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~ 4/1/42

PD-1A—Page 2 of Triplicate

Retina eae

Information Necessary for Constibenitios of

APPLICATION FOR PREFERENCE RATING

 

 

 

 

To: Drrecror or Inpustry Operations, Washington, D. C.
List’all numbers and cover each point of information completely. If no answer is applicable, write NONE alongside of number.
READ INSTRUCTION SHEET CAREFULLY BEFORE PREPARING APPLICATION... 4,
Num- IDENTIFY EACH STATEMENT BY NUMBER ‘WITH CORRESPONDING NUMBER ON PD-1A—INSTRUCTION SHEET
1. | Deseription of TUEC No. 700 Hend Model Swimming Pool Cleaner: The handles are
furnished in sections of 7 feet each made of 14 inch diameter brass tubing with
bronze commections. ‘These hendles are attached to the cleaning tool and also
connected connections with bronze clamps which eliminates the
sibility of their coming apart while the cleaner is being used, TUEC 15 inch
inside diameter, constructed, rubber covered, rubber lined, reinforced
hose is furnished. The t for connecting the cleaner to the piping is made of
bronze with smooth taper to fit tapered terminal of the hose. A bronse plug is
furnished for closing the inlet when not in use, The copper floats furnished for
suspending the hose on the top of the water are 6} inches in diameter and are
|| ‘Gamplete with clamp for attaching to the hose. — —
2. | Used for cleaning swimaing pool. Pool to be used every school day from 8:50 a.m.
| $e 6450 peme for classes in physical conditioning (men and women students). Most
men students at the University are registered for Selective Service or members of
Ba Ko baste IE PTS Gee AreS HEE eR RRLET
3. facilities.
480 ~
be}. *
eu, *
S..| University of Kansas
&..| one (only)
PR. $ 26346 i
6. | Hone. .

Can be supplied with priority rating. —

 

Applicant Must Manually Sign Duplicate Cepy of Application at Bottom of ree’ 2
APPLICANT SHOULD RETAIN THIS COPY

“U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE | 16—27887-1
PD-1A—Page 1 of Triplicate WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
PREFERENCE RATING CERTIFICATE .

Wir Beta! No. ooo
TO Be. FILLED we Ht APUIICANT

MAIN OFFICE ADDRESS RECEIVING PLANT ADDRESS

Department of Physical Edueation University of Kansas
(Legal name of applicant). (Type or Print Clearly) (Street)
pacha of Kansas Lawrence
(Street) --- ' atte oe ~~(Gity)-
Kansas Kensas
(State) : : (State)

eg Date of Sept. 5, 1942Tyr°of University

Application Business
ITEMS COVERED BY THIS CERTIFICATE—List for each item:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

x * ry
— EE ae | ee Atti | FULL DESCRIPTION OF SINGLE CLASS OF MATERIAL (OR CAPITAL EQUIPMENT)
Estimated) REQUIRED BY APPLICANT

Mo. Year Shipment
EE poptyas = $i70,00 |

 

 

thituning Post, consisting of the cleaning
tool, one 74 foot brass handle, one 7 foot
wood handle, 50 feet of 1) inch rubber
Sovered and rubber lined hose with bronze
Verndnals, 7 floats and one inlet

 

 

 

 

 

 

* Delivery date(s) specified i in purchase order(s) must. ‘not be earlier than above Required Delivery Date(s).

PRIORITIES REGULATION No. 3 GOVERNS THE ISSUANCE OF THIS. CERTIFICATE AND THE PREFERENCE RAT-
ING ASSIGNED. ALL OFITS TERMS MUST BE OBSERVED. THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS ARE ERQVIDED* TO
ASSIST IN EXTENSION OF PREFERENCE RATINGS:

1. The Preference Rating assigned by this Certificate may be extended only to:

(a) sites of material which will itself be ultimately delivered pursuant to the original preference rating, or which will be
physics ysically incorporated into material to be so delivered, or which will be used within the limitations of paragraph (e) of
orities Regulation No. 3, to restore inventory to a practicable working minimum. |
(b) Material which is neither greater i in quantity nor to be delivered on dates earlier than required to make on schedule a rated de-
livery or, within the limitations of Priorities Regulation No. 3, to restore inventory to a practicable working minimum.

2. The person to whom this Certificate is issued shall retain it, and he and each related upplier and Subsupplier may extend the
Preference Rating assigned herein to his purchase order(s) by executing and transmitting to his Si ppliert y by endorsement on
porehaee order or other equivalent document, the following form of Certification, which shall constitute a representation to the

irector of Industry Operations.

(The Following Form of Certification skid Be Placed on Each Purchase Order in Order to Extend This Rating)

 

 

‘Preference Rating ais is hereby applied pursuant to Certificate PD-1A, Serial Dies(@) srpeies - ace ci -----
in accordance with Priorities Regulation No. 3, — pg IT certify I have complied. '

(Address) oH a (Applicant, supplier, pr subsupplier)

 

(Date) i igitnakare and title of official)

 

 

 

 

 

a O BE FILLED CUT BY THE DIRECTOR OF INDUSTRY OPERATIONS)

THE FOLLOWING PREFERENCE RAKING is BERNEY ASSIGNED TO. THE ITEMS IN THE REACTS COVERED BY
THIS CERTIFICATE: t

-O. 9040, Jan
"No. 671, 76th
No. 89, 77th

 
 

1 aie vs
rae @ iil Hee me
.  s att uti 3 bo ay i =
4 Hy ; i i | 9 4 A I

} Ia si i dy Dy oe
| ht isi i A | Hy i _ n ee
i la if Le | i | Hi i ag
-F yy t 8 iy : Bie i 2 if
i hy th a 1 we i
ad

 
 

From Saturdsy, July 25, to Monday, July 27, |
the water receded . «s+ ++ + «ik inchs
From Monday, July 27, to Tuesday, July 28,
ae the water receded . + « «0s «+ » & inches

me water fs continuing to leek out at the mute of four te five inches
every 24 hourte | a | |
i «ZT would eppresiate 4t if you would discuss with the Chansellor
ated water, which is expensive, So it is a double drain on the fin-

I finally suocecded in having a representative, Mr. Harris,
of Wallace & Mernan, of Kansas City, check on the chlorinator. By

 
ig dal i ah wl
Nee  -3Ry Ss

aan in i i
mie heat i i

ay i384;

i i is iL ni ast.
ag Tales ity

i. ; thts lit : "
att 3 if ln F . tl i:

Ht ‘ hy tal ai |

ie nat ili ia

yours,
Director of Physfonl Bdusation,
Varsity Basketball Coach.

FCAs AH
 @e-6, G, Bayles

 
CONCERNING THE SWIMMING POOL =--+ ==

Filter: Steel shell, approximately 4 ft. in diameter and about
6 ft. highs; it is impossible to turn the wheel which
agitates the gravel in the filter - as long as the
gravel cannot be agitated the filter is not doing the
job. The chlorinator is now the only means of purifying
the water. The steel shell is rusted and about to fall
aparte

Leak in pool: Very possibly this is due to the glazed surface
oO e tiles being broken, and the pressure forces the
water through the tile. There may also be some escape
of water through the side walls.

Number of tiles with broken glaze :

Water level in pool - 24 hour stages:

Circulating line on the pressure side of the pump will soon need
to be replaced. (Bldg. & Gr.) (The drain pipe from the
pool to the sewer is exposed, and has been checked time
and time again - but this pipe is intact and there is no
leak : However, water is still escaping from the
pool.

 

Pool cleaner - will need to be replaced. Have written for
prices on this.

Chlorinator - have asked representative of Wallace-Tiernan to
check on condition.

 
 
“Swimming Pool «=

From Friday, July 25, to Saturday, July 25,

the water receded . . . « « « « e & inches
From Saturday, July 25, to Monday, July 27,

the water receded . « . . « « « 212 in inches
From Monday, July 27, to Tuesday, July 28, 28,

the water receded . . « « « « e e # inches

The water has gone down 20 inches in four days.
rapier syn erie

at

Vas

REE

Po
as
~
x
dL

Report of Mr. Harris, representative of Wallace & Tiernan
Company, of Kansas City, concerning the chlorinator - July 28, 1942, _

 

ee

"On inspection of the chlorinator of this date I found it to

be in satisfactory operating condition with no essential parts.

needed. The 3" chlorine tubing ordered in March has been in- :
stalled and eliminated the discharge trouble. This tubing should _ : : 4

last at least three or four years.

reg erkary

"The control compensator is in waite condition, after some cleaning
this morning, and by keeping the heating light burning during the
time of operation this should operate indefinitely with no trouble.
The equipment should be operated weing 60 lbs. full water pressure,

rather then the 25 lb. pressure used previously.

elt

"I am delivering today one box of assorted MSP gaskets for this

equipment, which “— good to have on hand. Mr. Eberhart, the

plumber, understands the operation of the equipment very well ror 4
I have instructed him in the points that are tnbineters for trouble oe

in the equipment's operation.

"Although unable to weigh the cylinder, I would estimate that it is

approximately half full (75 lbs. of chlorine). In view of the fact

that the pool is to be taxed to a heavier extent in the coming year,

I would recommend that Form PD 190 be filed immediately with the

chlorine compe

 
 

Report of Mr. Harris, representative of Wallace & Tiernan
Company, of Kansas City, concerning the chlorinator - July 28, 1942.

"On inspection of the chlorinator of this date r found it to

be in satisfactory operating condition with no essential parts
needed. The #" chlorine tubing ordered in March has been in-
stalled and eliminated the discharge trouble. This tubing should |
last at least three or four years,

"The control compensator is in good condition, after some ¢ leaning

this morning, and by keeping the heating light burning during the

time of operation this should operate indefinitely with no troubles | @
The equipment should be operated using 60 Ibs, full water pressure, 3
rather then the 25 lb. pressure used previously, __

| “I am delivering today one box of assorted MSP gaskets for this ;
equipment, which are good to have on hand. Mr. Eberhart, the |
plumber, understands the operation of the oquiyment vory well and

I have instructed him in the points that are indicators for Wwerble

in the equipment's operation.

"Although unable to weigh the cylinder, I would estimate that it is
approximately half full (75 lbs. of chlorine). In view of the fact
that the pool is to be taxed to a heavier extent in the coming year,

I would recommend that Form PD 190 be filed immediately with the
chlorine company in order to obtain shipment by the time the gas

is needed. Tt mas boon the experience in past casos that this takes
between 45 and 90 days for shipment."

 
MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY

St. Louis, MissouRl

February 3, 1942

TO OUR CHLORINE CUSTOMERS:

In order that you may obtain your Chlorine requirements in any
given month, it will be necessary for you to fill out a PD-190
form, returning the original and two copies, along with your
regular purchase order, to this office by the 10th of the month
preceding that in which you require delivery.

We have found from the application orders we have received

so far that there has been some misinterpretation, and in order
to clarify some of the most commonly misinterpreted Sections,
we offer the following suggestions, using a March order as an
example: .

Section 3: "Stocks of Chlorine on hand last day of previous
month:" (This should be your stock as of Jan.31.)

"Quantity of Chlorine to be delivered during
month:" (This is the Chlorine you expect to
receive from us during February. )

Total the above and give the estimated length
of time, in days, this quantity will last. If
this indicates an increased amount of Chlorine
above your past consumtpion, please explain this
in Section 9 of the form.

Section 6: This should be the quantity of Chlorine you are
ordering for March.

Section 7: Give the delivery date, or dates, on which you
require the Chlorine requested in Section 6.

Section 8: If you have various ratings, please list each
separately showing the quantity that may be given
that rating. Place all A ratings under Defense
Orders, and all B ratings under Civilian Orders.

You will probably not have any trouble filling out the other
Sections, but if you do have any questions, please write us.

To prevent the possibility of future Forms, and correspondence
regarding these Forms, from going astray, we should appreciate
your giving us the name of the person to whom we should address
any correspondence on this subject.

Thanks for your cooperation.
Very truly yours

AM , MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY
 

July 24, 1942.

Standard Pool Cleaner Company,
1204 Shadyside Avenue 5. W.,
Canton, Ohio.

Gentlemen:

Will you kindly send us your catalog end prices
on swimming pool cleaners and pumps?

We are anticipating an extra heavy load in use
our swimming pool during the coming year, due to the
mechanics being stationed at the University, and are
to have ow pool cleaning equipment in good son-

°,

La

dition.

Our vacuum cleaner is in very bad shape and will
need to be replaced. It is possible that the motor in the
pump we now have could be used if the other parts could be
replaced. Do you have a traveling representative who
would be in this section of the country this sumer? If
so, it would be well for him to lock over our pooi cleaning
— and give us en estimate on the cost of replacing
i

Sincerely yours,

Diresctor of Physical Education,
FCA :AH Varsity Basketball Coach.

 
 

29 pe. 24 Te ‘Set.25-

 
CONCERNING THE SWIMMING POOL - --<--

Filter: Steel shell, approximately 4 ft. in diameter and about
6 ft. highs; it is impossible to turn the wheel which
agitates the gravel in the filter - as long as the
gravel camot be agitated the filter is not doing the
job. The chlorinator is now the only means of purifying
the water. The steel shell is rusted and about to fall

apart.

Leak in pool: Very possibly this is due to the glazed surface
te the tiles being broken, and the pressure forces the
water through the tile. There may also be some escape
of water through the side walls.

Number of tiles with broken glaze :

Water level in pool - 24 hour stages:

ee

Greleting Se on the pressure side of the pump will soon need

to be replaced. (Bldg. & Gr.) (The drain pipe from the
pool to the sewer is exposed, and has been checked time
and time again - but this pipe is intact and there is no
leak . However, water is still escaping from the
pool. ‘1

 

Pool cleaner - will need to be replaced. Have written for
prices on this.

Chlorinator = have asked representative of Wallace-Tiernan to
c on condition.
es:

Rows é6 ty Teoria, 3 mative of Wallace & Tiernan

a hee Pe eateries Oss tt Ts eek 45 e 7 ee Odea Ratiot #
Re aa ea eee A eH aE aU Sis Bae hie SC aE ea

 

Company, of Kansas City, conserning the chlorinator ~ July 28,

 

.

"On inspeotion of the chlorinator of this date I found it to : :
be in satisfactory operating condition with no essential parts A
needed. The }" chlorine tubing ordered in March has been in-

stalled and eliminated the discharge trouble. ‘this tubing should

last at least three or four years,

| "The control compensator is in good condition, after some cleaning | as

 

time of operation this should operate indefinitely with no trouble.

The equipment should be operated using 60 lbs, full water pressure,

rather then the 25 Ib. pressure used previously.

\

| "T an delivering today one box of assorted MSP gaskets for this a
- equipment, which are good to have on hand. Mr. Eberhart, the me
plumber, understands the operation of the equipment very well and

T héve instructed him in the points that are indicators for trouble
e

in the equipment's operation,

"Although unable to weigh the cylinder, I would estimate that it is
approximately half full (75 lbs. of chlorine), In view of the fact
that the pool is to be taxed to a heavier extent in the coming year, 7

‘I would recommend that Form PD 190 be filed imediately with the

eBorine company in order to obtain shipment ty the tine the ges

 
 

July 24, 1942.

Wallese & Tiernan Company,

Kansas City, Missouri.

I wonder if you would Kindly ask him

and check the condition of the ¢hlorinator in
The Navy mechanics are stationed et the University
in the pool will be exceptionally heavy.

The
er

any possible break-down that might osour dur~

representative will kindly advise us ahead
is coming then our people can be here to con-

Direotor of physical Education,

Sincerely yours,
Varsity Basketball Coach.

PCA:AH

 
TUEC ACCESSORIES

FOR

SUCTION POOL CLEANERS

 

COPPER FLOATS— Keep the hose properly sus-
pended, increase ease of operation and prevent
disturbance of sediment caused by dragging the
hose. Set of seven recommended for each fifty foot
length of hose.

WALL BRUSH—An efficient brush for the walls of
the pool. Walls should be brushed down and the
pool water allowed to settle, before using the
cleaner. This brush is equally adaptable for indoor
and outdoor pools.

SKIMMER—Removes scum, leaves and other floating
objects from the surface of the pool. Light in weight,
easy to handle.

HANDLES — Two hardwood extension handles six
feet each are furnished, which are interchangeable
and can be used with either the wall brush or the
skimmer.

TUEC

TOW MODEL
SUCTION CLEANER
For Swimming Pools

 

PARTS LIST

Standard Pool Cleaner Co.

1204 Shadyside Ave. S. W.
Dial 2-1111 Canton, Ohio
; TOW MODEL P ARTS Tow Model TUEC Swimming Pool Cleaner

consists of the following parts:

1—O-641A Cleaning Tool Assembled Complete
1—O-643A Brush complete
2—O-609A Handles
1—O-644A Handle Adapter
1—O-672 Inlet
1—O-675 Inlet Plug
2—O-673 Male Terminals
7—O-681 Copper Floats
é : 1—50 Ft. Length 2” I. D. Rubber Lined and Rubber

0-648 Covered Hose

_ 2—125 Ft. Lengths of water proof Manila Rope

coe REPLACEMENT PARTS

Part No. Description

- O-643A
0-608 %605_0-603 0-602 .

0-641A Cleaning tool assembled complete
0-643A Brush complete with screws
0-602 Adjusting screw for brush
0-603 Lock washer

0-605 Lock washer pin

0-608 Lock nut

0-671 Bronze wheel

0-645 Axle for nozzle wheel
0-646 Axle for frame wheel

O-607 Cotter pin for axle

0-648 Hex. head cap screw
0O-609A Handle assembled complete

 

0-609 Tube (not shown separate on picture)

0-611 Plug (not shown separate on picture)

0-613 Extension holder (not shown separate on pic-
ture)

0-6444 Handle adapter complete
0-649 Adapter bolt and nut
0-638 Wing nut for clamp screw
0-639 Clamp screw

0-672 Inlet

0-675 Inlet plug

0-673 Male terminal

0-676 Female terminal

0-681 Copper floats

HOSE—standard lengths 25 and 50 feet
2” inside diameter

NOTE: Use female terminal in one end ef extra length
of hose when additional length of hose i
required. a
Brushes rebristled and sewed (when retumed Ao) @
to factory).

 
PHONE 3 3361

STANDARD POOL CLEANER COMPANY
MANUFACTURERS TUEC POOL CLEANERS

1204 SHADYSIDE AVE S. W.
CANTON, OHIO

Dear Friends;

As you are using one of our Tuec suction cleaners in your
swimming pool you will need replacement parts from time to
time. We suggest that you file this parts list for reference
in ordering parts. Prices furnished on request.

There are a few things that should be carefully checked on
your cleaner to insure the results you should get from this
equipment. The wheels replaced, when worn, so the nozzle
itself is not damaged. The brush adjusted one sixteenth to
one eighth inch below the wheels, and when worn out, returned
for rebristling. The hose replaced, when it is worn, to avoid
loss of suction at the nozzle.

The Standard Pool Cleaner company was organized by three
former employees of The United Electric Corporation who
formerly manufactured the Tuec cleaners. We have taken over
the pool cleaner division of that corporation and will
continue to manufacture and se!l the cleaners under the
trade name Tuec. We specialize in pool cleaning equipment
and we know these cleaners will give satisfaction if the
proper pump is used and the cleaners kept in repair.

Yours very truly,

STANDARD POOL CLEANER COMPANY

Sales atl Cpe ss
Report On The First Annual

SWErnEigg FOCCL €ONEP ERE ER CF

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Jume 6 and 7
1939

2 2 2 3 9 2k 9 ok 2 ok ak ok ok ko 2 ok

Sponsored by

State Department of Public Health,
Division of Sanitary Engineering
and
University of Illinois
School of Physical Education and
Physical Plant Department

 
-ewueepouseeys oF

ee

The following is a report of the material presented at the First
Illinois Swimming Pool Conference:

This conference, the first of its kind to be held in this State,
was sponsored by the State Department of Public Health in cooperation with the
University of Illinois Physical Education Department. It is an outgrowth of
small sectional meetings of swimming pool operators which have been held through-
out the State for the past two years as part of the State Department of Public
Health's swimming pool program. This conference was an effort to enlarge on the
subject matter so as to present a diversified program for all persons who are
interested in the various phases of swimming,

The conference was fortunate in securing outstanding men in their
particular fields and it is hoped that their contributions herein presented will
be a means of further popularizing swimming as a healthful recreation and of
acquainting those interested in the many phases of this sport with more recent
developments,

It is believed that all of the material here presented was of an
exceptional calibre,

If this material aids in a better understanding of not only the
engineering and architectural problems tut also the health, recreational ond

social aspects offered by the modern swimming pool, it will have served its

purpose.

* ek wk
 

"THE DOCTOR LOCKS AT SWIMMING"

By

J, Foward Beard,;™M.D.
Director of Health Service
University of Illinois

The paper presented by Dr. Beard is outstanding and has
already been heralded as one of the most notable contributions ever delivered
on this subject.

* kK & &

 
Se
THE DOCTOR LOOKS AT SWIMMING

J. Howard Beard, M.D.

Swimming is the “ing of Sports. Its great age, its excellence as
exercise, its world-wide enjoyment, and its rating as big business warrant this
title, Wherever the climate permits, swimming is a leading sport. Football,
with its costly stadium, high salaried coaches, and highly trained publicity
experts pales into insignificance beside the millions invested in an Atlantic
City, the pageantry of a Miami Beach, or the interest in the selection of the
bathing beauty of the year,

If there is the slightest doubt concerning the transcendence of swimming
over other sports, a trip to the “orld's Fair at New York will remove it. There
is no place on the Fair Grounds where a goal can be kicked from the field, nor a
ball driven into the bleachers with all the bases filled, But swimming! Ah -
there is a difference — a colossal difference. An aquacade in which glamorous
girls glide gleefully through the glowing water vursued by ex-Tarzans and ane-men
makes the fans and bubbles of a Sally Rand seem Victorian and cumbersome as a
bathing suit of the Gay Nineties,

Solo swimming, duet bathing, and water "clowns more exhilarating than
seals" both entertain and bewilder. A whole corns de ballet of swimmers go through
geometrical figures to the rhythm of an orchestra, . Between swims there are
parades of pretty girls in Parisian costumes designed by Pene du Bois, They are
set forth in bold relief against a background painted bv so gifted an artist as
Albert Johnson. Swimming, Mr. Chairman, is not only the Ying of Sports, but also
the Sport of Queens.

The date of the return of our ancestors to the water after having left
it for the trees is lost in the mists of the uncertainties of evolution. Some
of them, while swinging from limb to limb in over~confidence, slipped, there was
a splash, and the first stroke was taken: or possibly one of our Neanderthal
gsrandsires, finding himself between a saber-toothed tiger and the deep blue sea,
chose the less of two evils, took to the water, lived to tell of his experience,
and became the first instructor in swimming,

Through the eyes of a doctor, swimming is not only a plunge and a stroke,
but exercise, the cultivation of grace, the promotion of health, the institution
of safety procedures, big business, romance, and art. He sees swan dives,
Australian cravls, blistered backs, drownings, and artificial respiration. Yes,
even "two-piece bathing suits of hand-blocked wool with a pine tree figure,"
symbolizing man's existence in the primeval forest before Eve ate the forbidden
fruit and discovered she was naked, (a fact ascertainable on a modern bathing
beach without taking dessert). When a doctor looks at swimming, he: sees beauty
contests, parades of pulchritude, a trial in Holly ood, a trip to Reno, or, more
happily, a column telling us they lived like doves ever aftervards.

To the physician, even the radio is an important accessory of swimming.
Through it the daughters of Eve are promised creams to match the seashore, or
an ideal tan while the handsome lifeguard takes time out for a coke. They hear
the brevity and low visibility of the latest creations of bathing costumes
extolled by high pressure salesmen with baccalaureate degrees from colleges of
commerce, and learn "puny softies" may acquire form and vigor from vitaminized
cans, sunkist drinks, and rejuvenating cigarettes,
4,
Gone is the 01d Swimming Hole

What a change! The old swimming hole of happy memory is an extinct as
the dode. It has been commercialized into a bathing beach. Even the park
pool has cast off its preletarianism to become the commnity natatorium.

Men who once clad like September morn defied chiggers, mosguitoes, biting
gnats, and horseflies on land, and leeches, sea nettles, and snakes in the
water, for a swim are no more, or, like Ferdinand, are content to sit in the
shade. Some of the frog catchers of other days have become indulgent fathers
of daughters in ultra-modern beach pajamas, girls whose aquatic performanees «©
are as strenuous as having wavelets ripvle between the toes of their "athlete's
feet." Or worse, they are the proud sires of sons who hide themselves on the
beach in sand beneath stylish umbrellas to listen to swing music from their
portable radios.

Yesterday, the instructor in swimming was a coach. Today, he is a pro=
fessor of natation. Tomorroy, he ill be a natatorial artist. A fer years
ago he taught diving and strokes. To this accomplishment he has had added
life saving according to the gospel of the Red Cross. Now he must be able
to select a Miss America vith the diplomacy of a Paris deciding betyveen a
Juno, a Minerva, and a Venus. He must be prevared to ster before the microphone
on a moment's notice to sell a beach vith the conviction of a Bill Hay
promoting Campbell's soup, or he must be able to outline the fine points of
beauty judging with the clarity of a Lady Esther distinguishing between the
various shades of lipstick.

Svimming is a Rig Business

Swimming is a "magnificent" enterprise resting securei: on the customs,
shifting styles, social ambitions, fads, and foibles of a delightful and
"bejittered" people. It requires engineering, architecture, and art to
construct its pools, protect its beaches, and beautify their surroundings;
bacteriology and sanitary chemistry are essential to provide safe water and to
keep it free from pollutions.

Bathing places, to be successful from the standpoints of health, recreation,
and finance, must be planned carefully, located wisely, and thoroughly safe.
Neglect of any of these important factors vill doom them to failure. Around
svimming pools and bathing beaches there should be an atmosphere of wholesomeness
which leaves little to be desired ~hen measured by standards of health, recrea-
tion, social progress, and moral excellence. Swimming, like all Gaul, may be
divided into three parts namely sanitation, safety, and the simmer.

Sanitation

In having a doctor look at swimming, I shall reduce to a minimum consider-
ation of the many details involved in the operation of swimming pools and the
management of bathing beaches. These are adequately covered in the latest edition
of "The Report of the Joint Committee on Bathing Places of the Conference of
State Sanitary Engineers and the American Public Health Association" or in /
"The Minimm Sanitary Requirements for Swimming Pools and Bathing Places," of
the Illinois State Department of Health. Both of these vamphlets are readily
available, If you have not already read them carefully, I ~ould advise you to
do so, since the first is the Bible of the operators of swimming pools and the
second is an excellent bulletin which conteins the law of the land if the pool
is in Illinois. The measures used to insure the safety and sanitation of
swimming pools and bathing beaches, like the basic sciences of medicine, are
physical, chemical and biological.
5.
Physical Procedures

The physical factors in the sanitation of bathing vlaces are their loca
tion, design,and construction. To be successful financially, recreationally,
and from the standpoint of health, bathing beaches and swimming pools must be
readily accessible to the public, as far removed as practical from sources of
pollution, and in attractive surroundings:

Under design and construction ve include &11 the engineering and
erchitectural features which reduce contamination, prevent drorning, safeguard
against injury, promote dleanliness, and provide for the comfort of the bathers.
The sloping of the floors, runvays, end sidewalks, the provision of scum gutters,
the location of inlets and outlets, the arrangement of the shovers and the
placing of footbaths are structural considerations which may ¢ontribute quite
materially to the sanitation of both indoor and outdoor pools.

The arrangement of dressing rooms; the adequacy of toilets, lavatories,
and showers; suitable temperatures of both the room and the water: and good
ventilation are conducive to sanitation through the cleanliness’ and comfort
of the bathers. Recirculation systems and their accessories and filtration
are all essential physical or engineering end architectural factors in swimming
pool sanitation,

Sefety

The depth of the vater, the height of diving boards, the sloping of the
bottom of the pool, its markings, the number of swimmers permitted in its verious
zones, and lighting have a direct bearing upon the occurrence of accidents.

The reduction of turbidity by stornge, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration,
dilution, or other processes of clarification is also a measure of safety. The
provision of a special closet for chlorine containers, the avoidance of cross
connections, and the insurance of good acoustics are likewise important safe-
guards.

Chemical Considerations

The chemistry of swimming pool vater may affect its sanitation, safety,
cost of operation and popularity. When large quantities of calcium bicerbonates
are present in the water it may become difficult to keen it clear. The ex-
cessive use of alum may cause turbidity by the substance passing through the
filters in solution and producing a floc in the pool. The use of chloride of
lime may also increase the eloudd sees of the water until the pool is unsafe, The
continuous use of alum, the presence of calcium sulphate, and calcium hypochloride
or of chemicals added to influence the reaction of the vater may lead to the
formation of deposits in the circulating equipment and to consequent turbidity.

Hardness in vater, due especially to the selts of calcium end magnesium,
adds to the exoense of operation of bathing places by increasing the cost of
soap, liming of heaters, and clogging of strainers. Cne grein of calcium
carbonate will use up eight grains of soap before a lather can be provided, Thus,
hard water causes an enormous vaste of soap. The scale of heaters is usually
a deposition of the sulphates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium. These
substances damage valves end othervise hasten the depreciation of plumbing.

‘~The color of swimming pool vater may be of both organic and inorganic
origin. In some instances in outdoor ponds it may be m extraction from such
vegetative matters as leaves, bark, or roots, or its source may be algae.
Manganese and especially iron are inorganic substances which give the sides,
bottoms, end fixtures of pools a more or less characteristic color. The greeness
66
of pool water may be changed to a beautiful blue by over-chlorination. This
treatment gives rise to the formation of a rusty precipitate which settles to
the bottom of the pool. This sediment may be iron or iron organisms. Possibly
this lessening of turbidity may lead to greater reflection of the blue part of
the spectrum. Use of the elgaecide, copper sulphate, may also have an effect
on the color of the water. The presence of chemicals, color, or organic
matter in pools may add both to their cloudiness and to their cost of operation
by increasing their chlorine demand,

In certain pools where both ammonia and chlorine are used, excessive
amounts of nitrites may occur and interfere vith the accuracy of the ortho-
tolidine test for residual chlorine, Nitrites may be found in pools where
chloramine is not used. Frequent determination for nitrites should be made,
and the ortho-tolidine solution used should be such as not to be influenced by
them,

The amount of available or excessive chlorine in a pool should not be
less than 0.4 p.p.m, nor more than 0;6 p.D.»ms This can best be obtained by.
the use of chlorine as a gas or in water solution and by continuous rather than
by intermittent dosage. Eigh alkalinity of the water is said to have a definite
effect in the reduction of the loss of chlorine from disinfected swimming pools
and to cause less trouble with chlorine odors,

Chloramines are slover acting disinfectents then chlorine end to this
extent are not so safe, They are, hovever, more lasting and higher disinfectant
dosages mav be carricd without causing irritation of the eyes end nose, In
large or outdoor pools, chloramine may also have certain advantages. “here it
is used, the amount available should not be less than 0,7 p.p.m. nor more than
1.0 psp.em.

Bathing Beach Biology

The most troublesome organism to be found at bathing beaches is a
species of anthropoid often called Homo Sapiens, or "Man, the Wise," This
designation is a misnomer because this form of life is often neither vise nor
manly. These vertebrates will sometimes multinly so rapidly in a pool that
those on the svimming board ~ill be jumping on those in the ~eter, crippling
or drowning them. The more adventuresome “ill climb into tovrers, balconies,
rafters, or trees and dive head first into shallo~ vater, killing themselves and
interferring vith the operation of the pool,

At bathing becehes "Homo, the San" fills himself “ith sizzling stcaks
or fried chicken and immediately plunges into the lake to demonstrate how far
he can svrim in deep water on a full stomach before he dromns, Year after year
this experiment creates great excitement at summer resorts, causes lifeguards
endless headaches, gives fishermen a chance to make a fer dollars vith their
grappling irons, end stimletes the underte’-ing industry.

As a rule most warm-blooded animals ~ill avoid cold water end will not
deliberately go beyond their depth, ven polar bears ill not brea through
ice in winter to stend shivering in ice water “hile photographs are made for
the rotograyvure section of the police gazette,

Warnings mean little to Fomo. He ~ill plunge into deen fresh water
lakes in early summer, stiffen, cramp and go dorm, He will defy currents and
tides to be dromned. He often seems possessed vith the fixed idea that if he
can not swim in water up to his neck, he will do so with ease ~here it is forty
feet deep, This naranoia has ruined many vacations and has cost insurance
companies large sums,

When Home Sapions gets into the water his sanity seems often to become
so diluted that he is unable to take care of himself, At a great eastern
summer resort, a fer years ago, the-life guards were throrm into a panic by
150 early morning bathers ettempting to ~ade the Atlantic. Thev came out of
their hotels to the beach and marched into the ocean vith the confidence of four-
year-olds paddling in the baby's bath. Once they vere beyond their depth, the
tide took them in charge, and all the life rescuing facilities of that world
reno™ned resort vere taxed to the utmost to save its reputation and its patrons
“ho regarded either depth nor wave,

In passing it is interesting to note not only has man developed a
strange mental attitude ~hen around reter, but he has also lost his fins and
only as a "thror-back" has webbed toes and fingers. Webbing of the toes and
fingers is a dominant characteristic - a hint thet such a structure once had its
special function and that he may be more closely related to Donald, the Duck,
than the comic strip may iridicate. Another fact hich suggests that man's
primordial existence vas aquatic is the concentration of minerals in his blood
stream. The ionic composition of the blood of a man and a jelly fish or of a
max and a lobster are so similer as to suggest their ancesters floated lazily
together in the Archaean Ocean. It also indicates the conditions under “hich
ceil life is possible are very restricted indeed and have not changed substantial-
ly since life first began.

It has been many million millennie since our equatic ancestors slid
out of the nrimeval ooze, found they could live in the air, and did not return
at night. Through many era since, evolution has wrought many changes, among
them the development of eyes, ears, end sinuses which are rather poorly adepted
to swimming - a maladjustment which is the price of breaking home ties.

Without a nictitating membrane to protect the cornea end conjunctive
egainst injury, trouble ~ith the eyes frequently results from svimming. The
temperature of the water differs markedly from that of the body, end is con-
ducive to discomfort of the eyes. Its mineral content may also injure the eves.
Osmosis and the washing out of immune bodies may likevise have an effect. Many
of us know how much easier slightly salt vater is on the eves than soft fresh
water, When residual chlorine rises above 0.5 p.p.m. trouble with hyper-sensitive
eyes is not far off. Many individuals may vithstand severel times this amount
but those less resistant 7ill have various grades of conjunctivitis or mild
inflammation of the eves. With the use of ammonia the chlorine content of the
pool may be raised as high as 1,00 p.p.m. without cevsing many complaints.

It should be remembered that eves are often as different as are
individuels. Susceotibility, hypersensitiveness, end allergy rarely behave
according to fixed stendards. Lack of complaint is not alvays proof of the
harmlessness of a chemical nor is failure to report trouble an indication
that no symptoms of irritation are evident. Inflammation of the eves may be
@ sign of pollution of the vater. Crgenisms which ordinarily attack the eves
may, under especially favorable circumstances, pass from one individual to
another. The use of the same tovel or soap around bathing places is vrobably
often responsible for the spread of eye infections which are frequently
attributed to the lack of sanitation of the pool, or to too much chlorine.

Infection of the ear, nose, and throat mey come either from the nasal
passages of the individual or from a grossly polluted pool. By rare chance,
highly virulent bacteria may be conveyed by water from one person to another,
Cy
In a well managed pool ~ith edequate residual chlorine this occurrence is
probably quite unusuel. The organisms ~hich ceuse the trouble are usually those:
which are already present in the nose or throat of the swimmer and are carried
into the sinuses and midéle ear by veter,

If bathers will recall that they ere no longer as ~ell adapted to ~ater -
as were their ancestors of the Mesozoic Age and will exercise proper precautions,
they may save themselves a good deal of trouble. Then in the pool they should
breathe through the mouth of avoid getting water and nasal secretions into the
sinuses. Estachian tubes, or nasal passages. If they will exhale through both
the nose and mouth they vill have a quicker end stronger exhalation than through
either alone,

The opening of the mouth relieves the undue pressure which may force
infected material into the nasal passages. It also permits air end vater to flow
into the nose end mouth with a minimum amount entering the sinuses and Eustachian
tubes. Improper exhaling “ith the head submerged may cause them to become in-
fected. Vigorous blowing of the nose after emerging from the ~ater may so force
vater into the sinuses and Bustachian tubes that inflammation may result.

In diving the diver should inspire before entering the water and not ex-
hale at all until again on the surface, This vill largely prevent getting veter
into the sinuses and Eustachian tubes. By holding the breath the entire time the
diver is in "high pressure", a nearer equal force is exerted on both sides of the
eer drums, Deep diving causes considerable pressure on the ear drums and thus
forces air out of the Eustachian tubes. “hen the diver comes to the surfece this
pressure is relieved and air again enters them. If the breath is held until
the diver emerges for air less water enters the nasal passages when the Fustachian
tubes are again inflated and the denger to the middle car is correspondingly
decreased,

It would seem that the nerrer constent the inner-outer pressure remains
on the ear drums, ~hen the breath is held in diving, the less sudden the disten-
tion by means of water pressure. “ith no exhalation under water the inner pressure
necessary for nasal expiration which might force water end secretions into the
sinuses end Bustachian tubes is absent.

When the breath is held under ~ater the inner-outer pressure on the ear
drums, though uneven, remains constant so thet there is less reverse distension
than if the exhalation took place below the surface. If on rising to the surface
the diver vromptly expires through both the nose and mouth, the sudden entry
of more air into the Eustachian tubes bv the removal of outer rater pressure
does not cause suction of vater and secretions. Diving feet first may permit
~eater to enter the nose forcibly.

Persons who have had repeated ear infections or recurrent sinusitis should
avoid swimming or exercise special precautions. Those vith damaged eer drums
end mastoid operations are, on the whole, better off out of water. Individuals
“ith colds should not dive and should keep their heads out of the ~ater in swimming,
Yor the benefit of themselves, es well as for the good of others, they should
stay avay from the pool until free of their resviratory infection. Divers should
“ear rubber ceps over the ears or plug them vith greased cotton to prevent in-
fection of the drums end external auditory canals.

Swimming end Skin Disease

Svimming hos a four-fold relationship to sin diseases. It may cause
itching, a pruritis, resulting from contact with water. The condition lasts from
a fev minutes to a half hour. Young edults with dry skin are most subject to this
disturbence, It is usually of no significance end responds well to treatment.
9,
Water may markedly aggravete certain s*in diseases. Individuals vith certain
types of exema and other conditions made worse bv moisture should avoid the pool.

Svimming may promote the spread of such communicable diseases as ring-
“orm, and scabies, by bringing the infected and uninfected directly or indirectly
in contact vith one another. Athlete's foot is widespread end has stimlated the
the production of many supposed panaceas. Too often they have little more
therapeutic basis than wishful thinking and economic gain. Foot baths of various
Kinds have been advised, but most of them have proved ineffective because the
trichophyton is quite resistant, the chemical can not be used in sufficient
concentration vithout causing irritation or the swimmers vill not stand in the
solution long enough to allow sufficient time to destroy this fungus. Fungicides
may heve an inhibiting effect, but to exnect more of them is to be quite optimis-—
tic. The best protection against athlete's foot is cleanliness, dry foot, and
foot covering which protects the infected against re-infection and the uninfected
against the infected.

Polluted vater may contain either animels or plants ~hich may parasitize
the skin and cause inflammation, The corcaria or larval form of the Schistosoma
is a notable example. Possibly certain mycoses may pass from one individual to
another by “ay of the water of poorly managed srimming pools. Mycotic infections
are often spread by the common use of torels, brushes, combs, etc.

Venereal Disease

Some years ago swimming nools ~ere renorted to have been a source of
venereal disease. They vere small, highly polluted pools and those infected

vere females. A well managed pool with a residual chlorine content of 0.4 -

0.6 p.pem. is not e factor in the occurrence of gonorrhea or syphilis in a
comminity. The relatively low temperature of the vater, the presence of chlorine,
end the difficulty with which the gonococcus and the snirochaeta pallida survive
outside of the body insure against transmission of venereal disease in swimming

pools,

In highly polluted pools under specially favorable circumstances, it is
conceivable the gonococcus may get into the eyes of swimmers and cause inflamma-
tion, When this occurs, vith the exception of the one chance in a million, the
pool has to be indescribably dirty, its management incompetent, the cleansing
shower neglected, and its chlorine content too low to be effective. The common
use of towels end possibly of soap offers an opvortunity for the gonococcus to
pass from one female to another or to get into the eyes and produce 2 very ser-
ious type of cohjunctivitis.

Castro-Intestinal Infections

Typhoid fever, the dysenteries, and other diseases whose transmission is
accomplished by bacteria passing more or less ravidly from the intestine of one
individual to the mouth of onother may be conveyed to swimmers in several avs:

1, Within the pool itself - if it is poorly managed end its residual

‘ chlorine is inadeguate.
2. Bw pollution of the water outside of the pool and ‘insufficient dis-
infection before it reaches it.
By bathing in water too close to its source of pollution and thus not
giving an opportunity for purification by dilution, Swimming near
the outlet of a sever is an excellent example.

ol