oo 1

b. Causes of Flat Feet

(1) Paralysis

(2) Improperly fitting shoes

(3) Improper standing or walking
(4) Lack of exercise of leg miscles

c. Treatment
The following outline may be used:

(1) Examination for anatomical soundness
(2) Analysis of shoes

(3) Adjustment of any overweight

(4) Form of walking

(5) Exercises

(6) Mechanical supports

References

Meredith ~ Hygiene, Chaps. 25 - 28
Williams — Personal Hygiene Applied, Chap. 6
Kirkpatrick « Heuttner - Fundamentals of Health, Chap. 6

XII. HYGIENE OF EXCRETION

1.

ge

Nature and Function of the Excretory Organs

a. Kidneys

b. Lungs

c. Large intestines
de Skin

Standards of Normal Excretion

Every intelligent individual should have some practical knowledge of stan-
dards of normal excretion for each of the important organs of excretion.

a. Kidneys
(1) Amount of urine

(2) Physical character of urine
(3) Cuemieal composition of urine

b. Lungs are not often thought of as excretory organs, yet carbon dioxide
is one of the most important waste products of the body.

Standards here cannot be quantitative - they must deal with assurance

of securing edequate ventilation of all of the lung tissue with proper

air.

(1) Character of breathing - thoracic - abdominal

(2) Rate end character of breathing - Resting rate 12-15 per minute,
maintaining at least a vital capacity 230 cu. in. in men and 145
cue in. for women.

c. Intestines - A serious lack of knowledge of normal levels of excretion
through intestines.