindly lent to me by his brot | Paris, and now describing. Since that time two more specimens have been sent to collection. It is certainly one of the most extraordinary of t feature in its laminated bill not found in any other species ; as to its habits and economy. he Toucans yet ¢ unknown to us, and we are equally ignorant the other members of the family, this species differs consid be the females ; if so, they have the lamination of the bill quite The figures are of the natural size. erably in size; probably as strongly developed 3; culmine et apice negris ; lateribus laminutis cornets 3 corpore Crown of the head and back of the neck deep black ; upper surface golden brown ; > brownish black ; rump pale greenish yellow ; upper tail-coverts very dark green; tail dark slaty grey, four central feathers largely tipped with chestnut-red ; under surface ashy blue; on either flank a large patch of rich yellow; thighs deep chestnut ; in front of the blood-red base, is a large bufi- the structure of the bill posteriorly, but separate and detached in front, dilated on its upper edge, thicker and projecting beyond the edge hes of M. Jules Bourcier, come the property of T. B. Wilson, Esq., of the pur liscovered, inasmuch as it possesses a ; the particular use of this lamination, if any, Like the 2 Gould. primaries under tail-coverts and on the base of ood-red ; on either ent official sojourn in ygical Society,” only a pose of figuring and form part of my own is 4. hypogtaucus, and all the smaller birds may as in the male. Ane Lirry twent corre travel of wl of the have Muse the y collar ously Th Portic admir The s Sprea Th DGLAUCUS, Goutg gga yam I ANDIGENA HY POGLAUCUS, Gould. Grey-breasted Hill Toucan. SPECIFIC G HARACTER. ud. mandibults fined bhasah circumdatis, ula triangulari s negra ride in itis, macula t) zangulart subbasali negra plagdque viridi- flava ngro-marginata notatis ; superioris culmine latertbusque antrorsum saturate sanguineis, ane —- . A a fakcts z inferiore, nist basin versus, atra; corpore enferrore cceruleo-cano. Crown of the head and occiput black ; back, shoulders and thighs rich reddisl 1 brown; outer edges CO of the primaries and secondaries green, inner edges brown ; rump light greenish yellow ; upper tail-coverts greenish olive ; tail blackish olive, the four middle feathers tipped with brown; the whole of the under surface and the collar surrounding the neck silvery grey ; at the base of the upper mandible a narrow line of yellow, succeeded by a nearly triangular mark of black ; an irregular mark of greenish yellow next succeeds, edged by a line of black ; the culmen and the remainder of the sides dull red ; the basal half of the under mandible has the yellow, black and greenish yellow colouring of the upper, but its apical half is black instead of red ; feet blue. Total length, 18+ inches; dz//, 4; wing, 63; tail, 7; tarsi, 14. Pteroglossus hypoglaucus, Gould, in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part I. p. 70.—Ib. Mon. of Ramph., pl. 19.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. —Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 403, Pteroglossus, sp. 9.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 94, Pteroglossus, sp. 9. Lirre more is now known respecting this species than was recorded in the first edition of this work, nearly twenty years ago. The two specimens from which my figure was taken had been sent to me by my valued correspondent D. Christie, Esq., of Popayan, and I have never received a third example ; ine celebrated traveller M. Delattre, however, met with it in his rambles, and sent two or three specimens to Europe, oe at Paris, the other in the British Museum. The bill : ° : 0 E ets “ > Bais ewe yo as I of the latter specimen is very short, while that of the example in the Jardin des Plantes is fully as loi ga ; h: and, as well as the specimen in the British of which is in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes have represented it in the former edition of my Monograp he ereenish yellow on the sides of the mandibles ; 5 J ll-defined, while the back is ornamented with a in this species not only render it conspicu- Museum, is in every respect richer in colour, particularly in t the yellow of the rump too is extremely beautiful and we collar of bluish grey. The harlequin-like markings of the bill : he paile ously different from the other members of its genus, but from every other ae a oy i ast wooded ieiGrey_breasted Aracari is an inhabitant of the mountains, and is only to be found on the highest we ee ee ee wny texture of its plumage portion of the Andes, for which elevated and cold situations the full and downy t ae Lae ristic of the three other species of this form since dis . admirably adapts i feature equally characte : mee epee 2 feature equally che ustre which pervades the fine grey tints The specific name given to this bird refers to the beautiful silvery spread over the breast and under surface. The figures are of the natural size. ANDIGENA ( UCULLATUS. Gould. ulad ule, deb bl Tou Vi ee : ; : eed LNaltou And. 1 fe 7] cy, Crown m th Tuis sin which is extensiy could h, Cochabs the othe this fine Plumage Much 1 colou The f ANDIGENA CUCULLATUS, Gould. Hooded Hill Toucan. SpPecrFic CHaractTEerR And. rostro flavo, nist tertia er 5 : flavo, rtia parte apicali, et macula obloned utringue ad basin mandibule i = § ? i ndibule in- apicibus “try . le 7 prebusque tectricum alarum majorum aureo-oleagineis ; uropygro autem et tectricibus caude superioribus viridi-flavis infectis - iS S mnfectis. fervoris, nigris ; dorso, humeris, Crown of the head and occiput deep glossy black ; at the back of the neck a broad crescenti é scentic mark of blue-grey ; back, shoulder ti i e-9rTey ; back, shoulders and tips of the wing-coverts ¢ ine j — = | ps of the wing-coverts golden olive, passing into ereenis ellow o le rump <¢ -r tail-coverts: greate i e oz? | p and under tail-coverts ; greater wing-coverts, outer webs of the primaries and secondaries dark gre Ir * aries dark green, their inner webs brownish black; sides of the face and throat sooty black eae blending wi ae oe 00t" , gradually blending with the dark bluish grey of the under surface; under tail-coverts crimson ; thighs chestnut ; bill yellow, clouded with green for . . a : ° . , : > : 1 a : : = two-thirds of its length from the base and black for the remainder of its length, the under . . . : = é mandible with an oblong irregularly-shaped patch of black on each side near the base ; . - feet greenish lead-colour. Total length, 18 inches; b2//, 4; wing, 7; tarl, 7+; tarsi, 2. Pteroglossus cucullatus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 69.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iii. App. p. 19 (App. to p. 404).—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p- 95, Pteroglossus, sp. 18. Tuts singular Toucan appears to have escaped the notice of every traveller in Bolivia, except Mr. Bridges ; d M. D’Orbigny and other French naturalists have collected which is the more surprising, as the celebrate ly conceive how so remarkable a bird extensively in that country :—I say surprising, because one can scarce Mr. Bridges found it in the forests of Cocapata, in the department of e of which is now in the British Museum, and 1 the information that is known respecting in the dense and hairy character of its could have been unseen by them. Cochabamba, and brought three specimens to this country, op the other two in that of the late Earl of Derby. Such, then, is al this fine Toucan; a Toucan, which differs from all its congeners plumage, and in the absence of any distinct mark on the rump. three specimens above-mentioned, lest of the three, and is doubtless a female. Much diversity occurs in the size of the but they are precisely similar in colour: the one in the British Museum is the smal y The figures are of the natural size. HT autumn a i 4 m iM ANDIGENA NIGRIROSTRIS. And. ro Crown pr cel tal sid thi the Total Pterc Tas spec in 1839, - Australia P. nelan bill, in wl It isa it is, mor from all trasted w: than in 4 Can use t] Mr. W: the feath the genus Farther known res I observa the smalle The fig vy, deb et Ul wWabto, I ANDIGENA NIGRIROSTRIS. Black-billed Hil] Toucan. SPECIFIC CHaRacteEr. And. rostro nigro; gula alba ; corpore inferiore pallid® eyaneo. Crown of the head and back of the neck glossy black; back, Wing-coverts and margins of the 5 . . . . = : primaries sienna-brown ; secondaries bluish brown ; tail very dark bluish green, the four a) : 5 ? central feathers largely, and the next on each side shightly tipped with chestnut ; upper tail-coverts sulphur-yellow; throat white, the white tinged with blue, proceeding across the sides of the neck, and nearly meeting at the back; breast and abdomen pale chalky blue ; thighs rich chestnut ; under tail-coverts blood-red ; feet greenish blue, with a lilac tinge on their under surface. Total length, 19 inches; Sz//, 4+; wing, 63; taal, 72; tarsi, 1%. Pteroglossus nigrirostris, Waterh. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIL. p- 111—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 18.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p- 94, Pteroglossus, sp. 10.. melanorhynchus, Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. Tuts species was first characterized by Mr. Waterhouse (from a specimen belonging to the late Earl of Derby) in 1839, four years subsequent to the completion of the first edition of this work, and during my absence in Australia ; two years later Messrs. Sturm figured it in their edition of my Monograph under the name of P. melanorhynchus, both those gentlemen and Mr. Waterhouse having selected the black colouring of its bill, in which it differs from every known member of its family, for their specific appellation. It is a typical example of that division of the family to which I have applied the generic term Andigena ; it is, moreover, one of the most delicately coloured, and one of the most interesting species of the genus ; . . 5 “/ : 2 s Peed bh eerie = ae Sa ‘ Fe ’ COn- from all of which, as above-mentioned, it differs in the black colouring of its bill, w hich is ea : : Ae: . oe FO oes 1 surface Is even more delicate trasted with the snowy whiteness of its throat; while the blue of its under surface is even mo . : an * its mandibles indicates that it than in 4. Aypoglaucus. It is a large and powerful bird, and the strength of its mandibles inc s the can use them with greater force than any of its congeners. = ney are nddente Mr. Waterhouse has remarked that the nostrils do not extend so far forwards, that t vey are hic by the feathers of the head, and that there is no longitudinal groove in front of them, as in other the genus. Farther than its occurring in most of the recent co known respecting it; not even the localities it frequents in th nt to Europe; on the other hanc species of llections sent from Santa Fe de Bogota, nothing 1s e creat Andean Range. But little difference 1 ; 1. they differ considerably in size, Is Observable in the colouring of the birds se , they the smaller birds being probably females. The figures are of the natural size. Sa And. fronte, gems, gula, corpore Front and sides of the head, cl wings, tail, and thighs yell mediately in front of the o the middle of the bill; a blue; their apical halves % orbits red ; irides lemon-y Total length, 152 inches; bed L Aracari: Ballon, Levaill. | Ramphastos Bailloni, Vieill Méth. Orn., par Pteroglossus Bailloni, Wagl. —Gray and Mi Consp. Gen. Av. glossus, sp. 7. * — croceus, Jard. & ¢ Most of the travellers who have s ancy of the colouring of their soft parts of their bodies, some being r ornithologist of distant countries c of the gay and brilliant hues which trouble, that I have been enabled i: correctly. In no instance do the: infact is the difference of appeal Were we not aware of the changes identical. The intensity of the col at others ; this may be due to tl brilliant during the pairing and bre this species I am indebted to the London on his return to Vienna, a’ with drawings and full particulars As this bird is not characterized hich are to be found in all the tr ofa unif wl orm tint like the members its 6 ; : : : B Most natural situation to be in Drag quar one : aul, over which it is rather wid Woods near : ‘ ds near Antonio Dias, on the ! ives ] one : ‘ M pairs, and that the stomac tither the sexes differ very con. Vatleties = ¢ ae : “S$ some individuals havir swolle ’ } fen. Could I detect any diffe regvar: : : 2 amt them as two Species, but a Sufficie bir nt to call the attention of nnd, to the subject. Che Py, e Plate represents the bird 0 ANDIGENA BAITLLONI. UVANNVUIAUULAYUUVTASTTGTTENYTOTAGTTTE LTH TY - " 7" a iM NDIGENA BAILLONI Saffron-coloured Hill Toucay an, SPECIFIC CHaracter And. fronte, genis, guld, corporeque sub i » Sens, SUld, corporeque subtus preter femora croceis o ; 20) Opygvo coccineo. Front and sides of the he: Ee | head, cheeks, throat and andereneeea lighter yellowish green; cheeks blue; ear- s sh; throat grey ; cheeks and narrow stri | grey ; cheeks ow stripe over the eye blue; primari — eye blue ; primaries black, margined externally at the base with green; upper portion of the sides of : : ' ereen ; uppe ‘tion of the sides of the upper mandible, a 2 apical part of the = é , and the apical part of the culmen chocolate-brown; basal portion of the t and lower mandible black, wi ’ dies aoe 7 r mandible black, with the exception of the base, which is yellowish flesh-colour ; at the bas * the mez aac ee ; 7 fs ‘ . ase of the mandibles a narrow thread-like line of white; orbits brown; feet dark green. | yy 7 : a . . . Total length, 13 inches; Az//, 3; wing, 4%; tail, 5; tarsi, 13 Pteroglossus sulcatus, Swains. in Journ. of Roy. Inst., vol. ix. p. 267.—Ib. Zool. Ill. Ist Ser vol. i. pl.44.—Temm. PI. Col., pl. 356.—Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. 31.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. =.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. it. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 25. A z 2 3 a . y= Y ‘ Ss ulaco7 amphus sulcatus, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 95, Aulacoramphus, sp. 1. y grooved fissures on the sides of that organ, this fe differs fr see ae species differs from all its congeners; but it 1s more nearly allied to 4. Derdianus than to any other. it to frequent the country to the northward of the ] wanting Ix the narrow and attenuated form of the bill, and the deep! : precise habitat is still unknown to me, but I believe iver Amazon, between Guiana and the Caraccas. Al to Rent . : . ps many of the ornithological collections of Europe. The same } se former edition of this work, still exists. I bird; and if this supposition be though not so rare as formerly, it 1s stil yaucity of information, which prevented Megrom civine anv e from giving any details as to its habits and economy 1n tl ave in my collection examples of what I believe to be both sexes of this , as well as the hue of the plumage, are precisely alike ; and the correct, the form and colouring of the bill 0 et ont os : = . nly difference is the somewhat smaller size of the female. The figures are of the size of life. ex». = ee AY OTTTTVUUAGRAALVLUGGRAALIUUUQSTALLVUASTHTALU GGA < " “re y y A Aul. rostro c¢ centi-albi General plum with blu primaries portion C bill black dibles at Total lengt! Aulacorhyn Pteroglossu and M Aulacoramp For the loan of kindness of the rare and new sp to one, who dur cularly that of C In the former species, but I h Bolivia, near the consequently the racters by whicl h tis of a more 80 far back ag in seen in 4. sulear in Frorieps Nc ind disagreeable perched on the t add, that Dr. Po Peruvian Andes, Sta; that, like it like those of the of the young hire and not deeply 11 more diffused, al tomie and under adult the colou tail js remarkab]. a chestnut-browy, The figures ar AULACORAMPHUS The Earl of Der by’s Grooye-bill. SPECIFIC CHaRAcTER Aul. rostro castaneo, antice in brunnescenti-niorum transeunte, ad has} = es >, ad basin fa cf . A . . 2 aa 5 ; “ | | ' centi-albida cincto ; rectricum intermediarum duarum apicil 7 2bus castanei S. General plumage green, slightly tinged with brow ) g Bau g rown on the upper surface of the body with blue on the back of the head, the nape and cheel | fad eee : : ° nape ¢ ‘heeks, and fading into whit a . A : ? é 0 white on the chj primaries blackish brown; two middle tail-f ; oe ; y ail-feathers largely tipped wi portion of both mandibles and the apex of ee eae : ; 2S 1e apex of the upper chestnut-red, the remainder of bill black, with the exception of a narrow line of white. border; | ee | E ite, bordering the sides of dibles at the base ; orbits lead-colour : irides ve ; | oa s lead-ec ; inides yellow ; legs and feet lead-colour Total length, 15 inches ; bel, 3; wing, 5; tail, 5; tarsi, 1+ Aulacorhynchus Derbianus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part III p. 49 Pteroglossus Derbianus, Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 32.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl G q : : Z : "9 . 2.— aS , s Fx it., Pp : =a tray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 1. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 27 S ; tank al eae ine u ‘acoramphu Derhi anus B ap Sp 06 ] A l § 5 B c . S} oN i ) Ss ry S onap Consp. Ge LB. Ay “5 Pp: 96, Aulacoram IILUS , Sp. oO. BO the aD of the only oes of this fine species that have come under my notice, I am indebted to the kindness of the a Earl of Derby, whose valuable collection so often afforded me opportunity of examining rare and new species. In naming this new bird after His Lordship, I was desirous of paying a just tribute to one, who during a long life took the greatest interest in the promulgation of the nana scienecd parti- cularly that of Ornithology, and of evincing my sense of the many favours he accorded to me. In the former edition of this work I gave the Cordillerian Andes, in a wide sense, as the habitat of this species, but I have since ascertained that Dr. Poeppig of Leipsic found it in Peru, and Mr. Bridges in Bolivia, near the margins of the rapid mountain streams at Ronco, in the country of the Yuracuri Indien It is a very fine species, and possesses cha- consequently those countries are its true and native habitat. it is most nearly allied to 4. sulcatus, racters by which it may be readily distinguished from every other ; but is of a more robust form, has a stouter and less attenuated Dill, the basal angle of which is not carried Idle tail-feathers tipped with chestnut, a character never so far back as in that species, and has the two mic pig has given a full description of this bird seen in 4. sulcatus. ‘The Messrs. Sturm inform us that Dr. Poep No. 21, or No. 68], Supplement), and that he there states its cry 1s loud like that of the Wagtails, both while Messrs. Sturm in “Frorieps Notizen” (vol. xxxi. and disagreeable ; that it carries its tail erect with a bobbing motion, hat it lives in the woods, and is very rare. teroglossus Beauharnaisi, it is a native of the 8000 feet above the level of the perched on the trees and when on the ground; t add, that Dr. Poeppig had further informed them, that, like the P an elevation of Peruvian Andes, particularly the province of Huanuco, at , and that they are of a shining whiteness, Sea; that, like its congeners, it deposits its eggs In hollow trees like those of the Kingfisher (A/cedo Ispida). We are further indebte of the young bird, which differs considerably from the adult. The bill is shorter, dist ntirely absent; the chestnut-red colouring of the bill is also ; placed by blackish brown on the instead of white, as in the d to the Messrs. Sturm for a knowledge the sulci but indistinctly and not deeply impressed, and the serratures € idle of the culmen, being re les is dirty white, especially on t more diffused, and is only observable on the mic t the base of the mandib but lighter and less pure, especially the middle ones, tomize and under mandible ; the line a adult ; the colour of the plumage is similar, tail is remarkably different, all the feathers being very at, the tip. he under surface; the . which have also pointed, a chestnut-brown spot very near to, but not quite The figures are of the natural size. \LACORAMPHUS Cz Chestnut-l SPECI ful, rostro castuneo-rubro ; mandibula in is y Z s . A latis; vittd basalt stramenead ; wropy, caude rectrictbus quatuor inte tinct ; Crown of the head and upper surface | four middle tail-feathers deep bluisl mainder green ; all the under surface chestnut-red, becoming paler toward. lower mandible and along the culme of straw-white, which increases in br Total length, 19 inches; bed/, 42; wang, 5 Preroglossus Aulacorhynchus castaneo? p: O38. Or the grass-green Toucans to which the ge species 1s by far the largest vet discovered. 4 tm possession, which are somewhat smaller Derby, The Aulacorhynchus castaneorhynchus of the latter, together Stinetnesg, with the darker colot The present species been sent to Euro respecting: it, appears to be strictly pe in collections from Santa The fioures e figures are of the natural size AULACORAMPHUS CASTANEORHYN CHUS, Chestnut-billed Groove-bill. Gould. SPECIFIC ¢ HARACTER. Aul. rostro castaneo-rubro ; mandibula inferiore in medio, et culmine nisi ad basin nicro undu- . ae A : : . A : : fo} latis; vitta basalt straminea ; uropygio coccineo; corpore subtis viridi ; pectore cceruleo tincto ; caude rectricihbus quatuor intermediis ad apicem late castaneis. Crown of the head and upper surface brownish green; wings dark green; rump crimson ; four middle tail-feathers deep bluish green, largely tipped with chestnut-brown, the re- mainder green ; all the under surface green, stained across the breast with light blue ; bill chestnut-red, becoming paler towards the point, clouded with black on the middle of the lower mandible and along the culmen, except at the base : at the base of the bill is a band of straw-white, which increases in breadth as it proceeds downwards. Total length, 19 inches; bz//, 42; wing, 54; tal, Tz; tarsi, 1%. Pteroglossus (Aulacorhynchus) castaneorhynchus, Gould in Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. ix. p. 238. generic term of Aulacorhynchus has been applied, the present Or the grass-green Toucans to which the awn from specimens in my species is by far the largest yet discovered. The accompanying figures were dr Be ich are s > collection for ] ate Earl o own possession, which are somewhat smaller than those in the fine collection formed by the lat foal) llied to A. hematopygius, but the diminutive size Derby. The Aulacorhynchus castaneorhynchus is nearly a pl al half of its bill, indicates its specific di- of the latter, together with the darker colouring of the apic stinctness. | spnecime 7 ng’ , all the specimens I have seen having add that nothing more 1s known The present species appears to be strictly an Andean species been sent to Europe in collections from Santa Fé de Bogota. J regret to respecting it. The figures are of the natural size. ry (oa ae 1 a C ae eo lo \ ry : Zn! Oat an.*.0" e UAAVIUUUQUUNAUNAAHU TTT) TUTTFTTUL LTTE + 0 “ a i" A U iL A Aul. vostro brev undulatis ; Crown of the h four middl remainder neck and ac point, and ¢ at the base downwards. Total length, 1 Pteroglossus h Ramph., p. 404, P Aulacoramphus Oy reference to the was taken from a collection ; and on ; come to no other e Most nearly allied i: much smaller SIZe, ¢ sidered trivial, but ; than consider it dist The hative habita The hgure is exa AULACORAMPHUS HAMATOPYGIU S, Gould Blood-rumped Grooye-bill. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Aul. rostro brevi, castaneo-rubro ; mandibuld inferiore in medio. et culmine nisi ad basin ni : 2 ° ASIN NTO undulatis ; uropygio coccineo. Crown of the head and upper surface brownish green; wings dark green ; rump crimson ; four middle tail-feathers deep bluish green, largely tipped a chestnut-brown, “lhe remainder green ; under surface green, faintly stained with blue down the sides of the neck and across the breast with light blue ; bill chestnut-red, becoming paler towards the point, and clouded with black on the middle of the lower mandible and along the culmen ; at the base of the bill a band of straw-white, which increases in breadth as it proceeds downwards. Total length, 14 inches; dell, 2+; wing, 4%; tadl, 5+; tarst, 12. Pteroglossus heematopygus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part II. p. 147.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 33.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. —Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 11. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 28. Aulacoramphus hematopygus, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 96, Aulacoramphus, sp. 6. 1834, it will be seen that my figure of this species On reference to the edition of this work published in : It now forms part of my own was taken from a specimen obligingly lent me by N. C. Strickland, Esq. | collection ; and on again comparing it after the lapse of twenty years with every other known species, I can : : ‘stinct from the whole of them: but from which it differs in its 1 it i i the one to which it is come to no other conclusion than that it is quite d 1 i Ee AS - Diate most nearly allied is the 4. castaneorhynchus, figured on the preceding Plate, r bill; differences w ntly adult, I cannot do otherwise In 1 p hich perhaps may be con- much smaller size, and in its proportionally shorter and stoute I I j sidered trivial, but as they are found to exist in a specimen which is evide than consider it distinct. ‘on of the Cordillerian Andes . E : piel i s 1 . The native habitat of this bird is quite unknown to me—probably some portion 0 The figure is exactly of the natural size. UMUYIANY NAAT] OUTTTTON TTA TTT a I "7 ' I" AULACORAMIPHUS CALI 2» \ ULEICINCTUS. D Ord. AU. Aul. rostro plun parte antic Crown of the he patch of di stripe over coverts, che under tail-c margined e the tip, wh lead-colour Total length, Pteroglossus N = Aulacoram ph Like Aulacoramph the eastern slopes This species wa: friend Dr. Lichten: pleasure to have re been previously cal preference, The Aulacoramp white throat, and ‘re Contained in t my own, The hgures are Ruchu, del @ del be Walter, Lp. AULACORAMPHUS CARULEICINCTUS Blue-banded Groove-bill. PECIFIC CHARACTER. vostro plumbeo, api — " I ipice tomusque pallide corneis ; uropygto sanguineo ; A : gwuneo ; mento, gula, genarum A : A parte anteca lineolaque supra oculos albidis Crown of the head, ba k, wines and ail dark oras s-OTee ac ( Ss ass gt en 5 across th upper ail-co verts a broad ye € Sd oc atch of dee nod-red ; four centre tail-f p eep blood-red ; four centre tail-feathers largely tipped with chestnut-] i. — ... Soh) -hestnut-brown ; stripe over the eye, sides of the face and throat white washed posteriorly with bl | i | 1 nlue; ear- coverts, chest and all the under surface yellowish green, deepening into ruf under tail-coverts; across the lower ¢ : Se one s; across the lower part of the chest a band of light blue ; primaries blacl : i : J c Ss c c margined externally with green; bill dark is | . i 2 \ oTeen ; ark bluish lead-colour, becoming li g sh lez ur, becoming lighter towards the tip, which, as well as the serrations of a : , as as the serrations of both mandibles, are whitish horn-colour ; feet lead-colour. Total length, 152 inches; Sell, 33; wang, 5%; tail, 6+; tars, 13. Pteroglossus ceeruleicinctus, D’Orb. Voy. dans | Amér. Mér. Ois., tab. 66. fig. 2—Gray and e ‘ a . . ee ao 7 Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 30. Lichtensteiniz, Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph. Aulacoramphus ceruleicinctus, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 96, Aulacoramphus, sp. 8. Like Aulacoramphus atrogularis, this well-marked species is an ‘nhabitant of the Cinchona woods, clothing the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes, where it is known to the Indians by the name of Chukimbc. This species was named by the Messrs. Sturm Péeroglossus Lichtensteinit, in honour of my old and valued friend Dr. Lichtenstein, the Director of the Royal Museum ‘n Berlin, and it would have given me very great pleasure to have retained this justly complimentary appellation for so fine a bird; but as J find that it had been previously called c@ruleicinctus by M. D’Orbigny, the iges me to give this name the preference. The Aulacoramphus ca@ruleicinctus 1s rendered remarkable by the blue-grey colouring of its bill, by its white throat, and by the czrulean blue band crossing the chest. It 1s a very rare S} in the Collection at the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, and in law of priority obl yecies, but specimens are contained in the Royal Museum at Berlin, my own. The figures are of the natural size. Cy | ee ©) ALE 4 a . = * & ry xS oy eer Aul. mandibula su inferiore nig’ Upper surface gol apical portion slightly tippes webs with gre with blue on upper mandib into chestnut-1 along the ser: narrow line of Total length, 14 Pteroglossus pras Rdit., pl. Aulacoramph us pi AutnoueH by far the ¢ America Proper, yet y isthmus ; namely the be the 4, prasinus, which j they would seem to be stance which tends to s stound have each : a | IGG form, When | figured Many collections s in my litivable traveller M. J pondent M. Floresi. OF the habits and ec’ those of the : other specie ‘milarity of appea rance 4 Se an 2. ; é j ‘marked die R ys E Ke(] difference oc Ut to maturity ( : Naturity,—a fe, (evel | PMent of y j hitter | the beak las acquired its (0 attain, The Plate CC represents a AUILACOREAMIPHUS PRASINUS. gy ig AULACORAMPHUS PRaginu; Golden-green Groove-bil] Q \ SPECIF ECIFIC ( HARACTER. Aul. mandibulé superiore flava, culminis strigd : e flava, culminis strigd, macula ante nares. Iine/, S, lenedque ad tomi € 55 omum nigris ; . a, inferiore nigra; corpore superiore aureo-viridi Upper surface golden green, passing into blue on th t 1 : : =O} e extremities of tl i apical portion of the tail-fe: er ea : ie : : 4 : tail feathers, of which the lateral ones are largel 1 tl ae shohtly tp ped wi a : “ i : — argely and the centre S ghity up} ith chestnut ; primaries brownish black maregined at tl | oe webs with green ; throat : Ae » Margined at the hase of the er | g : oat and cheeks yellowish white ; under surface li ee with blue on the breast and fading into white tl a s oe ae | 2 int e on the vent; under tail-c upper mandible ye Sa 7 ; ail-coverts chestnut ; upp | é yellow , with a patch of black at the base of the culmen I S81 cotly into chestnut-red ; < ae ; i : » passing anteriorly ed; an oblong spot of black before the nostrils, and a streak of tl mn : : ‘a EC | , S, a streak of thes along the serratures, above which is a wash of ere ee ' | a wash of green ; under mandible black, witl narrow line of yellowish white at the base — Total length, 14 inches; Sz//, 35; wing, 53; tal, 6; tarsi, 1+ teroglossus prasinus, Licht. in Mus. Berl.—Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 29.—Ib. Sturm’ ; a ee é . pl. 29.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., pl. © .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 13 I ( J l y ) ( mphus > SP. . Autnoucu by far , i by far the greater number of the Aulacoramphi are inhabitants of the great continent of South America ‘ti yr . r 7a eee a Sef S te proper, yet we have positive proofs that two species at least are found to the northward of the h is a native of Veragua and doubtless of Costa Rica, and is : : “¢ : : a namely the beautiful 4. ceruleogularis, whic the 4. prasin ee ; . prasinus, whic Bite Guatemala < ie oe eee SS P , ch inhabits Guatemala and the southern provinces of Mexico generally : to these districts r pass to the southward of Panama: a circum- they w : y would seem to be confined, and I believe that they neve 1 of this neutral stance which s tos inion, 1 a tends to support such an opinion, 1s, that the countries to the north and soutl fi = —- i . : nd have each a peculiar fauna of their own; more In orm, W ur oc ; When I figured this species, twenty years ago, It was very ples, some 0 regard to species, however, than to diversity of rare; it is now to be met with in collections ; in my own there are four or five exam f which were procured by that inde- atigable traveller M. Delattre, while the others were presented to me by my valued friend and corre- spondent M. Floresi. a Of the habits and economy of the Golden-green Groove-bill no information to communicate : seen in the accom} uring its progress from f the whole family : the , as distinguished in the minuter details from those of the other species of the genus, I have the sexes present the usual similarity of appearance ; on the other hand, in the young bird yanying Plate, the size, but in the colouring s alone, but characteristic 0 hat of the rest of the re than half the size , as will be oc difference occurs, not only in of its bill, d ee to maturity,—a feature not peculiar to this specie evelopment of the beak, also, is much more gradual than t is little mo latte it 1 te canircd ; : : é rwards S acquired its complete dimensions, the former it is. oftenwas to attain. s, of the natural size. The , i Plate represents a male, a female, and the heads of two young bird body ; for when the BP fi ; Ay .Y Z pa) bak rd . e General plum black, ed: tipped WI throat wl under tail angle of upper m separatin: mandible irides ora Total lenetl Pteroglossu glossus lig erogl OSSU Aulacoramg Tne Preroglossi in the Royal J of obtaining dr years avo was exists as to the Wagler, but th viously named j l€ same ADLACORAMPHUS WAGLERI. Could &Ficdlda, dedct lth Kallnand@ dWalton Fp WAL LALA SUTGTINTTA OTT _ a y " AULACORAMPHUS WaGLgER] Wagler’s Grooye-bil] PECIFIC CHARACTER. { ] rostro nrIgTo, ac ba: 272 lin C LUTOQ 2aco Har he 3 ye l S tea ¢ Tani a 10a circumd O Ss DUS (ne superne in ceeruleo-viride es st basi } C em transeuntibus infra lined niorg BCE, versus) flavis 27a a tomio sez eee c 10 SE]U nets. B General plumage deep green, with a wash of Be cdeed witl é a wash of blue on the tips of the k, edged with green; tail deep ee a. ps the secondaries: primar; green, passing into blue near tl pe : ar the extremity y and largely tipped with ric | pped with rich chestnut; the portion of the cheeks j cheeks immec throat white, with a slight wash of blue where it lately behind the bill and the : ere 1t meets the ere P under tail-coverts chest . 1e green of the neck stnut ; base C le neck ¢ ae eeu ; base of the culmen, a large nearlv tria | < and chest ; angle of the upper mandible, and a |i ge nearly triangular patch in the lower upper 0 lil 4 icl le, and a line along the denticulations blacl | ae Senile rich vellow. with a I; oes ‘ s black ; remainder of —. yellow, with a line of pale green along the lower ee r of the separating It from the black of the denticulati , | j re: eae ations; under mandible enti : mandibles bounded randible entirely black s be at See by y black, b vd the base by a somewhat broad raised band f . = oe ~ a ate od als an > oar eee 4 ides orange; orbits deep rose-red ; legs and feet leaden-bl and of orange-yellow ; ? Sr ¢ : eaden-bp Lue. Total length, 14 inches; Sz//, 33; wing, 5%; tadl, 5+; tarsi, | oe; , 543 tarsi, 14. Pteroglossus pavoni Z£ Ss pavoninus, in Roy: : . ; I ae Royal Mus. of Munich.—Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soe Pe Hill p: f50.—Ib. M 2 . Qo ‘ ° = on. Ramph. pl. 30.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. 11. p. 404, Péero glossus, sp. 20. Pterogloss ‘agleri, S ’s Edi elossus Wagleri, Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl Aulacoran L / ) ; ) ipnus Ppavoninus B S 3 SD Us 9I0ONAa ). Cons ). ( Se y q Q é - | | ren. AV 9 Pp: Yo, Aulacoramphus, Sp. 2. Tar Prer er og lossus Sturmi | 1 j 5 oe 22 b 7 ie > » 1 f I; eing unique in the Imperial Museum ot Vienna, and the Aulacoramphus Waglert in the Royal Muse Unni of obtaining oo _ I : under the necessity of visiting both those cities for the purpose Be aco e ie. _ ~ nt work; the information J procured respecting these Toucans twenty BF os to the gore. nor has our knowledge been increased in the interval. Considerable confusion 1 f name of the present species ; it has cenerall = 2cere . + Esa I since . es that Wagler gave that name in mistake to an exam ws by Dr. Lichtenstein, and add that two other species had also been confounded under e is singularly inappropriate, 1 us of a Peacock ; and moreover state their cimen which had had some ple of the bird pre- the sa Rie: BE ie crccanee = remark alvat the nam | inasmuch as there 1s ME that the eet? ne or colouring of the bird to remin¢ , that the name had in the first instance been applied to a made-up spe under these circumst pliment to their friend Dr. Wagler, who he accidental discharge of lented and feathers j rs inserte a ‘ : : : the na ed, thus giving rise to a false impression ; ances they have discarded Meraltooether -; a : : ] together and proposed that of Wagleri, as a just com | whose untimely death by t had d one s i c. : : ; 0 much for the science of ornithology, ant of one of her most ta a gun duri . 5 uring S ee . ‘ : ‘ ; i ihnsinct: g a shooting excursion, deprived natural history of the service usiastic professors. : The 4, ulacor We. c : : : f acoramphus Wagleri is said to be anative of Mexico. Prasinus, b : ut + he ee : : Z . may be distinguished from that species by its more atte and by the large amount ol bl allied to the Aulacoramphus greater breadth and upper It is very nearly m nuated bill, by the ore ors ss y y i ange hue of the raised band at its base, ack near the base of the mandible, ’ iT ae he figure is of the size of life. y been known as the Pteroglossus pavoninus of a ae oxy og . >» BOR with rich chest pale grass-gree flanks; around throat a line of of the culmen a into purer yelloy on the sides of | greenish lead-co Male—Total lene Pteroolossus alhivi R ] idl] pl 2 OLDWI) ee i] JU} ORAMPHUS ALBIVITTA. i | 5 igi ncn yi om 4 a, del Ct lth - Walton Lap. Tuis is one of the least of the family of Ramphastid Andes, and specimens occur in most of the Preroglossus prasinus of Lichtenstein, to w sides of the base of the mandibles. AULACORHAMPHUS ALBIVITTA White-banded Groove-bill. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Aul. rostro negro, ad basin fascia alba circumdato ; culmine toto ad apicem usque laterumque mandibulee superioris partes, citreis in viridiscentem transeuntibus ; mandibuld inferiore ante fasciam albam macula sanguinea notatd ; guld albida. All the upper surface and wings dark tinged with brown; on the crown and the nape of the neck grass-green ; primaries brownish black, margined externally at the base with dark grass-green ; tail deep grass-green, passing Into blue towards the extremity, and tipped with rich chestnut ; throat white in some, grey or bluish white in others; under surface pale grass-green, very slightly washed with blue on the breast, and with yellow on the flanks; around the orbits and down the sides of the neck bounding the white of the grey throat a line of blue; under tail-coverts rich deep chestnut; bill black, with the exception of the culmen and upper half of the upper mandible, which are greenish yellow, passing into purer yellow at the tip and the lower angle of the under mandible which is chestnut; on the sides of both mandibles at the base a broad band of straw-white; orbits red; feet greenish lead-colour. Male—Total length, 13: inches; bell, 3%; wang, 42+ tail, 5+; tarsi, 1s. Pteroglossus albivitta, Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 70.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Rampb. text. - albivittatus, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. il. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. ile lit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph. macrorhynchus, Sturm’s Ec : ae yen. Av., p- 99, Aulacoramphus, sp. Aulacoramphus albiwitta, Bonap. Consp. ( ee ee we YE disco -ered. It is a native of the Columbian we t Ss \ Ss 8s e is avi iffers from the collec ions sen from th nce to his country . I di ers fi S : 1 vi al a d of W i e lown the ffe ce Cc Ss f 2 Ss t Ss S ips SEX € reer being | Fs 1 S, W ich is oi 5 due to sex th larg 5 : id rence occurs in he sIze of he specimens, ¥ hich 1S perhé p > the males, and the smaller the females. q The figures are of the natural size. AULACOR ful, gula genarumque parte ae O Q viridi, dein wm cerulese terminates. General plumage yeliowish throat and a small pa primaries brownish bl: only of the external w of the succeeding feat! near the tip ; under t yellow, with a narro’ near the cutting edge. raised ridge at the ba: which is yellow ; the are also white; feet ¢ Male—Total length, 15 1 Female.—Total length, 13 Pteroglossus atrogulari Mitch. Get Aulacoramphus atrigula Tue woods bordering the ea this fine species, which dif strongly contrasted marking lorm part of the Royal Mus in the collection of Prince J} Cimens from which my figu his researches in Peru. The hgures are of the nat ULIUNUYULYUNLGLTTQUINTTTGIUT TATU yay AULACORAMPHUS ATROGULARIS Black-throated Groove-bill. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. A , 5 / ovenarunigue “be ; ‘hracinis ; Aul. gula enaru qi € pa te antica anthrac des 5 Crzsso cennamomeD 3 cauda SUpra ba m L a a . = ™ yp? Depa 2 - oO s ; . | : i : oe vl? adit, dein 222 CC? ule scentem transeunte ; rectricibus octo entermediis macula can A ‘ namomea terminatis. iy . “a TO i cas Bee oS . : : geoeral plumage yellowish green, becoming of a somewhat lighter hue on the under surface s p § eo: throat and a small patch bene: » eve dee ack. marey “a . ‘5 reath the eye deep black, margined posteriorly with blue; rimaries brownish black, margined externally with cree vi p <, margined externally with green, the green occupying the hase only of the external web of the outer feather, and gradually increasing in extent on each f the succeeding fez ors as -y approac ‘a ; ; i of the succeeding feathers as they approach the body; green of the tail passing into blue near the tip; under tail-coverts and the tips of the tail-feathers chestnut; upper mandible yellow, with a narrow line of black across the base, and another narrow line of black near the cutting edge, the two lines united near the gape by a triangular mark of black ; raised ridge at the base of upper mandible yellow ; under mandible black, except at point, which is yellow; the raised ridge at its hase white; the cutting edges of both mandibles are also white; feet greenish lead-colour. Male—Total length, 15 inches; bell, 31; wing, 5; tail, 52; tarst, 12. 7. . . < . 7 : ~ _ l Female.—Total length, 13 inches ; bell, 25; wing, 4°; tail, 53; tars, 1s. Pteroglossus atrogularis, Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph. p._ - pl. .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 29. Aulacoramphus atrigularis, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 96, Aulacoramphus, sp. 7. “) Peru and Ecuador are the localities inhabited by of its throat and in the but fine examples Tue woods bordering the eastern sides of the Andes the black colouring strongly contrasted markings of its bill. It is a rare bird in the collections of Europe ; form part of the Royal Museum at Berlin, and in that of the late Earl of Derby; and in the collection of Prince Massena at Paris, now removed to Philadelphia in North : s 3 ee a , -aveller cimens from which my figures were taken were procured by the celebrated travell this fine species, which differs from all its congeners in were also contained America. The spe- Dr. Tschudi during his researches in Peru. The figures are of the natural size. e a cf a Us) ae C ie cs a ha r% y*\ rm “ MJ a LUI A UTA yu a y " a I" LACORMAMPITUS TW ecles with the ere: \ULACORA ula ceerule a, du. g (pper surface dark green the rump and uppei base with dark green with rich chestnut; tl washed with yellow black, with the exce apical portion of the | tip; on the sides of | yellow, and on the lo Total length, 12+ inches Aulacoramphus ceruleog he Dew Species of Grooy e-B Malt to H.M.S. Herald. tel to 4. albin rr but may | tthe 2 j ba ANT VAN Tac : se of the bill being m Mer gyre ce : Urtace being washed yw} atest i a ON op — f 'pportune moment for mn litqracas. p ‘SUES are of the Natur AULACORAMPHUS CASRULEOGULARIS, Gouw Blue-throated Groove-bill. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Aul. guld ceruled. Upper surface dark green, with an olive ti NES in olive tint ¢ > head ; ‘ ‘ ; : g : yn the head and nape, and of a brighter green on Cc vu the ep and upper tail-coverts ; primaries blackish brown, margined externally at the oo with dark green ; tail deep green, passing into blue towards the extremity, aa ti sed with rich chestnut ; throat and fore part of the cheeks cerulean blue ; under ee ae washed with yellow on the flanks and abdomen; under rieoreae rich eae bil with the exception of the upper part of the sides of the upper mandible a the apical portion of the culmen, which are greenish yellow, passing into purer yellow at the tip; on the sides of both mandibles at the base a broad band, which on the upper one Is yellow, and on the lower white ; orbits red ; legs and feet greenish lead-colour. 1 Total length, 12+ inches; bell, 24; wing, 47; tail, 42; tarsi, ls. Aulacoramphus ceruleogularis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., February 22, —————————————EE The new species of Groove-Bill figured on the accompanying Plate was killed by Berthold Seemann, Esq., Naturalist to H.M.S. Herald, together with other ornithological rarities, in Veragua. It is very nearly allied to 4. albivitta ; but may be at once distinguished from that species by ts rich blue throat, by the band at the base of the bill being much broader and yellow on the upper manc Meco heine aes e surface being washed with yellow, while in the other it 1s pure green. yresent group, especial lible, instead of white, and by the [regard the discovery of this lew species wj - : — aa pecies with the greatest interest, as an important addition to the } ly as it at at a iP e . . . opportune moment for including it 1 the present Monograph. The figures are of the natural size. i my mT i t g. THE AW . ° [up organs of dig veographical position Nature in a tropical correspond to the n encroached upon by 1 The intestinal canal 1 are disposed, for the vimard with the pro observed in two livin the substances so r¢ compared to the rum The intestinal ¢ of the digestive appa The liver of the the lobes being mor manifests an affinity resembles the Corvia duodenum near its ¢ part of the intestine, The kidneys are their surface is conv of these glands, in a apparently healthy il the supra-renal gla ‘ crow-quills; it ca Commencement, and Among the vari Its length from the « ( ndge, or backward. glottis, Anterior to host probably, the OBSERVATIONS THE ANATOMY OF THE TOUCAN Tue organs of digestion in the Toucan pre geographical position and powel Nature in a tropical climate. correspond to the magnitude of the beak. encroached upon by its muscular parietes as to render such The intestinal canal is equally devoid of lateral | are disposed, for the extent of an inch, around the termination of the esophagus. readily permits regurgit simard with the proventriculus is free, and (Ramphastos Erythrorhynchus and Ramph. Ariel, Vigors observed in two living species of Toucan the substances so regurgitated were, after undergoing a second mastication, again SW rbivorous quadrupeds. compared to the rumination of he neth of the body, including the bill. The intestinal canal does not exceed the le agrees with that of the Toucan. of unequal size, joined by There is no gall-bladder, and in mong the Scansores ; s biliary receptacle. ! lines in diameter, passes to of the digestive apparatus of the Hornbill The liver of the Toucan is composed of two lobes, the lobes being more rounded than usual. manifests an affinity to the Pred@ and Psittacide, a large development of it a second duct, about two ie insertion of the le one is the smalles Between the resembles the Corvide in the duodenum near its commencement ; and s close to tl lobes, of which the midd legree than in reptiles. Ariel, was situated the ovary, of les, and disposed in a convo ee mestine, where it terminate two pancreatic ducts. The kidneys are composed of three their surface is convoluted, though ‘na less marked ¢ of these glands, in a female specimen of Ramphastos The ova were like minute granu led in the posterior part of the ovary. fimbriated and wide aperture, was slig apparently healthy in structure. The supra-renal glands were imbed¢ a crow-quill ; it commenced by the usual ht to the cloaca. h birds present, that of the ll-grown Ramphastos Toco, W 1 finely notched ; it was situatet ly papill Toucan 1s one commencement, and then continued straig as six inches. Among the varied forms of tongue whic rture of the glotts, in a fu was broad ant and minute 2 orga cous Its length from the ape ridge, or backward-projecting process, glottis. Anterior to this process the tongue most probably, the sense of taste resides : ose for the exte is soft ists of a transpare the rest of the | an J a general simplicity of structure, which accords with its a assimilating both animal and vegetable food, so abundantly pte a The amplitude of the cesophagus and general width of the areca cate There is no lateral dilatation or crop, nor is the gizzard so a reservoir for the alimentary substances necessary. souches, or ceca: the gastric glands are of a simple form, anid The communication of the ation to take place. This act has been allowed, it may be The general structure a small band, the margins of this deficiency the Toucan while the Hornbill, on the contrary, \ small hepatic duct enters the a more distant t; their length is 1+ inch ; anterior extremities a triangular shape, and The oviduct was as jitly tortuous at the of the most remar | about 4 lines from the nt of 4 lines, and here, nt horny lamina, flattened horizontally and supported by the anterior process of the os Ayordes, which forms a ridge along the middle of its inferior surface. At about four inches from the extremity of the horny damna the margins become obliquely notched, and these notches, becoming deeper and closer together towards the extremity, occasion the bristled appearance on each side of the tongue. These bristles, Mr. Vigors observes, were generally applied to the morsels of food whilst held between the mandibles previously to being swallowed. The cornua of the os hyoides are 1+ inch in length. The ¢rachea is narrow, and simple in its structure, the rings somewhat flattened and decreasing in diameter towards the inferior extremity, from which a single pair of muscles pass off to the sternum. The length of the lower fourth of the tube, and the state of tension in the bronchia, are regulated by a pair of small muscles, which, arising from the sides of the tracheal cartilages, are inserted into the bone of divarication at the extremity of the ¢rachea: and that this part of the tube is subjected to variations in length is indicated by the tortuous character of the recurrent nerves attached to the sides of the ¢rachea at this part. The lungs are small in proportion to the size of the bird, but of the usual form and structure. The abdominal air-cells are of small size. The heart is of a more oblong form than in general ; its apex, as it were, truncate ; its length 1 inch. The pectoral muscles, as in the Psittacede, are but feebly developed, and the keel of the sternum is of moderate size, not projecting more than half an inch from the plane of the bone. The s¢ernwm has four notches at its posterior margin. The clavicles, or lateral halves of the fucu/a, are here, as in the Psettacide and Struthionide, separate ; they are 1 inch in length, slender, pointed at their lower ends, and joined to each other and to the sternum by ligament only. The peculiar motions of the tail called for a particular examination of that part. It is difficult to state the precise number of the caudal vertedr@ in consequence of the terminal ones being anchylosed, requiring for this purpose the examination of a young specimen at a period before the anchylosis takes place. In the skeleton of a Black-billed Toucan which I have examined, it would appear that three vertebre are thus anchylosed, making the entire number of coccygeal vertebre nine. ‘The Woodpecker has also nine caudal vertebre, and this seems to be the greatest number found in birds. ‘The first six of these vertebre in the Toucan are articulated by ball-and-socket joints, the ball and the socket being most distinct in the last two joints. That between the sixth and the anchylosed vertebr@ is provided with a capsule and synovial fluid; the others have a yielding ligamentous mode of connexion. The spinous processes of these vertebre, both superior and inferior, are of moderate size, but smallest in the sixth, where the greatest degree of motion takes place. The transverse processes, on the contrary, are large and broad, so as almost wholly to prevent lateral motion. ‘The first of the anchylosed ver¢edr@ is broad and flat and of a rounded form, supporting the two coccygeal glands: the last of these processes is compressed laterally, and of the ordinary ploughshare form. The caudal vertebre can be inflected dorsad till their superior spines are brought into contact with the sacrum; in the opposite direction they can scarcely be bent beyond a straight line: and it is to this structure of the bones and joints that is to be attributed the capability in the Toucan of turning its tail upon its back (as represented in the Zoological Journal, vol. i. pl. xv.), the muscles presenting comparatively few peculiarities, since the motion alluded to is remarkable rather for its extent than the vigour with which it is performed. The principal e/evators of the tail are the sacro-coccyge: superiores (sacro-sus-caudiens of V icq d’Azyr). They arise from two longitudinal ridges on the inferior and convex part of the sacrum, and are inserted into the superior spines of the first six vertebre by detached tendons, terminating broadly in the anchylosed vertebre. The principal antagonists of these muscles, sacro-coccyg ei inferiores (sacro-sous-caudiens of V icq d’Azyr), pass over the first five vertebre and terminate in the sixth and anchylosed vertedre : their origins are wider apart than in the preceding pair of muscles, coming off from the margins of the sacro-sciatic notches. In the interval are situated small muscles passing from the transverse processes to the inferior spines of the first six vertebre. From the limited nature of the lateral motions of the tail the muscles appropriate to these movements are feeble, especially in comparison with those which are observed in the birds that spread their tail-feathers in flight, 10 order are in number tw expanded anchylos plevators have raise their forces with t] jerk : Mr. Vigors seemed to turn as The osseous p the great bulk of ft consequently of a} the upper beak : th resistance if a fore outer walls are nea from 1-d0th to 1-at thickness. On making a | two inches in leng consist of a most be half a line to two Ii parietes of the mat at right angles to tl The whole of t are largest in the ce fibres as they pass introduced into this hollow or tubular, y but the fibres comp The medullary of the membrane, ac principal nerves are diverge and ascend ; the horny covering, The air is admit communicates at its maxillary cavity. T pituitary membrane, The organ of sn odorous particles in precisely the same P mandible, where it is secure from al] injur The olfactory ¢; forwards for about h then bends downwar tom this point it d Internal oy posterior Ss om = . . ) reonloate MIS aay = : in flight, in order to regulate their course during that “igOrous species of | : : = 5 as S é Ee A are in number two on each side Fok, nee eels S of the wschia, and inserted muscles it is o} | ht, they also become dorsad of t} their forces with the elevators, and by this addition of > arising from the Pp ‘ osterior extremitie expanded anchylosed vertebre, rom the dis} 1 into the 0SItiIOn o Se i f these oV1l0us that after the 1€ centre of m; the act of throwing y elevators have raised the tail to a certain heig ne g tion, combine P the tail by a that “in these moveme = ak; power terminate jerk: Mr. Vigors in his observations on the living animal observes, seemed to turn as if on a hinge that Was operate a don by a spring.” The osseous portions of the mandibles of the Toucan are disposed in a manner adapte ao a spos “ Manner adapted to combine with the great bulk o Ose parts a due degree of Strength and remarkable lightness and the bony st t i 9 33, 2 € bony structure is : Phe external parietes are extremely thin, especially in a ieee Se ee : : | yield in a slight degree to moderate pressure, but present considerable resistance 1f a force is applied for the purpose of crushing the beak. At the points of the mandibles, the 2 , S c 2S, at other parts, in the upper beak, they from 1-30th to 1-50th part of an inch, and in consequently of a most beautiful and delicate kind. the upper beak : they are elastic, and r walls are nearly a line in thickness : ar outer walls < i K are much thinner, varying the lower beak are from 1-20th to 1-30th of an inch in thickness. On making a longitudinal section of the upper mandible, its base is seen to include a conical cavity, about ? , with the apex directed forwards. The walls of this cone consist of a most beautiful osseous network, intercepting irregul two inches in length and one inch in diameter ar angular spaces, varying in diameter from half a line to two lines. From the parietes of this cone, a network of bony fibres is continued to the outer parietes of the mandible, the fibres which immediately support the latter being almost invariably implanted at right angles to the part in which they are inserted The whole of the mandible anterior to the cone is occupied with a similar network, the meshes of which are largest in the centre of the beak in consequence of the union which takes place between different small fibres as they pass from the circumference inwards. It is remarkable that the principle of the cylinder is introduced into this elaborate structure: the smallest of the supporting pillars of the mandibles are seen to be hollow or tubular, when examined with the microscope. The structure is the same in the lower mandible, but the fibres composing the network are in general stronger than those of the upper mandible. The medullary membrane lining these cavities appears to have but a small degree of vascularity. Processes of the membrane, accompanying vessels and nerves, decussate the conical cavity at the base of the beak. The principal nerves are two branches of the fifth pair, which enter at the as part of ie vont aa and diverge and ascend as they pass forwards to the end of the bill, giving off branches, which are distributed to the horny covering, and supply it with sensibility. | | | The air is admitted to the interior of the upper mandible from a cavity situated anterior Oe orbit, which communicates at its posterior part with the air-cell continued into ee orbit, and at its anterior Pas ae is maxillary cavity. The nasal cavity is closed at every part, except at its external and internal apertures, by the pituitary membrane, and has no communication with the interior g the pee Hen The organ of smell is confined to the base of the upper ee aria 1 oe ie odorous particles in inspiration, forms a sigmoid curve in ite eae ; as on a ee precisely the same perpendicular line as the internal one. It is ae a a a bee aime reat mandible, where it is raised above the level of the cranrum ; the ae a a foliage. secure from all injury that might happen to it in the ae oe oe ae st tance ee The olfactory canal is at first of almost a cylindrical form, and a a is of tite first spongy bone; it forwards for about half an inch, receiving from we nee TS ee the two other spongy bones : ten bends downwards and backwards, and is pe - mee and afterwards dilating to form the from this point it descends vertically to the palate, at fir s its convexity ae 5 ‘zontal, and has its convexity internal teri ifice. The first or outermost spongy bone is almost horizontal, ¢ Internal or posterior orifice. directed outwards. The second is nearly vertically placed, with its convexity directed backwards : it terminates in a narrow point below. The third or superior spongy bone makes a small projection towards the mesial plane, about the size of a pea. These spongy bones are formed by inward projections of the inner and posterior osseous parietes of the nasal passage ; they are cellular, and air is continued into them from the cranial diploé ; but the parietes of the nasal passage are entire and smooth, and lined by a delicate pituitary membrane. The inner table of the skull is continuous with the parietes of the nasal cavity, by means of the bony canal which accompanies and protects the olfactory nerves, and which represents, as it were, a single foramen of the cribriform plate of the mammalia. The communication of the cavity of the cranium with that of the nose is thus similarly formed, and is only obstructed in the recent state by the pituitary membrane, on the posterior cu/ de sac of which the olfactory nerve distributes its branches in a radiated manner. These branches were confined, as Scarpa has observed in other birds, to the pituitary membrane covering the septum narium and the superior spongy bone. The external orifice of the meatus auditorius is situated about half an inch behind the lower boundary of the orbit. The membrana tympani closes it so obliquely that its plane is directed almost backwards ; its anterior edge is consequently about three lines from the external orifice, while its posterior margin is at least six lines from the same point. It is convex outwardly as in birds generally. The apparatus of the ternal ear is easily exposed, the semicircular canals being lodged in a delicate reticulation of the diploé of the cranium. These parts, with the ossiculum of communication and the cochlea, do not present any deviations from the ordinary structure worthy of notice.—R. O. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. Fig. 1. Section of the cranium and upper mandible of the oo. Cornua of the os hyoides (cerato-hyal bones of Geof- Rhamphastos Toco. froy). a. The cancellated structure of the beak. p. The trachea, or windpipe. b. The cavity at the base. q. The gullet. c. Branches of the fifth pair of nerves. Fig. 3. Vertical longitudinal section of the head. d d. The external orifices of the nostrils. The same letters indicate the same parts as in the pre- e. The osseous parietes of the nasal passages. vious figures. f. The osseous tubes protecting the olfactory nerves. d. Shows the internal aperture of the nostrils. g. The pituitary membrane exposed, and branches of the r. The beginning of the spinal chord. olfactory nerve radiating upon it. s. The articulating surface of the occipital bone. h. The superior semicircular canals of the internal ear. t. The nasal septum or partition. 7 i. Hemispheres of the cerebrum. u. The air-cell anterior to the orbit from which the air k. Cerebellum. passes into the mandible. Fig. 2. The upper surface of the tongue. v. The cancellated structure of the lower jaw. !, The fringed or feathered portion of the tongue. Fig. 4. Side view of the foot of Ramphastos Toco. m. ‘The orifice of the larynx. Fig. 5. Under surface of the same. n. The orifice of the pharynx. Ks a) On ‘ : aor c = ROR i J i ee a) KS . : 7 r— 4 = Di os - hoes rs he = sores : — bh are Po eo) a eee ai efecg acute ive He iat st a BS aS sa Sieh OER EROS grapes bis D SI ( \ rn os “ 3 Awe aa Q ne YSU NW Ont C2 Heh Coal 9 ‘ \ , a) \ 4 ves . : pe ct a \ F S \ Q _° C \ . W a he an 7 a 4 We 5 , \ AIRE r Pt » ea ‘ Zi : 5 Re : JE - ‘ . OF r ) ea s A Oe & *\ Be aed ie u » r)) Aue i p A ‘ ee Pie Meae 4 Nd . ed ( . 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