SUPPLEMENT TO TE PERS en eon OF MONOGRAPH OF THE RAMPHASTIDA OR FAMILY OF TOUCANS. BY JOHN GOULD, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.E.S., FETHN.S. F.R.GEOG.S., M-RAYS., CORR. MEMB. OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURIN; OF THE SOC. OF THE MUSEUM OF NAT. HIST. OF STRASBOURG; FOR. MEMB. OF THE NAT. HIST. SOC. OF NURNBERG, AND OF THE IMP. NAT. HIST. SOC. OF MOSCOW; HON. MEMB. OF THE NAT. HIST. SOC. OF DARMSTADT; OF THE NAT. HIST. AND THE NAT. HIST. AND MED. SOCS. OF DRESDEN; OF THE TASMANIAN SOC. OF VAN DIEMEN’S LAND; OF THE ROY. ZOOL. SOC. OF IRELAND; OF THE PENZANCE NAT. HIST. SOC.; OF THE WORCESTER NAT. HIST. SOC.; OF THE NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM AND NEWCASTLE NAT. HIST. SOC.; OF THE IPSWICH MUSEUM; OF THE ORN. SOC. OF GERMANY, ETC. LONDON: PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE. 1855. TE - 44 as ey HT g es Et td ETE Lett SSPE EU ES Es 4 3 SE 3c i be ey 56 5 Both Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte and Mr. G. R. Gray consider the Ramphastos maximus of Cuvier to be identical with the R. erythrosoma of Wagler, which, as above stated, has been founded upon a made-up specimen. Mr. Vigors, who commenced a monograph of the family in the ‘ Zoological Journal,” but did not live to complete it, named two others, Ramphastos Ariel and Pteroglossus bitorquatus. Mr. Fraser pointed out the characters which distinguish his Pteroglossus flavirostris from the true Pt. Azare for which I had mistaken it. During my absence in Australia Mr. Waterhouse described a fine new species as Pteroglossus nigri- rostris, the bird st si ‘ BI WMO Citan Ethic : almost simultaneously receiving the appellation of P¢. melanorhynchus from the Messrs. Sturm of Nuremberg. M. Natterer, who has furni 7] i m AV ; as furnished us with so much yvaluabl r i 1 i able _ z : . é information respecting this group, na ed two new species Preroglossus Gouldi and Pt. Sturmi. INTRODU GEITON, M. Boissoneau has added to the list Preroglossus albwitta ; and M. d’Orbigny Pteroglossus ceruleocinctus. The Messrs. Sturm, in their German translation of the first edition of this work, have published two others, Preroglossus atrogularis, and Pt. Wiedi. The following are the species which I have had the pleasure of making known as additional members of the family :— Ramphastos brevicarinatus. Pteroglossus Marie. Inca. Andigena laminirostris. citreolemus. ——— hypoglaucus. osc ulans. — - cucullatus. culminatus. Selenidera Nattereri. Pteroglossus pluricinctus. Aulacoramphus Derbianus. peecilosternus. —___—_—— castaneorhynchus. castanotis. | —— hematopygius. erythropygius. | sie See ceruleogularis. The characters and figure of the R. citreopygius of my former edition were taken from a specimen at that time in the possession of Mr. Swainson, but which, with the remainder of his collection, is now in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge. Upon again examining it, and with greater care than upon the former occasion, I find that it is made up of the head of Ramphastos vitellinus and the body of R. erythrorhynchus ; consequently that name must be expunged from the list of the species of this family. Having thus traced the discovery of the various members of this important group from the earliest period down to the present time, I now proceed to speak of their affinities, the countries they inhabit, and the extent of their range; as well as to give all the information I have been able to obtain respecting their habits and economy, duly acknowledging the sources whence it has been derived. In some parts of their structure the Toucans much resemble the Hornbills; like them they are distinguished by the great development of the beak, by the scantiness of the plumage of the body, and by the rich colouring of the denuded parts of the skin ; both are impatient of cold, and both seem especially adapted for a tropical or subtropical climate ; both are said to incubate in the holes of trees, and they much alike in their general habits and actions; even to the positions they assume are, moreover, very back. In the structure of their feet, while roosting, when both sit with the tail turned upward over the ras aE a ao BS wy i eho t re bd fii ries 2: TET = 24 RE Ey o> f \ beac oad ~— Zs E < INTRODUCTION. however, they are totally different ; the toes of the Toucan being placed two before and two behind, while TPT ?: - » the foot of the Hornbill is of a broad palmated form, with three large partially united toes before and a more feebly developed one behind: still, although so nearly allied, the two groups constitute two distinct families, representing each other in the respective countries they inhabit ; the Hornbills dwelling in Africa, India and its islands, and the Toucans in tropical America. South America then is the true habitat of this group, and the forests bordering the mighty Amazon the centre whence they diverge on either hand. It is there that we find the greatest number of species, and there every generic form is represented. From PITLIITTT this central stronghold they range as far south as Paraguay and Bolivia; and their progress northward ‘s not bounded by New Grenada, several species inhabiting the Isthmus which connects Southern with Central America, and two even extending their range as far as Mexico. The forests of the Andes and the Cordilleras also afford to several species a congenial place of abode. Some frequent the humid woods of the temperate regions, while others resort to the comparatively colder districts, and dwell at an elevation of from six to ten thousand feet; those inhabiting the lofty regions are generically different from those residing in the lowlands, and are clothed in a more thick and sombre-coloured plumage ; all the members of the genus Andigena are thus distinguished, as well as by their bills being strong, heavy and hard when compared with those of the true Toucans and Aracaris, all of which have bills of a more delicate structure, and in several species so thin and elastic on the sides as to be compressible between the fingers. Considerable diversity of opinion exists as to the peculiar uses for which the disproportionate bills of these birds are especially adapted, and as to the nature of the food upon which they subsist; some writers stating that they are strictly frugivorous, and that they never partake of animal food ; while others affirm that they are quite omnivorous: my own belief is that fruits are, strictly speaking, their natural food, but that occasionally, as is the case with the Parrots and many fruit-eating birds, animal food is necessary to their well-being, and is then freely eaten: I have had many opportunities of observing that such is the case in a state of confinement, in confirmation of which I would refer to the interesting account by Mr. Broderip given with the description of Ramphastos erythrorhynchus. In this semi-domesticated state they will even eat mice, caterpillars, small birds, and flesh of any kind, especially raw beef; and I have little doubt that they would also eat fish if offered to them: Humboldt states, indeed, that the Toucan loves to fish on the banks of rivers, and it was doubtless some report of this kind that induced Linnzus to give the name of piscivorus to a species of this family; but I apprehend that in this particular both these celebrated men have been misinformed, for, as I have before said, I have every reason to believe that in a state of nature fruit is their principal food, the larger species, such as the Toco and the other members of the restricted genus Ramphastos, feeding upon Bananas and other succulent kinds , While the Pteroglossi and the Toucanets mainly subsist upon the smaller fruits and berries. Many interesting notes respecting these birds have been published by travellers who have explored South America, and I cannot perhaps do better than give them in their own words; for although uncon- I fey aS > 4 DN Te OD CrT ON! nected, they will convey a more lively idea of the habits and economy of this group of birds, than could be obtained from a condensed account derived therefrom; at the same time I must remark that on some points they are very contradictory. The Prince Maximilian of Wied, who has kindly forwarded to me some valuable notes on the Brazilian species observed by him during his travels in that part of South America, says, “ The Ramphastide are very common in all parts of the extensive forests of the Brazils, and are killed in great numbers at the cooler portion of the year for the purposes of the table. To the stranger they are of even greater interest than to the natives, from their remarkable form and from the rich and strongly contrasted style of their colouring ; their black or green bodies being adorned with markings of the most brilliant hue—red, orange, blue and white; their naked orbits in some instances red, and in others green or blue; the naked parts of the body dyed with brilliant colours ; the legs blue or green, the irides blue, yellow, &c.; and the large bill of a different colour in every species, and in many instances very gaily marked. The colouring of the soft parts is, however, so evanescent, that, to determine the species with accuracy, they must be depicted during life or immediately after the birds are killed. Common as these birds are in their native wilds, it is exceedingly difficult to detect their breeding places ; it is certain that they deposit their eggs in the hollow limbs and holes of the colossal trees so abundant in the tropical forests, but I was never so fortunate as to discover them. The stomachs of the specimens I examined contained nothing but the remains of fruits, principally of the softer kinds, for which indeed they have such a liking that they resort in great numbers to the plantations in the vicinity of their native haunts and commit sad havoc among their favourite delicacies. I was informed that they frequently steal and eat young birds, but no instance of their so doing came under my own observation, and I never detected the remains of animal food in their stomachs: Mr. Waterton’s opinion agrees with mine, that they feed solely upon fruits; but Azara, among others, states that they also feed upon animal substances. ‘The specimens we saw in a state of domestica- tion were very voracious and perfectly omnivorous, but they seem to be purely frugivorous in a state of nature, a fact which was indeed confirmed by the Brazilian natives whom we questioned on the subject. In their manners the Ramphastide offer some resemblance to the Corvide, and especially to the Magpies ; like them they are very troublesome to the birds of prey, particularly to the Owls, which they surround and annoy by making a great noise, all the while jerking their tails upwards and downwards. The flight of these birds is easy and graceful; and they sweep with facility over the loftiest trees of their native forests ; their strangely developed bills, contrary to expectation, are no encumbrance to them, for a singularity of structure (the interior being replete with a tissue of air-filled cells) renders these organs very light and even buoyant. The voice of the Ramphastide is short and unmelodious, and is somewhat different in every Their feathers are used by the Indians for personal decoration, especially the yellow breasts of species. the birds, which they affix to their heads on each side near the temple, and also to the ends of their bows. The descriptions of these birds in the older authors are very incomplete and of little value, from want of knowledge relative to the colouring of their bill and soft parts; nor have they been correctly described in TT bs Be HP Sc a 5 Bi iat | ae Site: a INTRODUCTION: 14 many of the works more recently published. The species observed by me durmg my travels in Brazil, which c = « o the 23rd degrees of south latitude, or from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro, were extended from the 13th t | Ramphastos Toco, R. Ariel, Pteroglossus Wiedi, and Pt. maculrostris. Mr. Waterton remarks, that ‘ While the Co¢imgas attract your attention by their superior plumage, the singular form of the Toucan makes a lasting impression on your memory. «There are three species of Toucans in Demerara, and three diminutives which may be called Toucanets. The largest of the former frequents the Mangrove-trees on the sea coast. It is never seen in the interior till you reach Machauchia, where it is found in the neighbourhood of the river Tacatoa; the other two species are very common. They feed entirely on the fruits of the forest, and though of the Pie kind, never kill the young of other birds or touch carrion. “The larger is called Bouradi by the Indians (which means zose), the other Sezrow. They seem partial to each other’s company, and often resort to the same feeding-tree, and retire to the same shady noon-day retreat. [hey are very noisy in rainy weather at all hours of the day, and in fair weather at morn and eve. The sound the Bouradi makes is like the clear yelping of a puppy dog, and you fancy he says ‘ Pia-po-o-co,’ and thus the South American Spaniards call him P2apoco. All the Toucanets feed on the same trees on which the Toucan feeds, and every species of this family of enormous bill lays its eggs in the hollow trees. They are social but not gregarious. You may sometimes see eight or ten in company, and from this you may suppose they are gregarious, but upon a closer examination you find it is only a dinner party which breaks up and disperses towards roosting time. You will be at a loss to conjecture for what end nature has overloaded the head of this bird with such an enormous bill; it cannot be for the offensive, as it has no need to wage war with any of the tribes of animated nature, for its food is fruits and seed, and those are in superabundance throughout the whole year in the regions where the Toucan is found. It cannot be for the defensive, as the Toucan is preyed upon by no bird in South America, and were it obliged to be at war; the texture of the bill is ill-adapted to give or receive blows, as you will see by dissecting it. “The flight of the Toucan is by jerks; in the action of flying it seems incommoded by this huge disproportionate feature, and the head seems as if bowed down to the earth by it against its will. If the extraordinary size and form of the bill expose the Toucan to ridicule, its colours make it amends. Were a specimen of each species of Toucan presented to you, you would pronounce the bill of the Bouwradi the most rich and beautiful one. It is worthy of remark, that all these brilliant colours of the bill are to be found in the plumage of the body and the bare skin round the eye.” I now give the account published by Azara, a man of great acumen and research, who studied closely the animals of South America, and whose works will always be held valuable ENTER OD) WC ON; i . ie 5 ern : : It is my intention to classify the Zucans, ‘so called by the Guaranis,’ amongst the diurnal birds of yrey, although nature seems to have unj 1 a character , prey, g ave united in them a character and figure altogether opposed to a cruel and sanguinary appetite. They are nearly always gregarious, since it is usual to meet them in a family party or congregated in little troops. GG 4 2 aon aac a =< are : sree Te : ° S They have very short wings and a misshapen beak, incapable of the operations of bending, sawing or grinding. The legs cannot be advanced alternately, but only by forced jumps. The two hind-claws are quite useless for seizure, attack or defence. co 7 F > R nV c ; fa ~ s The Toucans, contrary to all appearances, destroy a great number of birds, and on account of their large and strong beak are respected and feared by all species. They attack and drive them from their nests, and in their very presence eat their eggs and young; these they draw from the holes with the long beak, or throw down nest and all together. “It is credibly reported that the Toucans do not even respect the eggs or young of the ‘ Aras’ and ‘ 7 w¥Cier. 1 line . OF e ie Caracaras ;’ and if the fledglings are too large or too strong to be lifted from the nest, they dash them to the ground, as if it were their nature not only to devour but to uselessly destro y. ‘The solid nest of the White Ant, that resists the action of the weather and other destructive causes, is not proof against the Toucan’s attack, for he waits until the clay of which the nest is formed is moistened by the rain, and then breaks it up with his beak so as to obtain the eggs and young ants ; in fact during the breeding season the Toucan feeds upon nothing else; the rest of the year is for him a long fast, so strict, that he can only get fruits with sometimes a few insects and buds of trees, nor does he continue to annoy other birds. It is my opinion that the Toucans are unable to catch adult birds; but supposing they were, their stomach would not be capable of digesting the feathers and bones, nor their bill of plucking and disjointing. But in order not to deviate in any respect from the truth, I confess that I I am not sure that the small species of Toucans do not break the nests and devour the young ones, because, being more rare than the others in Paraguay, I have not been able to verify the fact, although I do not doubt it; for having the same form and the same manner of living, they must have the same habits. “In the first two species the bill is out of all proportion. The bird in flying presents the point of it to the wind, so that it does not offer more resistance than that of other birds in which the head and superficies are equal in extent; besides which, the conformation and specific lightness of this long beak cannot impede flight, because the highest points of the bird being the bill itself and the anterior portion of the body, they form no obstacle, the wind first taking effect upon the point of the bill: when in a state of repose, the Toucan carries its bill rather more elevated than a horizontal-line that would pass through the eyes, and when closely looked at it appears like a false bill, because its base exceeds the breadth of the head, which presents the appearance of being enclosed in a case. “Tn addition to these singularities, the nostrils are placed behind the aforesaid base. “The tongue is very narrow and of an equal thickness throughout; it is entirely osseous, and resembles somewhat a feather two lines in width furnished with an osseous fringe, which is directed from s UKs Ks et PRON al KEKE Err TEIE a, ibe ae 2 ry ™ ee tl 4 - fac oad e BN 4 Did BN my, eal Es eT.) pi } Bry . ay 7S ed INTRODUCTION: 16 ; ; fon en alae yart in the direction of the food, nor j behind forwards, so that the tongue, stiff and unyielding, takes no pi es . : i ee . lie 6 2 the formation of the note, which, in the first two species, 1s confined to the single syllable ‘ rac. “The mandibles are very distinctly dentated at their edges; these dentelations not corresponding at all above and below, nor are they even relatively symmetrical. The beak itself is a thin osseous sheath c ab / ’ ey - = filled with a number of empty cellules. «« The eye is large and surrounded by a triangular naked space, puffed up and very pretty. ‘© The foot is very short and stout, and covered nearly to the heel with long scales, harsh to the touch. The outer toe, as well before as behind, is the longest. The claws are much flattened and curved, as in the Woodpeckers. The tail is composed of ten feathers. “The Toucan flies at a moderate height and in a straight horizontal line, flapping its wings occa- sionally with some noise. The flight is quicker than the smallness of the wings would lead one to believe. It perches towards the top of the highest trees, and although unable to climb after the manner of Wood- peckers, it still progresses with speed, hopping from branch to branch. It pays great attention to all that takes place in its vicinity, advancing with fear and diffidence, like the ‘ Uruca’ and the ‘ Acahes’. “There is no perceptible difference between the two sexes, nor do I believe that the species exists towards the south beyond 28°, nor that it drinks; it rarely settles on the ground. «The first species (2. Toco) is not rare; it is found near habitations and in the woods, but never in the fields. «As regards its nidification, it builds in the holes of trees, and hatches two young ones, closely resembling the adults, which feed them until they are able to fly. I have observed that young birds reared artificially always die at the end of two or three months. ‘The Toucan hops obliquely and very awkwardly, with the legs separated almost a hand’s breadth. ‘When it takes young birds from the nest, pieces of meat or fruit, it throws them in the air, as a juggler his balls, and by a quick movement of the beak, repeats this action until the food is in a favourable position for being swallowed, and then by another movement gulps it down its large throat. ‘Tf the mouthful be larger than the orifice of the gullet, the Toucan abandons it without seeking to divide it. : “Tt is not known how the reproduction of the small species takes place, but it is probably similar to that of the others. “‘ Buffon has given a beautiful preface to his description of the Toucans, but he is mistaken in thinking that the name of these birds signifies ‘ feather’ in the Brazilian language, and that they have been so called because in lieu of a tongue they have a feather of a cartilaginous (or as 1f seems to me osseous) substance. is also in error in stating that the bill is both useless and an encumbrance, since it serves as an offensive wec . : . ae (Tose a eapon, and does not impede their flight nor weigh down the head. The flight of the Toucan, on the ’ contrary iS t ] lic rs nf d 7 7L- y> O erably W ift, al by no means aw kward or embarr assed, the beak and he d b in th m st a G oi ¢c Os elevated parts. Buffon erroneously states also that Touc ans perch upon the tops of trees, are easily tamed, INTRODUCTION. 7 and breed in captivity; and lastly, that their cry is a kind of reiterated whistling, procuring for them the name of ‘ Oiseaux Prédicateurs’ (Preaching Birds). c es ‘ scarte s i ° . 5 : The same author asserts, from the report of Hernandez, that they have a habit of boring trees, but this is impossible. The mistake mus ve arisen fr > fact of i i f | é st have arisen from the fact of their having been seen at holes of trees, and thence abstracting the €ggs or young of the Woodpecker or Parrot. “Their physiognomy is neither sad nor serious, as Buffon affirms. They have simply an air of restlessness and mistrust. ‘** Fernandez and Nieremberg affirm that these birds prey upon fish, but I do not think this, although I consider it very likely that they may sometimes feed upon frogs, toads, and such like. ‘‘ Buffon supposes that they are erratic rather than migratory birds. On this subject I can say nothing, except that the large species is stationary, and according to all appearances the others are the same.” Humboldt states that he never observed the Toucan throw its food into the air before swallowing it, and adds that, having once seized it with the point of its enormous beak, it has merely to elevate it by throwing back the head and allow it to drop down the throat. The following extract is from Edwards’ ‘ Voyage up the Amazon :’-— ‘Most noticeable of all these birds, both for size and peculiarity of form, are the Toucans. There are many varieties, appearing at different seasons ; but the Red-billed (2. erythrorhynchus) and the Ariel (R. Ariel) are the largest and most abundant, seen at every season, but towards autumn particularly, in vast numbers throughout the forest. “ Their large beaks give them a very awkward appearance, more especially when flying ; yet, in the trees, they use them with as much apparent ease as though they were, to our eyes, of a more convenient form. Alighted on a tree, one usually acts the part of sentinel, uttering constantly the loud ery Tucano, whence they derive their name. The others disperse over the branches in search of fruit. ‘“We had been told that these birds were in the habit of tossing up their food to a considerable distance, and catching it as it fell; but as far as we could observe, they merely threw back the head, allowing the fruit to fall down the throat. We saw, at different times, tamed Toucans, and they were never seen to toss their food, although almost invariably throwing back the head. This habit is rendered necessary by the length of the bill and the stiffness of the tongue, which prevent their eating as do other birds. «All the time, while feeding, a hoarse chattering is kept up, and at intervals they unite with the noisy sentry, and scream a concert that may be heard a mile. ‘Having appeased their appetites, they fly towards the deeper forest, and quietly doze away the noon. Often in the very early morning a few of them may be seen sitting silently upon the branches of some dead tree, apparently awaiting the coming sunlight before starting for their feeding-trees. “‘The nests of the Toucans are represented in works of Natural History as being constructed in the SS. eas SS ee, a 2 es Evy BS 5 | TEE ne a mn WET a r Late $ $ESES HIE a Bid ny dit, Pt PS Db Li LES) <\\ BY Bi 3) ae ee aps ee Nal bad ety, at ed 4 r * WuETY . 3 a D RE AF & abe, Neuer * INTRODUCTION. The only nest we ever saw, which hollows of trees. It may be so in many cases and with some species. was of the Toco Toucan, was in the fork of a large tree, over the water, upon the Amazon. c 5 Eas Peet ie ar ins’ : : « Toucans, when tamed, are exceedingly familiar, playful birds, capable of learning as many feats as any of the Parrots, with the exception of talking. ««When turning about on their perch, they effect their object by one sudden jump. They eat anything, but are particularly fond of meat. “ When roosting they have a habit of elevating their tails over their backs. The beaks of the Red- 5 J billed Toucans are richly marked with red, yellow, and black; but preserved specimens soon lose their beauty. “The other varieties found near Parad are the Pteroglossus maculirostris (Licht.), the P. ditorquatus (Vig.), and the P. viridis.” But few notes have been written on the Toucans of the Pacific side of America; I find, however, the following in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the Sulphur,’ by the late R. B. Hinds, Esq. :— “Tn our examination of the west coast of America from south to north, the Ramphastide were first seen at Atacames, which is a little south of the equator ; and they were subsequently often noticed at the different places touched at as far as the Gulf of Fonseca, in 13°17’ N. Lat. This is, however, most certainly not their geographical limit, and probably not even on the coast.’—Zool. of Voy. of Sulphur, p. 46. Latham and some of the older authors mention a Preacher Toucan, but which species is intended is by no means clear. The name may possibly have arisen from the following note in the 42nd volume of the Gentleman’s Magazine, p. 505 :— «The genus is confined to the hotter parts of South America; near Carthagena is found a bird called Preacher, from the custom of its perching above its companions, and with a ridiculous motion of its head, attended with its harsh note, as it were uttering a discourse.” By Linneus and the older writers, all the members of this group known to them were comprised in the single genus Ramphastos. In the year 1811, however, Illiger separated the smaller and more elegantly- formed species, popularly known as A4racaris, into a distinct genus, to which he gave the name of Pfero- glossus. Since that period we have acquired a much more extensive acquaintance with the subject, and we find that a still further subdivision of the family is necessary ; indeed they appear to be naturally divided into five or six distinct sections or genera, each having well-marked characters not found in any of the others. The genus Ramphastos of Linneus must of course be retained for the Toucans, distinguished by their large and gaily- . ills A pee oe = : arge and gaily-coloured bills, and the black colouring of their plumage ; in like manner Illiger’s genus Pteroglossus is retaine Ve NCS ae 8 : 2 etained for the Aragaris, birds having a more elegant contour, and whose bodies are clothed in green above and yellow and red beneath. In both these sections the sexes are alike in colour. IN'T R OD U 6 PLO, h next section in 0Int f ini is if A o f A | ¢ 2 ot affinit L(G Aprises Cc az le Gc I } c J on pt 1ses the b autl ul Ama onlian group O Band d i racaris, figured under the names . Re Me : g e names of Pte oglossus Beauhar nasu, Pt. Azare, Pt. Jlavirostris, Pt. Marie, Pt. bitor- watus and Pt. Sturmi, and for whic reneri pe af qY Ec hg or which the generic appellation of Beauharnaisius has been proposed by Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte. In this section the females very closely assimilate to the males in colour, but differ in the lighter hue of the throat. Me eos i, ut Aah : i ; The fourth section, for which I have proposed the generic appellation of Selenidera, and the trivial one : : ; : of Toucanets, is exceedingly well-marked ; all its members are of small size when compared with the true ae CG is © r S 7 - . . Qe 7 . occ eyo © = . S Aracaris, have shorter and harder bills; shorter and less graduated tails ; and are, moreover, distinguished = res , s ark Sr ) > wie r sah ice ee . . by a crescentic mark of yellow at the back of the neck 3 by brilliant orange and yellow ear-coverts ; and by a great difference in the colouring of the sexes. The fifth division comprises the Hill Toucans, a group inhabiting the elevated portions of the Andes. They are all well-proportioned birds, have larger and harder bills than the Selenidere ; a thick but lax plumage; and are not banded on the under surface like the Aracaris. For this group I have proposed the generic name of Andigena. The sixth and last division, constituting my genus Aulacorhynchus, altered by Mr. G. R. Gray to Aulacoramphus, comprises ten species distinguished by a nearly uniform grass-green style of plumage, the feathers composing which are long and loose, and by the bill being in some of the species grooved along the sides. The sexes are alike in colour. For the true Toucans then I retain Linneeus’ genus RAMPHASTOS, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :— Rostrum maximum, tenue, culmine cultrato et versus apicem incurvo; basi margine incrassato, maxille angulo frontali, transversim subtruncato, fomia ineequaliter serrata; nares frontales, pone maxille basin site ; orbite nude ; Jingua mediocris, angusta, pennacea; ale subelongate, concave ; remigibus primis et secundariis ad apices in spatham angustam eductis; primariis sexta et septima cozqualibus, et longitudine prestantibus ; cauda eequalis ; pedes scansorii; digiti externi internis longiores ; acropodia scutulata. : : . ae cae } oS Bill very large, thin; culmen sharp and curved down towards the tip ; thickened on the margin at the base; serrated on the edges; nostrils placed behind the base of the bill; orbits naked; tongue long, narrow and eo P dat By teu TE; fs iti. i S23 EEE: oY 2 % baal TEE EI eee HEN Cv o ae, $i ET TET $X wi C bY ape Si 7 4 —— TP SITITIGSI PLease aed FE Q ik EL se { D4 Pit | of | INTRODUCTION. ; Re ee ; -imaries with the tips prolonged i feather-like ; wings rather lengthened and concave ; first and second primé ps | nged into a six sey -imaries the longest; feet scansorial. narrow spatulate form ; the sixth and seventh primaries equal, and gest; fi g The members of this genus are more widely distributed over South and Central America than those of any other section of the family ; for although it is in Brazil, and particularly in the forests clothing the delta of the Amazon, that the greater numbers exist, some of the species are found as far south as Para- guay; and one as far north as Mexico. The warmer forests, both on the eastern and western sides of the Andes, are equally tenanted by them. The species are : 1. Ramphastos Toco. : : : : Pie 2. ————— __ carinatus : PIA 3. —————. breyicarinatus : : : : Plo he 4, ————— Tocard : : ‘ PI 5. —————_ ambiguus : ; : : : Pla 6. ——_——— erythrorhynchus_ . ; : PI WVikE 7. ———_—— Inca . ; : : : : : PL Vit eon : : : : : Pl. Vite 9. ————— citreolemus : , ; : Pix 10. —————_ osculans : : : : ; PER 11. ——-——— culminatus cere : , Pl. XE 12, ——_—_—— Ariel . : ; : : : Pl. Xo 13. —————_ vitellinus : y : Pl. XII. 14. ——-_——— dicolorus , : : Pl. Xd¥2 For the Aracaris, [lliger’s genus PTEROGLOSSUS, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :— Rostrum, amplum ; ; Sas . : : , amplum, tenue, cultratum, basi margine incrassato ; maxillz angulo frontali obtuso; tomia serrata; nares altiores et in maxille basi posite ; lingua mediocris, angusta, pennacea ; ale concave, breviores, secundum INTRODUCTION. 21 staturam, quam in gener icto; primarii A cuints aturam, qua genere Ramphasto dicto ; primaris quarta, quinta et sexta cozqualibus et longissimis ; cauda gradata ; pedes scansorii ; digiti externi internis longiores ; acropodia scutulata Bill large, light, serrated on the edoes - nnctp; 7e Si i i ge, light, edges ; nostrils above situated in the base of the bill: tongue long, narrow and feather-like ; wings shorter in pr ti i renus ; i 1 ; 1g) n proportion than in the genus Ramphastos ; concave ; fourth, fifth and sixth pri- maries equal, and the longest ; tail graduated ; feet scansorial ; outer toes longer than the inner. Although very generally dispersed over South America, the Aracaris have a legs extended range than the true Toucans. I have not seen any species from the countries southward of the latitude of Rio de Janeiro, and no species have been found to the northward of Guatemala. The great countries of Venezuela, Guiana, the forests of the Amazon generally, and Northern Brazil are the portions of the Continent in which the species are found in the greatest abund ance. They are— 15. Pteroglossus Aracari ; : i . : PI XY. 16. —— Wiedi_. : ; : , ; : Pl. XVI. 17. ———— pluricinctus . : , : ; Pl. XVII. 18. ———-—— peccilosternus ; ; : Pl. XVIII. 19, ——____ castanotis ‘ : ; ; 5 ‘ Pl. XIX. 20. —————_ torquatus : : d : BE Xexe 21. ————— erythropygius : ; ; : : Bix 22. ————— Humboldti . : : j : : Pl. XXII. 23. —————— inscriptus : : : : Pl. XXIII. 24, —____ viridis. : . ; : . : Pl. XXIV. Of these ten species seven are normal, and the remaining three somewhat aberrant; in fact the two lettered Aracaris, P. Humboldti and P. inscriptus, might with propriety be separated into a distinct genus, and the P. viridis made the type of another. 4 GROR $2 i Te ars: 5 ra eee oer ee HRB RE RS $2i23 EKER a y "s SY at HEE TED n bi bei d: oe 1 TIFIITT FT: iy: TPIT L - 2 TISTIITIT INIT BO DUC TON. For the third section, or Banded Aracaris, generic title of BEAUHARNAISIUS, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :— Aspectus generalis, sicut in genere PreroGosso dicto, attamen rostro delicatule leeviore, necnon alis brevioribus, et caudé attenuate minore. General structure as in Pteroglossus, but the bill more delicate, the wings shorter, and the tail smaller and of a lighter form. Unlike the members of the genus Ramphastos, which are universally spread over South America, and the Pteroglossi, which are nearly so, the members of the genus Beauharnaisius are almost entirely confined to the districts bordering the Amazon and its tributaries; and there is scarcely any part of the banks of I propose to adopt Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte’s this river where Palm-trees abound that one or other of the species is not to be found. They are: 25. Beauharnaisius ulocomus 26. ————_—_—— bitorquatus 27. ————_—__—__ Sturmi are 29, —_____—— ffavirostris a), $$$ lane Phis is by far the most beautiful section of the entire family. In the plates and descriptive letter-press they are retained under the old term P¢eroglossus ; but in future they will stand as above-named. Pl. XXV. Pl. XXVI. Pi Xx Pl. XXVIII. Pl. XXIX. Pl. XXX. ENTER ODUCT low, The fourth secti ises eae : ection comprises the species constituting my genus SELENIDERA, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS -—_ Rostrum brevius et amplius quam in genere Pteroglosso; cauda ratione ad magnitudinem corporis habit4 brevior : sexus inter se colore dissimilis; mare caput pectusque nigra, foemind has partes castaneas habente ; plume auriculares flavee; lunula ad cervicem posticam flava. Bill shorter and thicker than in the genus Pteroglossus ; tail shorter in proportion to the size of the body; sexes differing in colour ; the male having the head and breast black, the same parts in the female being chestnut ; g ches ; ear-coverts and a crescent at the back of the neck yellow. This interesting group of Toucanets again have a more restricted range than either the typical Ramphasti or Pteroglossi. No one of them has yet been found so far to the northward as the Isthmus of Panama; and few of them have been observed beyond the latitude of the Amazon in this direction. On the banks of that river, however, and those of the Rio Negro and Rio Madeira, they are very numerously dispersed ; and one species, the Selenidera maculirostris, is found as far south as Rio de Janeiro, and I believe in Corrientes and Paraguay ; still the forests bordering the Upper Amazon and its tributaries are undoubtedly the cradle of the race. They constitute a well-marked section of the family, and are distinguished by their small size, by their short bills, by the crescentic mark of yellow at the base of the neck, and by the brilliant colours which adorn their ears and flanks. The females have all these character- istic marks, but differ conspicuously in the colouring of the anterior half of their bodies, which is generally chestnut-brown instead of black. The species are— 31. Selenidera maculirostris i i ; : ‘ BL XXX, 32. ———— Gouldi : : : : : : : Pl. XXXII. 33. ———— Langsdorffi . : : : ; . : P]. XXXIII. 34, ————_ Nattereri : . : : ; : Pl. XXXIV. 30. ———— Reinwardti . ; : : : Pl. XXXV. piperivora”. : 3 : j : : Pl. XXXVI. £ by ta a4 ib 4 xy PRE: pot te $ ] TeITITI Pasa sisitat a } Al a} Tir “3 <= 7 ar: Co Er i e SLES val . 4 Wi i INTRODUCTION. The fifth section contains the Hill Toucans, forming my genus ANDIGENA, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :— Rostrum turgidum, magnum, attamen minus quam in genere restricto Pteroglossus dicto. Ale et caude ut in genere Aulacorampho nominato. Ptiluma elongatum, laxum, capillaceum. Bill stout and swollen, but not so large as in the true Pteroglosst; wings and tail very similar to those of Aulaco- ramphus ; general plumage long, loose, and hair-like. It has been found that even the higher ranges of the Andes are not untenanted by the Toucans ; Professor Jameson of Quito informs me that the 4. damincrostris even ascends the sides of Pichincha to an elevation of from six to ten thousand feet. The members of this genus extend all along the Andes and the Cordilleras, from the Caraccas to Bolivia, where Mr. Bridges found a species in the forests of Cocapata, in the department of Cochabamba ; one species, however, the 4. Bailloni, appears never to quit the lowlands of Brazil. These Hill Toucans have stout hard bills, are very thickly clothed, and have the under surface generally of a uniform and delicate colour. The species are— 37. Andigena laminirostris : ; : Pl. XXXVEE a hypoglaucus : : F Pl. XXXVIII. 39. ———— nigrirostris . ; : ; : PI. XXxaS A crenlatis : : : PI. XG: 41. ———— Bailloni : ; : Pl. XEE nm . . . . . . . s S The sixth and last section comprises a series of birds remarkable for some of the species having the sides of their bills deeply grooved ; they form my genus AULACORAMPHUS, WITH THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS :— Rostru natica: Wane um, comparative breve, latum, ad culmen depressum ; apud latera sulcatum ; mandibulé inferiore ad basin oblique ultra oculi lin 2 : oer : : R ee Sua A q @ neam tendente; ale breves et rotundate, remige quarta longissimé, quinta, sexta, et INTROD UCTION. septima inter se fere coequalibus: eeVISuIet ait P eq 1S; cauda, paululum brevis, et minus gradata quam in genere Pieroglosso nominato. Bill comparatively short, broad and flattened on the culmen; furrowed on the sides, and with the base of the beyond the line of the eye: > mandible ey 1 a fete : under mandible extending obliquely 1 3 wings short and round, the fourth quill the longest, the fifth, sixth and seventh being nearly of equal length; tail comparatively short, and not so decidedly graduated as in the true Pteroglossi. This may be considered an Andean group, for it is among those lofty mountain ranges that nearly all the species are found. They are dispersed over all parts of the temperate regions, from Bolivia on the south to Mexico on the north. They possess characters common to each other; their plumage is nearly of a uniform green, and the sexes are precisely alike in colour. The species are 42. Aulacoramphus sulcatus i ‘ . ; Pl. XLII. 43. —___—_____Derbianus_ . : : : : : BE OXaouie a castaneorhynchus . : ; : : RE Xasye 45 hematopygius : : : : : PIE xanve 46. —__________ cerruleocinctus : Pl. XLVI. 4 prasinus : ; : : : : Pl. XLVII. 48. ——______ Wagleri : ; : : : : P]. XLVIII. 49, —__________ albivitta : : : : : Pl. XLIX. il. atrogularis. 3 : : REL: ol. ———____— ceruleogularis : : : : : PU Since the above was in type, Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte has sent me a portion of his remarks on the Birds brought by the late M. De Lattre from Nicaragua, in which I find in a note at page 84 he proposes a still further division of this family: first, RampHometus for the Andigena nigrirostris; next, Rampnoxantuus for the Aulacoramphus prasinus, A. albwitta, &c.; and Pireertvorus for Selenidera piperivora, Pteroglossus viridis, Andigena Bailloni, Pteroglossus inscriptus, &c. As regards Rampuome us, I think any further subdivision of the Hill Toucans inadmissible: the bird upon which the Prince proposes to establish the genus has all the characters common to the other members of the section, with the exception of the black colouring of the beak, which surely must be regarded rather as a specific than as a generic distinction. al wv 4 {4 Bi ener Serr eK i ities etl ar 3K —— WE ey TEiriL _— i HE: ehed bt aes iy ¥ SEtsieaes fii it. nt LEESES ES 8 i f B pies fox Ni Pd ® ¥ a el 3 < tts INTRODUCTION: Precisely the same remark may be made with respect to his new genus Rampxoxantuus for Aulaco- ramphus prasinus and A. albivitta, inasmuch as they do not in my opinion offer sufficient generic differences to warrant their separation from the other birds with which I have associated them. The birds comprising his genus Prrerivorus I consider to belong to three distinct genera. The first —piperivora—is a true Selenidera—the fourth, Bailloni—an Andigena; the second and third—zwridis and inscriptus—might perhaps be separated ; but in that case ezdis would stand alone in one genus and inscriptus with Humboldti in another, for which the term GraMMARHYNcHUs might be an appropriate appellation. Ets? OF PLATES. * ee Ramphastos Inca. ————— brevicarinatus. = A eae, —————- citreoleemus. Pteroglossus Wiedi. erythropygius. —————— peecilosternus. ——_—— Avzare. ————— flavirostris. ——_—— Marie. ——_— Sturmi. Andigena nigrirostris. —— cucullatus. laminirostris. Selenidera Gouldi. Aulacoramphus castaneorhynchus. ——————. albivitta. ——— elie iais. — ceruleicinctus. ceruleogularis. *,* The proper situation of the above Plates will be found in the lists of t species of the respective genera, given in the Introduction. I ne a SEs EtE aL i ti Pry) 4 VA ov QHERIKOKS 24 HEE ze = Ip 4 3 ng omy nul RAMPHASTOS INCA, Gouda. Inca Toucan. | SpEcIFIc CHaRAcTER. | Ramph. rostro negro, im lateribus sanguineo obnubilato; culmine mandibule supervoris ad ) apicem, et lata fascia basali flavis, hac postice lined nord, “ oo anticé lined coccinea cincta ; gula et pectore albis flavicinctis, hoc torque sanguineo wnfra succincto ; tectricibus caudce superioribus aurantiacis. General plumage black ; throat and chest white tinged with yellow, and bounded below by a band of blood-red ; upper tail-coverts rich orange ; under tail-coverts blood-red ; bill black, with a patch of pale blood-red on the sides of the upper mandible near the base, with the culmen and point of the lower mandible yellow, and with a broad basal belt of the same colour, bounded posteriorly with a narrow line of black, and anteriorly with a narrow line of scarlet, the yellow clouded with olive-blue on the lower and the cutting edge of the upper mandible; orbits yellow, passing into yellow on their outer margins ; irides brown ; legs and feet bluish lead-colour. CAE feb avis > <4. Ramphastos Inca, Gould in Proce. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 68.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iii. App. p. 19 (App. to p. 403).—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 92, Total length, 20 inches; J7i/, 5+; wing, 93; taal, 73 tarsi, 24 ! : Ramphastos, sp. 2. For a knowledge of this species we are indebted to Mr. Bridges, who brought a single specimen from Bolivia. It is nearly allied to R. erythrorhynchus, but differs from that species in having the greater part of the mandibles black ; a mark of scarlet, almost triangular in form, occupying a small space on each side of the culmen only; and in having a faint line of scarlet posterior to the black colouring, which does not occur at all in the other species: the blood-red band on the breast, too, is broader and deeper coloured, and the white of the throat is more strongly tinged with yellow. A still greater distinction is, however, observable in the colouring of the upper tail-coverts, which in R. Jnca are of a rich fiery orange, while in R. erythrorhynchus they are lemon-yellow. From all appearances, it is probable that the specimen brought by Mr. Bridges is a female ; and if that be the case, the male, when discovered, will prove to be one of the most rich coloured species of the genus. he Mr. Bridges’s specimen was procured in the elevated and dense forests at Chimoree in the country of the Yuracaras Indians in Bolivia ; beyond this, I regret to say, nothing is known respecting it. The figure is of the natural size. PROG : din Tt EE N 77 ay Tir: oR Let i2$ PERG H Tht ~ 2EES ES ie all TET U LES ie) cs ee ape Nar ON bY BS tied Py M, ‘4 7 Gould ALTU'S 4 A KVICARIN BR dS ( EY ar) << 4 ey eB i 4 | Ty | IR ig oa] | 2 " 3 | 4 | 5 VIII RAMPHASTOS BREVICARINA TUS, Goud. Short-billed Toucan. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Ramph. rostro brevi, compresso, fascii, angusta nigra basali circumdato, apice sanguineo ; man- Lib la ys viride 5 A e dibuld superiore viridi, culmine maculaque utringue aurantio-flavis ; gutture pectoreque luters, hoc torque sanguineo infra succincto. General plumage black with a pale wash of rufous at the back of the neck, and a gloss of green on the back, wings, abdomen and tail ; upper tail-coverts white ; under tail-coverts bec red; cheeks, throat and breast yellow, bounded below with a band of scarlet ; bill light green, passing into deep red on the tips of both mandibles; along each side of the upper mandible an oblong patch of reddish orange; both mandibles bounded at the base with a narrow line of black, and both marked near the tomiaz with indistinct transverse rays of black ; orbits verditer-green, passing into yellow on their outer margin ; feet blue, tinged with lilac on their under surface. Total length, 14 inches; b7//, 44; wing, 7; tail, 6; tarsi, 1%. From the time I commenced the study of the various members of this group of birds, I have always felt convinced that the Mexican Keel-billed Toucans constituted more than a single species ; for upon examining the fine collection of the Prince Massena at Paris, while engaged on the first edition of this work, I found two fully adult specimens differing considerably in all their admeasurements, and especially in the length of the bill, which in one was fully a third longer than that of the other, while there was no marked difference in their depth ; in the smaller bird the yellow of the breast was separated from the black of the under surface by a well-defined and somewhat broad band of blood-red, of which there was either a very slight or no trace in the larger one; subsequently I saw other examples in some of the continental museums, but was undecided as to the propriety of characterizing them as distinct ; the British Museum, however, having been lately enriched with specimens of the short-billed species sent direct from the western side of the isthmus of Panama, all of which are alike in admeasurement, and have well-defined pectoral scarlet bands, I have considered it only right to define and give a representation of the short-billed bird, leaving it for future explorers to determine whether it be really distinct or only a local variety. Its specific characters are a short and deep bill, whence the name érevicarinatus, accompanied by a bright scarlet band on the chest. My attention has been lately called to a third variety or species, intermediate between the two, but from a different locality —New Grenada ; the first instance that has come under my notice of a Keel-billed Toucan being found south of the Isthmus of Panama. The pallecrion of the Prince Massena above alluded to is now in the Museum at Philadelphia; the American ornithologists will therefore have an opportunity of investigating the subject, and of giving an opinion as to the specific value of Ramphastos brevicarinatus. The figures are of the natural size. Bty ak yd KEK H ye ad mae oe EE "3 = eae LK KE ae $2 $24 PREY K Tht yy Sine Enea ey Ing. dion,” a hth vichter dal Gould & Rickie, Fulemanda &Wau A SS ~ ~ S Ay nn 5 | Mi! 4 HY LUNI) INTTTATH ANN jay ony Hidfiill RAMPHASTOS AMBIGUUS, sw Doubtful Toucan. ans. Sprciric Cyaracrer. Ramph. niger ; | jugulo flavo ; mandibule Superwores parte superiore flaca, transverse maculata wee 7 e \ a or A S S 3 = = : : striga viridi oblique divisd ; mandibuld enferiore negra. —Swainson. = General plumage black, with a tinge of rufous at the back of the neck and a greenish gloss on as gS the wings, body and tail; throat rich yellow, bounded below by a narrow line of yellowish white, to which succeeds a broader one of blood-red ; upper tail-coverts creamy white ; under tail-coverts blood-red ; upper mandible obliquely divided for about three-fourths of its length from the base by a strongly defined streak of black, the space below which is chocolate-black, and that above yellow, traversed by a broad streak of green; under mandible chocolate-black at the base, passing into black towards the up; orbits blue ?; legs and feet blue above, lilac beneath. Total length, 20 inches; 42//, 5+; wing, 8%; tail, 64; tarsi, 1%. Ramphastos ambiguus, Swains. Zool. Ul. 1st Ser., vol. iii. pl. 168. —— Swainson, Gould, Mon. of Ramph., pl. 8, lower figure.—Ib. Sturm’s Edit., O pl. , lower figure. 5 However much I may have been perplexed by the Mexican Keel-billed Toucans, I have been ten times more so by the Columbian species known under the name of Zocard, to which in the former edition of this work I gave the name of Swainsoni, believing as I did that the Zocard of Le Vaillant and the Ramphastos ambiguus of Swainson were one and the same species; I am now, however, induced to regard them as distinct, in consequence of having recently seen in some of the continental Museums, and lately received in a collection of birds from the neighbourhood of Bogota, several examples which precisely accord with Swainson’s figure of his Ramphastos ambiguus, and which differ from the 2. Zocard in having smaller and straighter bills, with all the space beneath the oblique band purplish black, and with a distinct trace of the green mark along the sides of the yellow portion of the upper mandible so conspicuous in Swainson’s drawing ; I have determined therefore upon restoring that appellation to the bird for which Mr. Swainson doubtless intended it, and which I believe to be quite distinct from the &. Tocard. Some variation appears to exist in the colouring of the bare skin round the eye. Mr. Mark, Her Majesty’s Consul at Bogota, tells me it is bluish green. Dr. Tschudi, who collected specimens in Peru, says it is blue, which on examination ! found to be the case, so far as could be judged from the appearance of his specimen in the Museum at Neufchatel. Swainson, who states that his figure was taken from a drawing made from the bird immediately after death, also represents it blue: the diversity of hue is probably due to age, but may be attributable to some other circumstance with which we are not acquainted. In the examples from Bogota, the oblique verditer-green mark on the upper mandible, forming so conspicuous a feature in Swainson’s figure, is very apparent ; and this among other reasons has led me to consider the species to be a true one and to figure it as such. 5 It is scarcely necessary to add, that this conclusion has been arrived at since my acc ae that the insertion of Swainson’s name of 2. ambiguus among the synonyms of that species ount of the R. Tocard was printed ; Is an error. The term “ Doubtful,’ 1 may observe, alluc appellation. The figures are of the natural size. - : 99 oe ey les to the species, and not to the ‘‘ Toucan” as a generic res TEs cE reste OK eee “ 1€ upper part of the abdomen a broad band of black tinged with green ; lower part of the ab breast a broad crescentic mark of blood-red Onl tt domen and under tail-coverts yellow, stained with blood-red next the black band ; thighs olive ; bill delicate straw-yellow, with a broad streak of red along the sides of the upper mandible, bounded below by an inter- rupted narrow line of orange ; irides dark carmine-red ; orbits immediately round the eye dark greenish grey, inclining to indigo-blue, and with a patch of red at the anterior angle above, and another in the posterior angle behind the eye; legs green. ce av CO Total length, 142 inches; Az//, 32; wing, 5; tail, 52; tarsi, 1. Female.—Similar in colour, but with the chestnut hue of the throat paler, and the black mark bounding it below more conspicuous than in the male. LT’ Aracari Azara, Levaill. Hist. Nat. des Ois. de Parad., Supp., p. 40. t. A. Ramphastos Azara, Vieill. 2nde Edit. du Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. xxxiv. p. 283.—Ib. Ency. Méth. Orn., part ii. p. 1431. Pteroglossus Azare, Vieill. Gal. des Ois., tom. ii. pl. et p. (not numbered)—Wagl. Syst. Av., Pteroglossus, sp. 3.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 403, Péero- glossus, sp. 6.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., Pteroglossus, sp. 6.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. Ir gives me great pleasure to figure this, the true P. Azare of Levaillant, from very recently lied speci- mens sent to this country by Mr. Wallace from the Rio Negro on the Amazon; by means of which I am enabled to give a representation of the colouring of the soft parts as they SOMES in life : it wall be seen that they give a very beautiful appearance to the bird, and consequently add materially to os interest. Since the publication of the first edition of this work, numerous examples have aoe aa i thie country, ae cipally, however, by Sir Robert Schomburgk, who collected them during his ee ae the interior o British Guiana. Little difference in size exists between this species and PP. facrosins: a is, However the smaller of the two ; but, with the exception of the bill, the two buds ie precisely alike in their ee it is certainly one of the most elegant species of the genus, and it is much to\be regreteds uaa eae is known of the habits and economy of so beautiful a bird. The figures represent the two sexes of the size of life. a4 $24) KOI wr) EIETE At S 3 EE re <4 gst red a eZ bt bt ot 4 is inl bs eee Nene £St HE TED U pote i SE SRS fe 7 TUS. ‘LAVUROSTRIS, A f q v Q LOS SU ) AIT i i \ } | ay ~ “ey E a = ES = ; = 1 F =a —— i =A = I LEILE PE PELES YS 2S See tt de det Mo dob DL LS ELSE OLLE LA LIE LELIL LIVES LE LE LSE LL. yar aN PTEROGLOSSUS FLAVIROSTRIS, Yellow-billed Aracari. Fras. SPectric Caaracter. Pter. rostro stramineo-flavo ; tomic mandibule sunerjor; ee bulee -oinats oe par; a” De ; : U supervoris emarginationibus negris ; mandibula enferzore aurantio tincta. 4 Y 7 29 ‘ 0 yal ols = Male.—Crown of the head black ; back of the neck between the shoulders dark chestnut-red ; upper surface, wings and tail very dark green ; primaries black, edged with very dark green; rump deep blood-red ; cheeks and tl iroat: blackish chestnut, bounded below by a across the breast a broad crescentic mark of b upper part of the abdomen a broad band of bl abdomen and under tail-coverts yellow, st narrow line of deep black ; lood-red; on the ack, tinged with green; lower part of the ained with blood-red next the black band, particu- larly on the sides ; thighs olive ; bill delicate straw-yellow, with a narrow streak of black along the serrations of the upper mandible, and a broad streak of orange-yellow along the cutting edge of the lower mandible; irides dark carmine-red ; orbits immediately round the eye dark greenish grey, inclining to indigo-blue, and with a patch of red in the anterior angle above, and another in the posterior angle behind the eye ; legs green. Total length, 15+ inches; d:U/, 32; wing, 5+; tail, 64; tarsi, 14. Female.—Similar in colour, but with the chestnut hue of the throat paler, and the black mark bounding it below more conspicuous than in the male. g I Pteroglossus Azare, Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. 17. flavirostris, Fras. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 60.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., p. .—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 403, Pteroglossus, sp. 7—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p- 94, Pteroglossus, sp. 7. From the time I published my first drawing of this species, now nearly twenty years ago; until very lately, I have been greatly perplexed respecting the specimen in the Museum of the ee des Plantes at a from which it was taken, inasmuch as none of the numerous examples sent to this country agreed es and it was only upon a more careful examination of it on a late visit, that I discovered that the Lee been partly manufactured, the second broad scarlet band across the abdomen Lane been substitutec for the few pans of that colour which occur in the genuine specimens :—this PREG of malversating species cannot be too forcibly deprecated, tending as it does to produce ene confusion. pe We learn from Sturm’s Edition of this work, that the indefatigable Mr. Jon Natterer met with this species near Marabitana, on the 14th of May 1831, at which time it wes moulting; ae pes on ee a of June, in the woods on the banks of the River Xie, a tributary of the oe Rio ae a oa Professor Poeppig also met with it on the Amazonas, in the province of Maynas in Peru ; and I have very fine specimens from New Grenada. . oe The Pteroglossus flavirostris may be at once distinguished from P. Azare S i Wed ea ; ible, or in other words, by being without any trace of the red streak along colouring of its upper mand : : i eee eae OF WS Upper mé having a streak of orange along the . n O fs . . rane: AEGFFD OG = its portion of the bill which is so conspicuous in P. dzare 5 antl by tines ho 5 : - the bill in L. Azare is entirely free from markings of any ; j lower mandible, which part of the bill in £. 42 j other respect the two species are alike in colour. . The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size. i. Pett e sete § Hilimande & Walton tmp Could &Ficht@ dd lith Gould © 1 4g LAR MAR iS DN CG _ ae S ’ f PTE 3 4 5 2 YOUU ATTA TT TTT omy PTEROGLOSSUS MARIA, Gowa. Duchess of Leuchtenberg’s Aracari. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Pter. mandibuld superiore pallide stramineo-flavd unicolore, maculis ad tomias nigris ; imferiore ochraceo-flavo unicolore. Crown of the head black ; nape, upper part of the back and rump very deep blood-red ;_ back, ¢ wings and tail dark olive-green ; primaries black, edged with dark olive-green ; cheeks and throat chocolate, bordered below by a narrow line of black, beyond which is a broad crescentic band of rich blood-red, succeeded by astill broader band of dull black ; remainder of the under surface pale yellow, stained with blood-red immediately behind the black band, particularly on the sides ; under surface of the wings pale yellow; thighs dark olive ; upper mandible straw-yellow, with a narrow interrupted streak of black along the denti- culations ; under mandible uniform ochreous-yellow ; at the base of both mandibles a narrow raised band of pale yellow ; irides crimson; orbits deep blood-red, with a ring of cobalt- blue next the pupil; legs and feet olive-green. Total length, 14 inches; bz//, 3; wing, 4%; tail, 5%; tarsi, 1. Tue Banded Aracaris are some of the most striking and beautiful of the forest birds inhabiting the borders of the River Amazon. They constitute a little group unequalled among the Toucans for the grace and elegance of their form, and are distinguished above all others by the rich colonnms of tier under surface, with the curl-crested species at their head as the largest, and the present diminutive one at the other extremity. As the name Beauharnasius, in honour of the late Duke of Leuchtenberg, has long been asso- ciated mith this group as the specific appellation of the cae ee suoglet it not maya) tele eae the smaller species in honour of the widow of a prince distinguished for his love and support of science, and whose premature death all naturalists must deplore. ; a The native habitat of this species is the woods clothing the sides of the Lower Amazon, Ww 7 pre specimens have been sent by Mr. Hawkswell ; all of which were precisely oe both : ee ae The species to which the present bird is most nearly allied is the ee be : Oe oe smaller size, in the uniform colouring of the upper mandible, in which there is nO Hae 2 oo a a beneath the nostrils so observable in that species, and in the lower mandible being wholly ochraceous, instead of being straw-white with a streak of ochraceous along the side only. het anaie. Cee The sexes appear to be precisely alike in colour, and it is only by her somewhat smaller s é female may be distinguished from the male. Sy, ry y dis tb He ab MEI GE Ere 4 Et ere £4 $2$3 RERH K Dc oe ™ a ee SE OE a Oa ee d wal dle PS kw Ai 5 es las wally ls oS dot ES, GS EG ES LYLUVLY LS RMI, Na “Uy cr delet hth ld & Richt » Walton, LM ulimandl és gg 3 = 5 III "i any UATHAHA| ANI PTEROGLOSSUS STURMI, Natt. Sturm’s Aracari. Specrerc Cyaracrer. a A < SIN Sse Stal A Pter. mandibula superiore sordidé viredi-flava ; mandibuld enferiore oe : a ) fold nigra ad apicem virid)- flava ; nucha, pectore, eprgastrio uropygioque coccineis. Crown of the head deep black ; cheeks and throat chocolate-brown, bordered posteriorly with a crescentic mark of chestnut-black, below which is a broader crescent of odllar: nape upper part of the back, the breast and the rump bright blood-red; back, wings ane oa dark olive-green ; primaries brownish black, narrowly edged with olive-green ; under surface of the wings dull yellow ; centre of the abdomen yellow; lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts dull greyish yellow; thighs olive-green; upper mandible dull greenish yellow, passing into bluish green at the base, becoming almost white on the cutting edge, and having an oblong spot of black at each denticulation ; under mandible black except at the point, which is dull greenish yellow; raised band on the sides of the mandibles at the base ochreous yellow ; irides dark brown ; orbits dark bluish erey, bounded above by a streak of dull carmine-red ; legs and feet dark greyish green. Total length, 143 inches; bzl/, 3+; wing, 5; tail, 52; tarsi, 1. Pteroglossus Sturmiz, Natt.in Imp. Mus. of Vienna.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. Tue solitary example of this fine species contained in the Imperial Museum at Vienna is the only one that has yet been sent to Europe. It was brought down by the late Mr. John Natterer, on the 22nd of January, 1830, out of a small flock flying in the primitive forests at Borba near the mouth of the Rio Madeira. It e e — ie y eae > 79 ‘ y ] Ptop 7] 7 . proved to be a fine male in the adult dress, and, after his return to Europe, was named by him Péeroglossus Sturmi, in honour of one or other of the brothers Sturm of Nuremberg, who have included a figure and description of it in their translation of the first edition of this work. As I have never seen the bird myself Ihave been obliged to copy their figure, and it is only fair to them to give their remarks upon its alliance, and the differences by which it is distinguished. : “This species differs from the very similar Prerog/ossus bitorquatus in having the under mandible entirely : : Sa: . Bee ee nee ee mS TC? F orange with a black spot on black, instead of black with a white base ; in having a dark brown iris instead of orar g ce I each side near its inner margin; in the orbits being dark blue grey, with a border oF dull ET ee the feathers of the crown instead of the eye-rings being grey, and the remainder of the orbits beautifully mingled carmine and vermilion ; and in the pale yellow cre acne ame el 5a ee Soliton rj > female of that species. 1e in the male P. dztorguatus, and which is narrower and of a brighter yellow in the fema at | : his bird, of which it is true he had only received a single o 2 lly adult bird, and that in the case of several scentic mark on the breast, which does not exist reasons which induced M. Natterer to regard t specimen, as distinct, was the circumstance of Its a lorfi, Reinwardti, the specific é : . ney “sdor ANWar > ~Specitic other species, as the Pterogloss: maculirostris, Gouldi, Natterert, Langsdorffi, he : I distinctions reside almost exclusively in the beak. The figure is of the size of life. 4 ib Sg Es Satie ol rr 44 Ween PRE: petit $ $2524 TE Zits. jos i 5 IprTTpTTH Lv 3| 4 Li) Hijll 2 I om 4 gui ES Bs IIA AAR DPLELILELELELELELILALELELVLZALI LEZ. ee ree be se ANDIGENA NIGRIROSTRIS. Black-billed Hil] Toucan. Speciric Cuaracrer. : A A 2 : : And. rostro nigro; gula alba ; corpore inferzore pallidé cyaneo. rown of the head ar Kk FP oalnee ee ee ‘ Cro ad and back of the neck glossy black; back, Wing-coverts and margins of the primaries sienna-brown ; secondaries bluish brown ; tail very dark bluish ereen, the four J oO ) central feathers largely 2 c side slightly ti : i argely, and the next on each ‘side slightly tipped with chestnut ; upper tail-coverts su -ve 73 ‘0; thi alate tae L . , verts sulphur-yellow; throat white, the white tinged with blue, proceeding across the sides of the neck, and nearly meeting at the back; breast and abdomen pale chalky blue ; . . . ss : - : thighs rich chestnut ; under tail-coverts blood-red ; feet greenish blue, with a lilac tinge on their under surface. Total length, 19 inches ; A772, 4+; wing, 63; tadl, 72; tarsi, 1%. Pteroglossus nigrirostris, Waterh. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VII. p- 111.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p- 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 18.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p- 94, Pteroglossus, sp. 10.. -melanorhynchus, Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. Tuts species was first characterized by Mr. Waterhouse (from a specimen belonging to the late Earl of Derby) in 1839, four years subsequent to the completion of the first edition of this work, and during my absence in Australia ; two years later Messrs. Sturm figured it in their edition of my Monograph under the name of P. melanorhynchus, both those gentlemen and Mr. Waterhouse having selected the black colouring of its bill, in which it differs from every known member of its family, for their specific appellation. It is a typical example of that division of the family to which I have applied the generic term Andigena ; it is, moreover, one of the most delicately coloured, and one of the most interesting species of the genus ; from all of which, as above-mentioned, it differs in the black colouring of its bill, which is beautifully con- trasted with the snowy whiteness of its throat; while the blue of its under surface is even more delicate than in Z. lypoglaucus. It is a large and powerful bird, and the strength of its mandibles indicates that it can use them with greater force than any of its congeners. Mr. Miferhouse has remarked that the nostrils do not extend so far forwards, that they are hidden by the feathers of the head, and that there is no longitudinal groove in front of them, as in other species of the genus. Farther than its occurring in most of the recent collections sent from | th s it frequents in the great Andean Range. But little difference her hand, they differ considerably in size, Santa Fé de Bogota, nothing is known respecting it; not even the localitie is observable in the colouring of the birds sent to Europe ; on the ot the smaller birds being probably females. The figures are of the natural size. ETE 4 tio 2s 2 tb Sree ee sed hit. SZSLLELE = ae U q qe iin _ BELELELIVLALEZLE LS ANDIGENA CUCULLATUS, Gould. Hooded Hill Toucan. Specrric CHaracter. And. rostro flavo, nisi tertid parte apical, et macula oblonga utringue ad basin mandibule in- Servoris, nigris ; dorso, humeris, apicibusque tectricum alarum majorum aureo-oleagineis ; uropygio autem et tectricebus caudce superioribus viridi-flavis infectis. Crown of the head and occiput deep glossy black; at the back of the neck a broad crescentic mark of blue-grey ; back, shoulders and tips of the wing-coverts golden olive, passing into the greenish yellow of the rump and under tail-coverts ; greater wing-coverts, outer webs of the primaries and secondaries dark green, their inner webs brownish black; sides of the face and throat sooty black, gradually blending with the dark bluish grey of the under surface; under tail-coverts crimson ; thighs chestnut ;_ bill yellow, clouded with green for two-thirds of its length from the base and black for the remainder of its length, the under mandible with an oblong irregularly-shaped patch of black on each side near the base ; feet greenish lead-colour. Total length, 18 inches; dz//, 4; wing, 7; tail, 7+; tarse, 2. Pteroglossus cucullatus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 69.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iti. App. p. 19 (App. to p. 404)—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 95, Pteroglossus, sp. 18. : Pee ea aa ae , Mr. Bridges: Tuts singular Toucan appears to have escaped the notice of every traveller in Bolivia, except Mr a ge 7 which is the more surprising, as the celebrated M. D’Orbigny and other French naturalists have co a e che =e a. Sees ac = | -- rc extensively in that country :—I say surprising, because one can scarcely conceive how so remarkable a bit See oh ee ae nia. + - FOE could have been unseen by them. Mr. Bridges found it in the forests of Cocapata, in the department i : hich i 7] ‘itish Museum, and speci S -y. ope of which is now in the British : Cochabamba, and brought three specimens to this country, ae eee 70 1 ate Earl of Derby. Such, then, is all the information that 1s known res] g the other two in that of the late Earl of Derby. , this fine Toucan; a Toucan, which differs from al plumage, and in the absence of any distinct mark on the rump. . dct Much diversity occurs in the size of the three specimens above-mentioned, bu y are | sel} : P is btless a female. in colour: the one in the British Museum is the smallest of the three, and is doubtles aq > ane crea ~ - its | its congeners in the dense and hairy character of The figures are of the natural size. an 241 E $2424 LL ELEI ES 2 2SiE 4) 2 TT GIENA \ 1) AN 5 4 mii Iii 2 7 Iijil I a INTAAYUUII { amounenn . A SB ae were ok cK! ’ ‘ vob Wak a WE ks EE etait OW Fr oer oS wh wh “ - . PSE DME BEDE LE L bk fk Sh MS ds Be Abts Bao b's SG 2 E'S : : Ee And. rostro ad basin coccineo Crown of the head and back of the neck deep bl the other members of the family, this species be the females ; if so, they have the The figures are of the natural size. ANDIGENA LAMINIROSTRIS, Gould. Laminated Hill] Toucan. SPECIFIC Cuaracrer. 3; culmine et apice nigris ; lateribus laminutis corneis 3 corpore subtus cinereo-cyaneo. ack ; upper surface golden brown ; primaries brownish black ; rump pale greenish yellow ; upper tail-coverts very dark green; tail dark slaty grey, four central feathers largely tipped with chestnut-red ; under surface ashy blue; on either flank a large patch of rich yellow ; thighs deep chestnut; under tail-coyerts blood-red ; culmen and apical half of both mandibles black ; a broad band on the base of the upper mandible and the basal half of the lower mandible deep blood-red ; on either side of the upper mandible, immediately in front of the blood-red base, is a large buft- coloured plate or lamina, continuous with the structure of the bill posteriorly, but separate and detached in front, dilated on its upper edge, thicker and projecting beyond the edge of the mandible below ; feet slaty blue. Total length, 18 inches; Azl/, 33; wmg, OF; tail, 63; tarsi, 14. Andigena laminirostris, Gould, in Proc. of Zool. Soc., 1850, p. 93. For our knowledge of this fine new species we are indebted to the researches of M. Jules Bourcier, who discovered it in the forests at the base of Pichincha, in Ecuador, during his recent official sojourn in that country. At the time I described the bird in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” only 2 single specimen had been sent to Europe, which, having become the property Olas yee te 2 Philadelphia, was kindly lent to me by his brother, E. Wilson, Esq., “0 the purpose of Ean au describing. Since that time two more specimens have been sent to Paris, and now form part of my own collection. It is certainly one of the most extraordinary of t feature in its laminated bill not found in any other unknown to us, and we are equally ignorant as to its habits and economy. he Toucans yet discovered, inasmuch as it possesses a species 5 the particular use of this lamination, if any, is Like the 4. Aypoglaucus, and all differs considerably in size ; probably the smaller birds may inati i i ‘ta as stronely developed as in the male. lamination of the bill quite as strongly developed ¢ WIE ry ce Nene ot tie $2: PTET ae $ 2 : Pa bt tad Ez b sY — S Q | ts = - = 5 NTT TT 4 IT 3 Hi 2 |! ong T}INNUU a EE TT eT eas mena a pam 7 = \ SELENIDERA GOULDLI. ’ Gould’s Toucanet. SPECIFIC CHaracter. Mas.—Se/. mandibula superiore nieraé, apicem ver oy F Mas ( Superiore negra, apicem versus hivide corned, apice alba, fascidque ancousté A ee. : » Ja e angusta alba ad basin; mandihuld enferrore alba fascia d 2 , negra, apiceque livide corneo, pedibus plumbers. Male.— Crown, nape, throat and chest deep shining black: ear-coverts dee] — ae D orange, posterior to which is a second tuft of yellow, the two crossing obliquely ; at the hape a crescent of pal g Vee » nape a cresce yale yellow; back, wings and upper tail-coverts rich olive-ereen : live-green ; alee primaries dark brown, exter- nally margined with olive ; tail dark olive-green, inclining to brown: six middie > ’ 5 J 7 > SL c ie oS tipped with chestnut; abdomen yellowish green: flanks crane ° a | me yellowish green; flanks orange; thighs rufous; under tail-coverts crimson ; upper mandible black aded alone = ; 2 son ; upper mandible black, bounded along the serratures and posteriorly with white, and bordered next the face with a verv narrow |; ee : i , and bordered next the face with a very narrow line of greenish yellow ; under mandible ye ris Ate. erosse Se pe ; andible yellowish white, crossed near the apex with a band of black, and bordered at the base with greenish yellow ; tps of both mandibles very delicate green ; orbits pea- green ; irides pea-green, with a circle of pale yellow next the pupil; feet green. Total length, 13 inches; dz//, 2:; wmg, 5; tail, 5; tarsi, 12. Female—Head, neck, throat and breast reddish brown, inclining to chestnut on the former : ear-coverts reddish olive ; in all other points the plumage is the same as in the male: the bill is also very similar, but not so brightly coloured, and moreover has the greenish yellow mark at the base of the under mandible dilated into a triangular form. Pteroglossus Gouldii, Natt. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 44.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph., pl. ©.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 19. Pteroglossus (Selenidera) Gouldii, Gould, Icon. Av., pl. Selentdera Gouldi, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 95, Selenedera, sp. 1. Turs bird was figured for the first time in my “ Icones Avium,” from specimens presented to the Zoological Society of London by the late M. John Natterer of Vienna, who had procured them on the banks of the River Madeira in Brazil, and who at the Meeting of the Society, held on the 11th of April, 1837, had been pleased to name the species after myself. Since that period a great number of examples have come under my notice from the banks of the River Amazon, the bird: all these specimens correspond in every respe tendency to partake of the characters of §. maculirostris, to whic ich it di i i ack ar man which it differs in the single large patch of black on the upper mé i ee ea = . . = ~ a y S 1a > . . rp S 2S, colouring of the sides of the body, and in a slight diversity in the colouring of the o e Although I have been so fortunate as to see many examples, ] p “ALPES re Se and may be considered one of the rarest of the genu = i atural size. The Plate represents two males and a female of the natura which may be considered one of the natural localities of ct aah M. Natterer’s ; none of them exhibiting a h the species is very nearly allied, but trom ible, in the more intense orange it is a species seldom found in collections, Trt et ed HK LR ELESEL LS PATS EITI LIES. Pod ble ae aga ‘) 5 ae eli y ots dk EEE Ek es Soe ace onan ee (4 ‘wk! i deh oe >» Gould ro S xu nie YN nO eel 0) ASTANIE C: \ULAC AULACORAMPHUS CASTANEORHYN CHUS, Gow. Chestnut-billed Groove-bill. Specific CHaracrer. Aul. rostro castaneo-rubro ; mandibula uferiore in medio, et culmine nisi ad basin negro undu- lates; vitta basalt straminea ; uropygr0 coccineo ; corpore subtus viridi ; pectore ceruleo tincto ; caude rectricibus quatuor intermediis ad apicem late castaneis. Crown of the head and upper surface brownish green; wings dark green ; rump crimson ; four middle tail-feathers deep bluish green, largely tipped with chestnut-brown, the re- mainder green ; all the under surface green, stained across the breast with hight blue; bill chestnut-red, becoming paler towards the point, clouded with black on the middle of the lower mandible and along the culmen, except at the base: at the base of the bill is a band of straw-white, which increases in breadth as it proceeds downwards. Total length, 19 inches; dr//, 44; wing, 53; tail, 7+; tarsi, 12. Pteroglossus (Aulacorhynchus) castaneorhynchus, Gould in Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. ix. p- 2 ) 22 JO. t Or the grass-green Toucans to which the generic term of Aulacorhynchus has been applied, the present species fe by oe the largest yet discovered. The accompanying figures were drawn from specimens yy own possession, which are somewhat smaller than those in the fine collection ae by ck late Belo! Derby. The Aulacorhynchus castaneorhynchus is nearly allied to A, hematopy gts, but the ee ae of ale latter, together with the darker colouring of the apical half of its bill, indicates its specific di- stinctness. , The present species appears to be strictly an Andean species, all the specimens I have eee I regret to add that nothing more is known seen having been sent to Europe in collections from Santa Fé de Bogota. respecting its The figures are of the natural size. aE TI titi £4 Ba LK KG RY COR poets tt eS $24 a re: a PLES ES. ES ED TEES ALBIVITTA. ACORAMPHUS AUT HNNVNNNI)INNIQUULUYLATPIOETYITTAGATTI UT UT TUTE a ‘ 7 im y Jl | Bot Nh fd S| Ais Re ds Es dls Ms wl aI AULACORHAMPHUs ALBIVITT A. White-banded Grooye-bill. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Aul. rostro nigro, ad basin Sascia alba circumdato ; culmine toto ad apice 2s ¢n viridiscentem transeuntibus ; fasciam albam maculé sanguinea notata ; m usque laterumque mandibule superioris partes, citre mandibula inferiore ante gula allida. All the upper surface and wings dark tinged with brown; on the crown and the nape of the neck grass-green ; primaries brownish black, margined externally at the base with dark oS re ; - ; rass-green ; tail d o 3 oo eep grass-green, passing into blue towards the extremity, and tipped with rich chestnut; throat w! lite in some, grey or bluish white in others ; under surface pale grass-green, very slightly washed with blue on the breast , and with yellow on the flanks ; around the orbits and down the sides of the neck bounding the white of the grey throat a line of blue; under tail-coverts rich deep chestnut; bill black, with the exception of the culmen and upper half of the upper mandible, which are greenish yellow, passing into purer yellow at the tip and the lower angle of the under mandible which is chestnut; on the sides of both mandibles at the base a broad band of straw-white ; orbits red; feet greenish lead-colour. Tl c : ac ; Ql. wan As - ee salar “92. es Male —Total length, 13+ inches; d7//, 3; wing, 4; tarl, 51; tarsi, Pteroglossus albivitta, Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 70.—Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Rampb. text. ; ep Se ay ee eo albwittatus, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 31. _ PS fied 4c 3a 2 eee microrhynchus, Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph. } Te y De ‘amphus, sp. 3. Aulacoramphus albivitta, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 96, Aulacoramphus, s} 1 lV : bian ; I re iscovere It is a native of the Colum Tus is one of the least of the family of Ramphastide yet discovered. . € ieee ions sent from thence to this country. s j | he collections sent from ne Andes, and Specimens occur 1n most of t - Lavine a Broad Eaton ee f s . see aving a broad be ; elo > ] hic is nearly allied, in he g Pteroglossus prasinus of Lichtenstein, to which it arly sides of the base of the mandibles. ane ee ie cocci nat eine 1 ifte 9ecurs I size of the specimens, Considerable difference occurs in the size the males, and the smaller the females. The figures are of the natural size. ares r “ we Ig Reng Snare” St 2 on ERE ™ & SELSLELEL SELES L: ZA ESE: iad Pi ESESE ETS eS EUETETETET LS bi re | a A a T th St) fo! In cl hi yo 4 5 INVOTTNGOTTAUUAUVUNN aT / jit 2 |! ony UIYUUHI|ANN AULACORAMPHUsS ATROGULARIS. Black-throated Groove-bill. SPECIFIC CHaracrer. F — 3 5 “tp Va Pal ae "200 , , Aul. gula §enarumque parte antica anthracinis 3 CTdsso cinnamomeo ; caudG supra basin obscuro- viridi, dein in ceerulescentem transeunte ; rectricibus octo ¢ntermediis macula cinnamomeé terminatis. 7 FO 7 j rs x 1 z a S General plumage yeliowish green, becoming of a somewhat lighter hue on the under surface ; throat and a small patch beneath the eye deep black, margined posteriorly with blue; primaries brownish black, margined externally with green, the green occupying the base only of the external web of the outer feather, and gradually increasing in extent on each of the succeeding feathers as they approach the body; green of the tail passing into blue near the tip; under tail-coverts and the tips of the tail-feathers chestnut; upper mandible yellow, with a narrow line of black across the base, and another narrow line of black near the cutting edge, the two lines united near the gape by a triangular mark of black ; raised ridge at the base of upper mandible yellow ; under mandible black, except at point, which is yellow; the raised ridge at its base white; the cutting edges of both mandibles are also white; feet greenish lead-colour. Male —Total length, 15 inches; bi//, 3+; wing, 5; tail, 54; tarsi, 14. Female.—Total length, 13 inches ; bill, 2%; wing, 43; tail, 53 tarsi, 14. Pteroglossus atrogularis, Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph. ee pl. —Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. it. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 29. Aulacoramphus atrigularis, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 96, Aulacoramphus, sp. 7. 3 : 7 in P é 4 r are the localities inhabited by Tue woods bordering the eastern sides of the Andes in Peru and Ecuado a i hi iff : in the black colouring of its throat and in the this fine species, which differs from all its congeners in the blz ee se cee e ~ 0 . . Oo ° A ae = Hurope ; DU 5 strongly contrasted markings of its bill. It is a rare bird in the aN : ] ‘ a en : ; 3 . > : F erby; and were als é form part of the Royal Museum at Berlin, and in that of the late oF : e sh Amércaee arenes : : ae F ss , hiladelphia in North ¢ a. in the collection of Prince Massena at Paris, now removed to Philé ° 1 traveller Dr. Tschudi during cimens from which my figures were taken were procured by the celebrated tr his researches in Peru. The figures are of the natural size. dd E Stet ete Pet ett. LEE RH pad Nene” PRESETS LETS ELE 4 ELS. ES tii Ee bait S|: bi 4 Vb ed 3 et Wl C nS BP ree r me | ms -_ ~¥~ ~~ ¢ ~ - & >) MA ee = far) « r ~ Y [o q : a Oe oe 8 ce ed s po C asi. es = Lv > 3) 5S é a ee = A sy D Orb. {VETIVUAVAVAAHUNE0}ECTTHOOONHOOTTFTTTHY ATH T THU _ x "i yr ‘ AO tl eel > —* . as * —_ - — ae ea a ae a ae ee eh a are AULACORAMPHUS CAERULEICINCTUS Blue-banded Groove-bill. Sprcrric C SPECIFIC CHARACTER Aul. rostro plumbeo, apice tomirsque aye L pice tomisque pallide corneis ; wropy gio fea $00 Sanguineo ; mento, guld, genarum Ao) ey A : A parte antica lineolaque supra oculos albidis Crown of the head, back, wings and tail dark grass-green : Rich BS oo cred nee grass-g en ; across the upper tail-coverts a broad | ; four centre tail-feathers largely tipped with chestnut-] stripe over the eye, sides of Se. oe Se stnut-Dbrown ; , I ye, sides of the face and throat white washed posteriorly with blue i coverts, ches i 4 . in £ ; ) Checal s, chest and all the under surface yellowish green deepening toe nng — . 5 aE g o rufous on the under tail-coverts; across the lower part of : yverts ; across the lower part of the chest a band of light blue ; primaries blac! 5 J ; aries black, li the tip, which, as well : eee ae > ; p, which, as well as the serrations of both mandibles, are whitish horn-colour ; feet s : fe margined exte rnall ith ECC. - bill | < is G=G¢ I ) | pe t oO . > , ar bluis h le 5 5 1 ig el \ I \ VV . ( rl ea | COLO > beco1 ] io og OoWwa ‘ds Total | o 5+ inches: : Q3 . oe : = ength, 15+ inches; Sell, 3i; wing, 5%; tail, 64; tarsi, 13. Pteroglossus cceruleici B s cerulercinctus Or *, dans | Amér ar, Oils i 2 * cinctus, D’Orb. Voy. dans lAmér. Meér. Ois., tab. 66. fig. 2.—Gray and : ples a ee : sie , > oe : Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 404, Pteroglossus, sp. 30. Lichtensteinii, Sturm’s Edit. of Gould’s Mon. of Ramph. Aulacoramphus ceruleicinctus, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 96, Aulacoramphus, sp. 8. cies is an inhabitant of the Cinchona woods, clothing 1e name of Chukimbi. ld and valued Lixe Aulacoramphus atrogularis, this well-marked spe he Peruvian Andes, where it is known to the Indians by tl e Messrs. Sturm Preroglossus Lichtensteinii, in honour of my 0 f the Royal Museum in Berlin, and it would bave given me very great ation for so fine a bird; but as I find that it had s me to give this name the the eastern slopes of t This species was named by th friend Dr. Lichtenstein, the Director o pleasure to have retained this justly complimentary appell been previously called ceruleicinctus by M. D’Orbigny, the law of priority oblige preference. S le by the blue-grey colouring of its bill, by it rendered remarkab , but specimens The Aulacoramphus ca@ruleicinctus 18 the chest. white throat, and by the cerulean blue band crossing lin, in the Collection at the Jarc It is a very rare species are contained in the Royal Museum at Ber lin des Plantes at Paris, and in my own. The figures are of the natural size. ae a HOS Aid 24/24 nee RBS LHKOKGNGNO RO ROKS LENE Ee plz RHERY RGR H: be RESP PILES ES ES D4 ‘. wi dah: bit AT oe a eee Ses Sem eee in tae ai - OE ee 4 at peed AULACORAMPHUS CARULEOGULARIS Blue-throated Groove-bill. Gould. SPECIFIC CHARAcTER. 24 Aul. gula coerulea. eset: Upper surface dark green, with an olive tint on the head aE = and nape, and of a brighter green on a the rump and upper tail-coverts; primaries blackish brown, margined externally at the base with dark green ; tail deep green, passing into blue towards the extremity, and tipped with rich chestnut ; throat and fore part of the cheeks czrulean blue ; under surface green, washed with yellow on the flanks and abdomen; under tail-coverts rich chestnut ;_ bill black, with the exception of the upper part of the sides of the upper mandible and the apical portion of the culmen, which are greenish yellow, passing into purer yellow at the Brie ies tip; on the sides of both mandibles at the base a broad band, which on the upper one is yellow, and on the lower white ; orbits red ; legs and feet greenish lead-colour. Total length, 12+ inches; zl, 2; wing, 4; tail, 42; tarsi, 14. K Aulacoramphus ceruleogularis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., February 29, 1853. EEN Tue new species of Groove-Bill figured on the accompanying Plate was killed by Berthold Sepa, a Naturalist to H.M.S. Herald, together with other ornithological rarities, in Veragua. It is very cy oo ; ; eee 0% the banc allied to 4. albivitta: but may be at once distinguished from that species by its rich blue throat, by the ba ‘ ; fellow : +r mandible, instead of white, and by the at the base of the bill being much broader and yellow on the upper mandible, é , + E ile 1 er It is pure gre ecard the discovery of this under surface being washed with yellow, while in the other it 1s pure green. I rege | eon je } : nt addition to the present group, especially as it arrivec Ett hew species with the greatest interest, as an importa Liters +t m at an opportune moment for including it in the present Monograph. The figures are of the natural size. Te L2id: OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANATOMY OF THE TOUCAN Tue organs of digestion in the Toucan present a general simplicity of structure, which geographical as and power of assimilating both animal and vegetable food, so abund Nature in a tropical climate. The amplitude of the cesoph correspond to the magnitude of the beak. encroached upon by its muscular parietes accords with its antly provided by agus and general width of the intestinal canal There is no lateral dilatation or crop, nor is the gizzard so as to render such a reservoir for the alimentar y substances necessary. The intestinal canal is equally devoid of lateral pouches » or ceca: the gastric glands are of a simple form, and are disposed, for the extent of an inch, around the termination of the cesophagus. The communication of the gizard with the proventriculus is free, and readil y permits regurgitation to take place. This act has been observed in two living species of Toucan (Ramphastos Erythrorhynchus and Ramph. Ariel, V igors); and as the substances so regurgitated were, after undergoing a second mastication, again swallowed, it may be compared to the rumination of herbivorous quadrupeds. The intestinal canal does not exceed the length of the body, including the bill. The general structure of the digestive apparatus of the Hornbill agrees with that of the Toucan. The liver of the Toucan is composed of two lobes, of unequal size, joined by a small band, the margins of the lobes being more rounded than usual. There is no gall-bladder, and in this deficiency the Toucan manifests an affinity to the Picide and Psittacide, among the Scansores ; while the Hornbill, on the contrary, resembles the Corvide in the large development of its biliary receptacle. A small hepatic duct enters the duodenum near its commencement ; and a second duct, about two lines in diameter, passes to a more distant part of the intestine, where it terminates close to the insertion of the two pancreatic ducts. eras The kidneys are composed of three lobes, of which the middle one is the smallest ; their length is 1+ inch ; their surface is convoluted, though in a less marked degree than in reptiles. Between the anterior extremities of these glands, in a female specimen of Ramphastos Ariel, was situated the ovary, 2. a triangular shape, ane apparently healthy in structure. The ova were like minute granules, and disposed n a un. aan The supra-renal glands were imbedded in the posterior part of the ovary. The a ie - ae a crow-quill; it commenced by the usual fimbriated and wide aperture, was slightly tortuous < commencement, and then continued straight to the cloaca. Among the varied forms of tongue which birds present, that of tl : S, 1 ( OW tos Toco, was six inches. rtur the e/ottis, in a full-grown Ramphas it ce a ; ( hed; it was situated about 4 lines from the papillose for the extent of 4 lines, and here, an consists of a transparent horny /amina, 1e Toucan is one of the most remarkable. The posterior ridge, or backward-projecting process, was broad and finely note glottis. Anterior to this process the tongue is soft and minutely most probably, the sense of taste resides: the rest of the org 3 ” a4 2: sts $2: ee ORO HOOKS SEiE Se: ET $ Crieirt ss 3K ——s oes Serer Se” alin ae ~ ee” Teteqteetd bd ORD! i i L | flattened horizontally and supported by the anterior process of the os hyoides, which ad a ridge along the middle of its inferior surface. At about four inches from the extremity of the horny damina the margins become obliquely notched, and these notches, becoming deeper and closer together ute the extremity, occasion the bristled appearance on each side of the tongue. These bristles, Mr. Vigors observes, were generally applied to the morsels of food whilst held between the mandibles previously to ye ag swallowed. The cornua of the os hyoides are 14 inch in length. The ¢rachea is narrow, and simple in its SPICE Eis the rings somewhat flattened and decreasing in diameter towards the inferior extremity, from ves a single pair of muscles pass off to the sternum. The length of the lower fourth of the tube, and the state of tension in the bronchia, are regulated by a pair of small muscles, which, arising from the sides of the tracheal cartilages, a snserted into the bone of divarication at the extremity of the trachea: and that this part of the tube is subjected to variations in length is indicated by the tortuous character of the recurrent nerves attached to the sides of the ¢rachea at this part. The lungs are small in proportion to the size of the bird, but of the usual form and structure. The abdominal air-cells are of small size. The heart is of a more oblong form than in general ; its apea, as it were, truncate; its length 1 inch. The pectoral muscles, as in the Pstttacide, are but feebly developed, and the keel of the sternum is of moderate size, not projecting more than half an inch from the plane of the bone. The sternum has four notches at its posterior margin. The clavicles, or lateral halves of the fwrcu/a, are here, as in the Psittacide and Struthionide, separate ; they are 1 inch in length, slender, pointed at their lower ends, and joined to each other and to the sternum by ligament only. The peculiar motions of the tail called for a particular examination of that part. It is difficult to state the precise number of the caudal vertebre in consequence of the terminal ones being anchylosed, requiring for this purpose the examination of a young specimen at a period before the anchylosis takes place. In the skeleton of a Black-billed Toucan which I have examined, it would appear that three vertebre are thus anchylosed, making the entire number of coccygeal vertebre nine. The Woodpecker has also nine caudal vertebra, and this seems to be the greatest number found in birds. The first six of these vertebre in the Toucan are articulated by ball-and-socket joints, the ball and the socket being most distinct in the last two joints. That between the sixth and the anchylosed ver¢ebre is provided with a capsule and synovial fluid ; the others have a yielding ligamentous mode of connexion. The spinous processes of these vertebre, both superior and inferior, are of moderate size, but smallest in the sixth, where the greatest degree of motion takes place. The transverse processes, on the contrary, are large and broad, so as almost wholly to prevent lateral motion. The first of the anchylosed vertedre is broad and flat and of a rounded form, supporting the two coccygeal glands: the last of these processes is compressed laterally, and of the ordinary ploughshare form. The caudal vertebre can be inflected dorsad till their superior spines are brought into contact with the sacrum ; in the opposite direction they can scarcely be bent beyond a straight line: and it is to this structure of the bones and joints that is to be attributed the capability in the Toucan of turning its tail upon its back (as represented in the Zoological Journal, vol. ii. pl. xv.), the muscles presenting comparatively few peculiarities, since the motion alluded to is remarkable rather for its extent than the vigour with which it is performed. The principal e/evators of the tail are the sacro-coccygei superiores (sacro-sus-caudiens of Vicq d’Azyr). They arise from two longitudinal ridges on the inferior and convex part of the sacrwm, and are inserted into the superior spines of the first six vertebre by detached tendons, terminating broadly in the anchylosed vertebre. The principal antagonists of these muscles, sacro-coccyge: inferiores (sacro-sous-caudiens of Vicq d’Azyr), pass over the first five ver¢edre and terminate in the sixth and anchylosed vertebre : their origins are wider apart than in the preceding pair of muscles, coming off from the margins of the sacro-sciatic notches. In the interval are situated small muscles passing from the transverse processes to the inferior spines of the first six vertebre. From the limited nature of the lateral motions of the tail the muscles appropriate to these movements are feeble, especially in comparison with those which are observed in the birds that spread their tail-feathers — — -_— in flight, in order to regulate their course during > arising from tl expanded anchylosed vertebre. From the dig that vigorous species of | 1e posterior e sition of the : ocomotion. are in number two on each side These muscles xtremities of the ase hia, and inserted into ¢] les it is Obvious that orsad of the centre rminate the ac living animal observes, tl as Operated on by The osseous portions of the mand 1e se muse after the proper ght, they also become d addition of power te jerk: Mr. Vigors in his observations on the tors have raised the tail to a certain hei : : eleva ee of motion, combine their forces with the elevators, and by this t of throwing up the tail by a lates j In these movements the tail seemed to turn as if on a hinge that w a spring.” ibles of the Toucan are disposed in a manner ad egree of strength and remarkable lig The external parietes apted to combine with the great bulk of those parts a due d htness, and the bony structure js consequently of a most beautiful and delicate kind. are extremely thin, especially in the upper beak : they are elastic, and yield in a sl rate pressure, but present consid - At the points of the mandibl oper beak, they are muc » and in the lower beak are ight degree to mode le purpose of crushing the beak outer walls are nearly a line in thickness from 1-30th to 1-50th part of an inch thickness. erable resistance if a force is applied for tl es, the h thinner, varying from 1-20th to 1-30th of ; at other parts, in the uy an inch in On making a longitudinal section of the upper mandible, its base is se en to include a conical cavity, about two inches in length and one inch in diameter, with the apex directed forwards. The walls of this cone varying in diameter from , a network of bony fibres is continued immediately support the latter being almost inv at right angles to the part in which they are inserted. The whole of the mandible anterior to ¢] consist of a most beautiful osseous network, intercepting irregular angular spaces, half a line to two lines. From the parietes of this cone to the outer parietes of the mandible, the fibres which ariably implanted 1€ cone is occupied with a similar network, the mes] 1es of which are largest in the centre of the beak in conseque nce of the union which takes place between different small fibres as they pass from the circumference inwards. It is remarkable that the principle of the cylinder is introduced into this elaborate structure : the smallest of the sup porting pillars of the mandibles are seen to be The structure is the same in the lower mandible, but the fibres composing the network are in general stronger than those of the upper mandible. hollow or tubular, when examined with the microscope. ini se cavities ars S legree of vascularity. Processes The medullary membrane lining these cavities appears to have but a ee a é : oe - 1 vessels rves sussate the coni vity at the base of the beak. 1e of the membrane, accompanying vessels and nerves, decussate the conical ca J ob j th pair, which enter at the lower part of the conical cavity, and principal nerves are two branches of the fifth pair, whic a lca : ss forwards to the end of the bill, giving off branches, which are distributed to diverge and ascend as they pass forwards to , giving ‘ covering, and supply it with sensibility. mares ze 2 a. Samy ; ; # ‘ terior of the upper mandible from a cavity situated anterior to the orbit, which The air is admitted to the interior o é iis yeti OE a j i ] ; s anterior part with the : : j air-c 1ed into the orbit, and at its an icates at its posterior part with the air-cell contint ee een e i very part, except at its external and internal apertures, by the maxillary cavity. The nasal cavity is closed at every part, ex | . , 7 , . icati 7] interior of the mandible. itui é ‘ as no communication with the in — oa toe se of tl yper jaw. The canal, which is traversed by the air and The organ of smell is confined to the base of the Up] eal dinette “Hie eae ee eee: . Vonnord Curve ai the went ; } ae : forms a sigmoid curve in - " Be eh nepiration, i It is si 1 at the posterior surface of the upper ; i i ¢ t is situated a pos : : ‘ular line as the internal one. tt ecaete precisely the same perpendicular fice id. dondeqtcetiwaisec ebeaetenemn I dibk ] it 7 above the level of the cranium ; the orifice 1s conseq 1 pie: oo oe, where It Is : : rating dense or interwoven foliage. : it i t of penetrating Me a ht happen to it in the act aan ioe secure from all injury that might hay ae te a oe es Tl If Ss il is at first of almost a cylindrical form, and about ne pilié-fese soGnoanenee ——— ; . Seen le first s 5 ; a. : iving from the mesial aspect the projection o pong forwards for about half an inch, receiving from Imit the projections of the two other spongy bones : : is di dmit the pr ee ee ‘kwards, and is dilated to a ee ean ee aed and backwards, late, at first contracted, and afterwards dilating ic fo from this point it descends vertically to the palate, < bone is almost horizontal, and has its convexity . st or rmost spongy i i . he first or outermost g internal or posterior orifice. T rn 1 ey Nenanee ne FIEIIIEET 4 i Ci Pett e Sees racist 2 4 Es yee 4 5 PePt Eire bits $ Nee le Nee SEED Bit 2 ze 2 ee 5s directed outwards. The second is nearly vertically placed, with its convexity directed backwards: it terminates in a narrow point below. The third or superior spongy bone makes a small projection towards the mesial plane, about the size of a pea. These spongy bones are formed by inward projections of the inner and posterior osseous parietes of the nasal passage ; they are cellular, and air is continued into them from the cranial diploé ; but the parietes of the nasal passage are entire and smooth, and lined by a delicate pituitary membrane. — The inner table of the skull is continuous with the parietes of the nasal cavity, by means of the bony canal which accompanies and protects the olfactory nerves, and which represents, as it were, a single foramen of the cribriform plate of the mammalia. The communication of the cavity of the cranium with that of the nose is thus similarly formed, and is only obstructed in the recent state by the pituitary membrane, on the posterior cul de sac of which the olfactory nerve distributes its branches in a radiated manner. These branches were confined, as Scarpa has observed in other birds, to the pituitary membrane covering the septum narium and the superior spongy bone. The external orifice of the meatus auditorius is situated about half an inch behind the lower boundary of the orbit. The membrana tympani closes it so obliquely that its plane is directed almost backwards ; its anterior edge is consequently about three lines from the external orifice, while its posterior margin is at least six lines from the same point. It is convex outwardly as in birds generally. The apparatus of the internal ear is easily exposed, the semicircular canals being lodged in a delicate reticulation of the diploé of the cranium. These parts, with the ossiculum of communication and the cochlea, do not present any deviations from the ordinary structure worthy of notice.—R. O. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. Fig. 1. Section of the cranium and upper mandible of the | oo. Cornua of the os hyoides (cerato-hyal bones of Geof- Ramphastos Toco. | froy). a. The cancellated structure of the beak. | p. The trachea, or windpipe. b. The cavity at the base. | q. The gullet. c. Branches of the fifth pair of nerves. | Fig. 3. Vertical longitudinal section of the head. dd. The external orifices of the nostrils. | The same letters indicate the same parts as in the pre- e. The osseous parietes of the nasal passages. | vious figures. — f. The osseous tubes protecting the olfactory nerves. | d. Shows the internal aperture of the nostrils. g. The pituitary membrane exposed, and branches of the | r. The beginning of the spinal chord. olfactory nerve radiating upon it. I s. The articulating surface of the occipital bone. h. The superior semicircular canals of the internal ear. t. The nasal septum or partition. 21. Hemispheres of the cerebrum. u. The air-cell anterior to the orbit from which the air k. Cerebellum. | passes into the mandible. Fig. 2, The upper surface of the tongue. | v. The cancellated structure of the lower jaw. 1. The fringed or feathered portion of the tongue. | Fig. 4. Side view of the foot of Ramphastos Toco. m. The orifice of the larynx. || Fig. 5. Under surface of the same. . The orifice of the pharynx. I TIRE eee sad oo] bat at mug vi 2 TAUKVU DLV LOOK UAUSORDKUKONONONONDHOK ONO MOK ONOKOX OX ORUKOXOXUNOK