KINESIOLOGY © i Examination Questions | I. (a) Define kinesiology and give its general relationships to certain other sciences, (b) List at least three of its contributions to the betterment of teaching physical education, II, (&) Where, in the human body, is the location of motion? (b) Where, the source of bodily motion? III. (@) Name the three general classes of joints to which all articulations of the body belong, (b) Neme and give one example each of the six types of freely movable joints. IV. Answer these questions yes or no: (1) A musele can only pull; it never pushes, — (2) Whenever there is onal stimulation the muscles relax, (3) Bvery muscle has its two ends attached to different bones. (4) All museles are arranged in antagonistic pairs or groups. (5) The smaller museles are located where the greatest force is needed, (6) The human machine has a high degree of efficiency. (7) The primary factors in the physiological condition are fatigue, source of food substance, and removal of waste substances from the tissue. (8) The muscles of the body are of three types, ‘smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. (9) The cardiac is the wie directly responsible for motor activity. (10) Musele activity takes place through the regular processes of metabolism, (11) Inertia is a property of all objects. (12) The human body is stable when in a standing position. (13) Gravity is a constant force acting on all bodies, (14) The two articulating bones of the hip joint are the scapula and the humerus. (15) The elbow joint is a ball and net joint. (16) The gliding type of joint is best exemplified by the articular processes of the vertebrae, ; (17) The ball and socket joint is perfectly described by its name. (18) The saddle type of joint is a special arrangement found only in the thumb» (19) Adduction is lateral movement away from the central plane of the bodys (20) Abduction is a movement inward toward the central plane of the body. Ve (a) What do we mean by equilibrium? Give your most complete definitions (b) Sinee it is impossible to understand the physical principles of total body action without understanding certain governing laws of motion, please give in detail the Newtonian laws: (1) the laws of inertia; (2) the laws of acceleration; (3) the law of reaction, ' (¢) The levers of the body frequently move in complete unison and with perfect timing in respect to their involved neighbors, For instance, when one climbs the stairs, one's weight is lifted by extension at three articulations simultaneously, Name the articulations and state generally what takes place in such activity at these articulations, 7 | VI. (a) List four of the fundamental menipulative skills. (b) Explain briefly the three principal types to which all manipulative skills belong. _ VIIe In the field of selected sports state briefly the types of fundamental manipulative skills to which each of these sports belong, and give at least three general 3 musts, either muscular or mechanical, for the successful performer of each sport. (If you prefer, substitute other sports with which you may be more fenttior.) (a) Archery (b) Badminton (c) Tug of War VIII. Each figure below represents the base for some couple neering stunt. The ' arrow represents the weight line of the top performer. s the weight supported more easily by the top figure in each couple? v | i y Iter) (1) aad a | ay ee 7 TN OD) ee ) IX. (a) Since the spine is the keystone for the development of an upright posture, .neme four of its specific functions in this service to the human body. (bv) There are some 14 or 15 commonly recommended exercises for posture training, Weme at least five such exercises and discuss briefly why each is effective, X. List at least 5 home or occupational activities. . KINESIOLOGY - ANSWERS Ppe 5,7,8, Chap. I a Te Ie (a) Kinesiology is the science which investigates and analyzes human motion. The seiences of physics, physiology and anatomy contribute basically to kinesiology. Kinesiology is a composite of these sciences. (b) 1. Kinesiology attempts to integrate all the contributing fields of inforn- ation through direct application to the problems of the teacher of swimming, of dance, of correctives, of sports, and of all other physical education activities. 2 Kinesiology makes an analysis and evaluation of activities. ; 3. Kinesiology, by analyzing and evaluating activities, makes for better and easier teaching. This analytical ability makes creative, individualized and effective teaching of motor skills possible. 4. A knowledge of kinesiology has its social and physthological benefits, in that through an understanding of the problems of efficiency and economy of movement a new sensitivity to and confidence in poise and grace result. Too, a better understanding of problems of physiological cost, energy budgeting and muscular timing result. 5» Kinesiology should give a better appreciation of posture, for the basic principles which determine the standards for sitting, standing, walking, and body carriage in general are found in this stury. 6. The analysis of movenent and understanding of standards should make the teacher more aware of irregularand unusual performance, and of abnormal structures (At least 3 of above 6) pe 12, Chap. II (a) The location of ie motion is in the artioulations of the body. (b) ” the source of all bodily movement is in the muscles of the body. Iii. P. 13, Chaps IZ (a) Sareretinds or freely movable a al, slightly movable. » immovable ppe 13815, Chap. II (b) (1) arthrodial, gliding joints. Bx: erticular processes of the vertebrae (8) 6 , joint formed by a convex prominence gliding over an adjacent surface. Ex: artioulations betweon the carpals and the first segment of the fingers. — ‘3 enarthrodial, ball and socket joints Bx: shoulder joint. e joint. HE: elbow joint. H reoi ion, saddle jointe Ex: found only in the thumb joint. } Healgroenl reception » Ex? This type of joint is found in the head of eit where rotation is permitted. Iv. , (1) Yes (11) Yes ge oes ae (5) No : 15) No (6) No : ft) Yes (7) Yes . | (17) Yes +8 Yes (18) Yes (9) No (19) No (10) Yes (20) No Answers « 2, “ Ve Pe 115, Chape VII (fa) uilibrium, in all activities, is an active muscular process to control the center of gra ° body and of its parts with respect to the base of support. (b) Newtonian Laws: le The laws of inertia: , i. A resting body remains at rest if no external force operates upon it. 2. A body moving with uniform motion retains this uniform motion so long as no external force operates upon it. 2. The laws of acceleration: 3 id. Acceleration is directly propertional to the force producing ite &. Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body. 3. Acceleration is in the same direction as the force producing it. 3. The law of reaction: Every ferce which meets resistance has an equal and opposite counterforce. pe 154, Chap. VIII ok (c) Hips knee and ankle. One's weight is lifted by extension at all three articulations, Extension cannot naturally take place at any one of these articulations without also occurring at the other tw. . NeB. For class uses an exact description of this process would be advisable. See Pe 134. VI. pe rte 188-198, Chap. XIII. (a) Pushing, pulling, throwing, striking, (or others, such as kicking, etc.) (b) 1. Those in which performer keeps contact with the object. Ex: pushing, pulling. 2, These in which momentum is developed in an object and then released. Ex: S» Those skills in which momentum of a body part, or of a tool, is imparted to either a stationary or moving object and it is either moved or accelerated in movement thereby. Ex: serving a tennis ball, or a place kick in football, or striking a basehall, etc. : VII. pe 203, Chape XIV. (a) In archery the momentum is developed in object and then released, as in throwing. Archery calls for precision of movement. Its successful achievement depends largely upon the kinesthetic perception of position and ability always to reproduce this desired position. While it belongs to the same class of skills as throwing, it involves the proe jection of the arrow by a mechanical device rather than by muscular force. This game demands static rather than dynamic precision. ppe 207-209, Chap. XIV. / (b) In badminton, we have a type of the fundamental skill of striking, i.e., the type wherein the momentum of a tool or body part is imparted to either a stationary or a moving object by an external force, and the object is moved thereby. _ Badminton involves many striking techniques. While the game is similar in some ee to tennis, is differs definitely. The equipment is largely responsible for this, lighter racquet is largely responsible for this and thus lacks the potential force of the tennis racquet. The compensation for this lack of force must be made in the greater speed of the stroke and in a different timing. From the standpoint of mechanics ‘these drives are classified as either wderhand or overhand. Answers - 3. PPpe 189-190, Chape XIII : (0) In Tug o' War the performer keepp contact with the object, as in the fundamental skills of pushing or pullinge oe ' In this sport, if the resistance is light ix arm action alone will suffice. When the resistance is greater, the force can be increased by leaming away from it. _ Leg extension and the back extensors may be brought into play. In moving backward, the back extensors fix or set the trunk. VIII. In these couple balancing stunts the top couples in each case are maintaining the more correct positions because they conform more closely to the principles which govern balancing. First, the area of support is broader in the top figures. There must always be a center of support and the top performer should be placed so as to keep the weight line near this center. All balancing mst be performed with respect to the center of gravity of the persons doing the balancing. As long as the center | of gravity falls inside or behind the arc of the base of support upon which the balencing is being done the balancing will be stable. But the center of gravity ¢ the one being balanced must not pass beyond that edge. In all balance events, the performers must have a thorough understanding of the rules of stability, dealing - principally with the size of the base and the location of the center of the gravity with respect to the base. There is, however, the factor of rotary momentum to be considered. Rotary momentum is usually necessary to assume balancing positions. Therefore, in the drewings the weight is more easily supported by the top figures because weight is easier to hold if the legs of the base are in a vertical position, unless the base figure is standing, then the legs may be widened to spread the area of support. : XA. Pe 332, Chaps. XIX. ( 23 It is a suppert for the weight of the trunk, (2) It is the solid point of attachment for most of the muscles anchoring and con- trolling the pectoral girdle, as well as the lattisimus dorsi which moves shoulder 5 joint. (3) It encloses and protects the spinal cord and the nerves which lead to and from it. This requires a firm, carefully articulated, and not too flexible colum. (4) It absorbs jolts and jars which come to the body even from such commonplace activities as walking, ruming and jumping. 7 IX-B, P. 339, Chap. XIX, ; (1) Wand lowering between shoulders. This exercise is good for round shoulders, kyphosis, and forward head. Pe 340 | (2) Hanging from the horizontal bars. Passive hanging from the bar is economical of muscular effort but is not good for round shoulders; but in active hanging, the muscles contract to hold the weight and thus transform an activity wnich is ppor for round shoulders into one which is beneficial. Pe 343. meee (3) Standing with feet together, lift inner border of each foot but kesp heels and toes on the floor, weight on outer borders of the feet. The main value of this exercise is in strengthening these muscles which support the aroh along its medial border. pe 339. Chape XIX. rr (4) Prone lying, arms extended sideward, palms down - raising of head, shoulders, and arms from floor. This exercise when done properly is localized hypertension of the thoracic region, with a little hyperextension of the cervical region. Care mist be taken to localize the action in the thoracic regions, with no extreme tension in the lumbar region. Pe 338, Chap. XIX. (5) “breaking chains". Elbows flexed arms horizontaj, backward movement of arns Answers = 4. in transverse plane. ‘This exercise is also excellent for round shoulders. It is also facilitated by an extension of the thoracic spine; and, by direetly encouraging an erect position is good for kyphosis. Xe PPRe 323-327, Chap. XVIII 1. Stair climbing Ze Reach ing 3. Wringing or twisting movements 4, Hammering and chopping 5. Shoveling and sweeping. er ere : le 6e Te 8. 9. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 206 Pw reget activly - SS ey Ty = Define the following: 3 : | (a) Anatomy (e) Osteology le x (b) Physiology (f) Neurology | ge (c) Kinesiology {g) Myology (a4) Syndesmology (h) Histology wre C xcitin a predisposin cause and pout Brawn, What if meant by ebductian an tien ir? physical education’ \"hatVis the difference between rotation and circumduction? What is a cell? s\"hat is the difference betwegn a cell, an organ, and a ; system? Z oo if pola he racnal econcenay -Dgielntge Discuss what is meant by an ; 4 * “ seis 1 7p - detec cause and What is a "charley horse"? Explain the kinesiological relationship between extension and flexion, and a "charley horse." List and describe three types of muscle tissue. Give examples of each. Draw a diagrem of a muscle cell end label sarcalemma, sarcaplasm, sarcomeres, sarcostyles and myo-neural junction. : i. typical skeletal muscle consists of: (a) (c) (b) | (4) ‘hat is the approximate chemical composition of a muscle? “hat is a "property?" Give the properties of muscle tissue. Name a muscle or ligament that derives its name from: (a) Location (d) Structure {b) Points of attachment {e) Direction (c) Shape (f) Function Explain the difference between: Give examples of eache (a) prime movers (b) antagonists (c) fixation muscles Draw a diagram of a motor neurone end label dendrites, nerve call, nucleus, axis cylinder, neurilemma, medullary sheath, and terminal branche Give the function of (a) nerve cell and its nucleus (b) axix cylinder (c) Neurilemma (ad) dendrites ‘hat is a lever? What is the relationship between levers and kinesiology? What is a synovitis? What is a symphesis? Joints are classified as: (a) (>) (c) What is the difference between cranial and spinal nerves? Name the 12 pairs of cranial nervese Nome the 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Name the sympathetic nervese what muscles are called the hamstrings, and why are they importent? In punting a football (2) What mascles of the limb are employed? (b) How do these muscles act on the pelvis? ‘hat muscles effect flexion and extension of the knee? What is the work of the following muscles in relation to the movement of the ankl® joint: oe (a) tibialis anterior (b) Plantaris (c) gastrocnemius 21. 226 235 6 24.6 256 wen Give three (3) ways in which the tensor facia lata affects movemente Describe the general movements of the shoulder girdle; the kind of joint; and the ligaments involved in the shoulder joint. \hat muscles of elbow joint. produce supination and extension? What is the difference between supination and pronation? Name the pronators and flexors. “What nerves are involved in the reflex aro. The instructor tells the student in their minds eye to lick their tonge over a lemon. What action takes place over the nervous system? ed ne pee ral wo a 5 Je /41 ame i aN a Pa i ee = o Le , . 7 Diagram each of the three orders of levers. 2+ Defines “power arm"; “weight arm". Give the formula and work the problems: (a) Power arm 15 inches--Weight arm 33 inches--Power 120 pounds. Find the weighte. (b) Power arm 4 feet--Weight arm 23 feet-=Weight 200 pounds. Pind power. 4e What is the importance of the pH or acidebase balance of the blood. Explain how proper base=#balance is maintained in the bodye 5-6 Defines second wind. Mention at least six changes which take place within the body innedjetely previous to or at the outset of second wind. 6s Defines “buffer" “Steady State". 7. Explg@in the term . -. fOxygen debt" and the significance of the phenomenone 8. What is mean by: (a) “absolute power" and (b) “Optimum load". ae , | | } Z 4 2 ¢ fs ’ - 4 I y / pg a a REFERENCE DOORS 1. Bowon and NoKensie, Applied Anatomy and Kines 2. Nourdy and MeKensie, Phystolegy of Bxercisc. 3+ Gould and Dye, Bxeroise and its Mysiolc 4. Stoitdler, Body Mechanies Se Schneider, Physiology of Muscular Activity, — 6. Grays or Cunningham's Anatomy. \ ‘Ty Negurdy ond Larson, Phystology of Exeroice 8. Fdwarés, Anatomy for Physics} Education Se Carlson and Johnson, 5 10. zoothouts Physiology , sc, Kinesiology is a selence of body mechanics (Bowen & MoKensic). S & science which treats of movements of the human body (Webster's) 3 science of human motion. Physicology -= science which treats with the functions. Anatomy -- science which treats with structure Histology «- science of microscopic anatomy Osteology -- Science of the anatomy, structure, and function of bonese Myolegy -- The science of the nature, function, structure and disease of mscles.' Syndesmology == The sefence of the ligaments. Angiology += The seience of the blecd=vessels and lymphatics. Splanchnology «- Science of the nature and functions of the viscera. lieurology =~ Science of nervous structure, funntion, and pathology. Embryology == Science of embryonic evolutione Abduction Adduction _ Apposition Atonie Cireumdust ion Contraction Contracture Blevetion Extension Plexion Ossa Pronation Relaxation Potation Supination Muscle tonus Spastic LIST OF DEFINITIONS le Movement away from the middle line. 2+ A position result from such movements a. — the foot, rotation of the foot outward around own ‘own axis. To or across the median plane “Le The putting in contact of two substances 2. Contact of two surfaces. A want of tone; debility, Went of tone or powers Continuous circuler movement of ® limb. Decrease of volume; shortening A state of permanent rigidity The action of a mecle lifting a part 1. Traction upon a fractured or dislocated limb. 2s The straightening of a flexed limb or parte The process of bending Bones fre downward turning of the palm Diminution of tensions languor - Turning on the axis A turning of the palm upward. 2. The attitude of lying upon the back. A state of involuntary partial contraction that is always present in living state Pertaining to spasmg rigid ole Isittusele Ae Striated - usually skeletal muscles, except for tongue and eye mscles which are also stristed--the voluntary muscles Be. Smveth or involuntary mscle tissue--lines the walls of the . vVieeera, bleed vessels, ducts of glands Gs Gardines-wells of the heart striated with intereal ted disks Ile Skeletel Muscles + about 46 % of body weighte About 700 mscles move aporeximately 206 bonese : Ae Structure ls Musqle cell or fiver ie about one inch to one and one. half inches long, and about 10-110 microns in diameter, (reduce to millimeter »leron is 1/1000 of M or 1/2500 of 2» Sercolemma covers muscle celle The tendon fiver extends from the end of the coll to the tendon, The sarcolemma | tends to fuse with these tendon fivers to the tendon. Se Nuclei are along the edge of the msele between the sere colemmae 4. Soarcostyles or fibriles are rodlike parts of the muscles These ere made up of separate compartments or segments « im these sarcomeres are light bands cated the I bands (disk) and dark colored bends oalled the A» bands. The lig’t colored bands contain certain potassium salts and is tt fluid part. When the mscle eontracts, the I bands become dark and the Q bands be= come lighter. The effect is like the opening and closing of a shutter. The I and A bends do not extend across the entire mscle celle The two diske which extend seross en- tire cell bold sarcomeres in place. The myoeneuro= junction is the place where the nerve fiber joins the museole cellj also called motor end plate. Muscle cell ~Z~ Ae Typicel skeletal muscle consists of+« le Fasoiculi or mscle bundles 2e Fassia is a fibrous tissue sheath enveloping the fasciouli. Se Pe ium externum is the areolar tissue surrounding and | ing each fascioulue os neighbor « de at ysium ae eoapooler tisene which holds the elon- ge mascle fibres of the fasciculus together. The pore imysium internum is connected on one hand to the sarcolemma, and on the other to the perimysium externum, by whieh it is brought in connection with part of e tendon. Ille Chemistry of Muscle Ae Water «= 75% Be Pate «<« 2% Ce Saltese <« “1% De Carbohydrates «- 0.5% The glycogen eventually forms lectic acid. Then lactic acid and energy for resynthesis inte phosphocreatine. le Gluedcse Be Glycogen These give rise to: Ee Lactose «-- 0.16% Fe Greatine=- 0.4¢ Ge Phosphocreatine -~ 64% or in phospogen Praha tom"? The phosphocreatine ig phosporic acid and creatine and energy for mecle contraction. 1/8 of Lactic acid and Oe c0* 4 # plus energy in order to resynthesize 4/6 of lestic acid in glyecogens Lack of Oxygen ie the real cause of mecle fatigue sinse the lactic seid cannot act to be changed back into ¢lycofens Properties of Muscles — (property is a distinguishing characteristic) le Elasticity | 2. Irritability Yusele Nomenclature Muscle names may be derived from théir | l» Situation: pectoralis or tibialis. 2. Points of attachment: stemomastoid 3. Shape: trapezius | 4. Structure: triceps, digastic 5. Direction: rectus, ebitque’ | 6. Function: flexon, abgjueto ehdieler> Muscle Action ) No muscle acts as a single unit, in a combination of muscles in even the simplest movement. Movement is essentially not absolute, but general in relation to musculature. When muscle contracts ite insertion is generally eporoximated to origin where both attachments are movable, frequently the insentten way for thme become relatively more fixed than insertion. fhe different ways in which individual maseles may function in eny given movement are as follows: le Prime movers-«those which by their active contractions are resopnsible for the actus] movements of parts which occurr. Ze Antagentstessoapabio by their contraction of producing the reverse movement, and by them relaxation enable the movement to be effected. Have a reciprocal action with the prime movers. Se Fixation muscles--to provide a stable or fixed basis from which muscle may act to give precision in the performance of any desires movement or effective action against resistace. Exe Pisntion of upper limb, in any desired position, by action of muscles at shoulder and elbow joints te eakhhe movements of hands and fingers | 4 “Synergio" mscles--special type of fixation action-< the flexon carpi elneshs and extension carpi ulmaris, which are adductions apwrist, act together ae synergists to permit simple abduction of the thumbs Norve supply to muscle — le Three of the nepve fibres to a muscle believed to be motor | : 2. 2/5 sensory Ss Some sympathetic nerve fibres--function net determined MOTOR NEURONE Dendrites Nerve cell & its nucleus ~ Axis cylinder Neurilemma Medullary sheath Neurilemma around axis cylinder (no medullary sheath) Terminal branch le Nerve Cell & Neucleus: reservoir of food material aids nutrition and growth of entire neurone~-less than 1/10 mm in diameter (fiber - sometimes 1 meter hong) re 2. Axis eylinder-soentral thread of nerve material in fiber on which implulse travels-simpulse travels about 100 feet per second. Se Newrilemmas-protects exis cylinder most of its length 46 etadiary sheath=-white fatty sheath within neuroma insuletes eontral thread and prevents impulses from spreading to other fibers. Ss Dondritess-paths of impulses to cell. | Ge Axones--path of impulse poasing from cell. BOWS LEVERS: Lever ie « rigid Ser revolving about a fixed point.(axie or fulerun) fe setion of bones es levers and the ection of muscles to nove these levers fie funderentel te kinesiology, since all forma of ohysical movement occur thra the uce of levers There ere 3 types of levers: Ae Lever of first eless bas axis between the other two pointeie foree ari weight ect in eare directions, Ex. triceps muscle seting on elbow Joint (axie) and weight ie bande ( Weaghr a _ Weis R — “RQ4 £ Woxele. Wagner or Wear ae ee Be Lewor of second oclese bes the reistence on weight applied bee tween the foree or muscle pull and axie; feree and resistance act in opposite directions and the foree required ie lese than the weight or resigterce. Very few ( some cay none ) levers of second clase in bodys Coun : Voll of “mosele Ane is un - wins Weve Loreen ; ewan Werghr a Keais' once. Ce Levers of third clesseehave force applied between the resista nee and the axis; force and resiste:ce work in opposite directions; force alwaye greater than the resistances Exe biceps as foree, eller as axis and weight the hands Wosele Toll 5 “ o Yoece. To JOINTS =-§ wAeDe I. Articulations Ae Synarthroses or immovable--sutures of skull Be Amphierthposes<=slightly movable 1)Symphesise=present between vertebrae and pubic bones. 2) Syndesmoses**inferior tibio--fibular erticulation. Ce Diarthroses=-freely movable 1) Hinge jointe-(Ginglyms) Humerus and ulna joint. 2) Pivot joint (Trachoid) radial head in ulner noteh 3) Condylord articulation 4) Ball and sochert joint+-hip and (Enarthrosis) shoulder joints * 5) Gliding joint (arthrodia) joint between clavicle and acromium process of scapula; sleding limited by ligements. aaa prnn A Sone + -eros, Knee Joint As Musele le Popleteus Origin: Outer side of lateral condyle of fomur Insertion: Above the oblique line on posterior surface of tibia Structure: Thin flet trienguler mesele which forms lower part of the floor of the popliteal space Action: Flexion and inward rotation of knee innervation: Internal popliteal 2. Vastus externus Origin: Anterior border grest trochanter and linea espera — Insertion: Tuberosity of the tibiae Structure: Action: Extends the — Innervation: Anterior crural S$. Vastus internus Origin: Inner lip of the lines aspéra of the femur Insertion: Tuberosity of the tibia Structure: Action: Extends te leg Innervation: Anterior crural 2 9 neal se asl “ we, We, 5 cet UE Aomiaatiageiieniaer namin aE “Ge Se Vestus intermedius Origin: Inner lip of the lines aspera of the femur Insertion! Tuberosity of the tibia | Structure: ! Action: Extends the leg tion: Anterior crural Hip Joint se Muscles le Psoas Origin: The sides of the bodies of the last dorsal and e11 the lumbar vertebrae. Insertion: The small trochanter of the femurs Structure: Muscle fibers arising directly from the bodies of the vertebrae and attaching obliquely into the tendon of insertion. | Action: Flexes and rotates the thigh outward, and flexes the trunk on the pelvis. Innervation: Lumbar 2+ ITliscus Origin: The inner surface of the ilium and a part of the inner surface of the sacrum near the iliumn. Insertion: Lesser trochanter Structure: Muscle fibers arising directly from the ilium and joining t>e tendon obliquely. Action: Fisxes and rotetes the femur outward. Innervation: Anterior crural. -10- 3. Sartorius : Origin: The notch between the two anterior spines of the ilium. _ Insertion: Lower front part of the inner tuberosity of the tibiae. Structure: | Action: Flexes and crosses legs. Innervation: Anterior crurel. Se Sa NS TES 4. %ectus femoris Origin: The antero-inferior spine of the iliun, between its tip and the hip-joint. Insertion: The upper border of the patella. Structure: The upper tendon passes down the middle of the muscle and the flattened lower tendon passes up beneath its deoper wanteies the muscle fibers cross obliquely from one tendon to the othere Agtion: Extends the leg Innervation: Anterior crural 5e Peotineus | OriginTliopectines} line end pubis Insertion: Femur below the lesser trochanter Structure: Penniform, beth ends of the muscle >aving musculer and tendinous fibers intermingled. It is twisted *hrough 90 degrees as it passes from origin to insertion. Action: Flexes the thigh end rotates it outward. atl ‘Innervation: Anterior Crurel, obturator. et igh ss 6. Tensor Origin: A line about 1f inches long just below the anterior extremity of the crest of the ilium. Insertion a: ©=Fascia lata Structure: The muscle lies between two layers of the faseie and the longitudinal mescle fibers are inserted into these two layers. Action: Tensor of the fascia lata innervation: Superior gluteal aa _luteus nite Origin: Superior curved iliac line and crest, sacrum, and evccyx. Insertion: Fescia,and femur below the great trochanter. Structure: Muscular fibers arising directly from pelvis and meking en oblique junction with tendon of insertion, which ‘{e a flat sheet extending up from the femur and along the _ posterior edge of the muscles | Action? Extends, abducts, ond rotates the thich outwarde Innervation’ Inferior giutes] and sacral plexus. 2. Biceps (femoris) | * | Grigin: 1. ischial tuberosity Ze Linea aspera Insertion: tuberosity of the radius, and deep fascia of i ceows Structure: Tendon of origin is long and flet «--forms septum between the biceps and the semitendinous; the lower tendon extends halfqway up the thigh; the mscle fibers sre short and pass obliquely downward from the upper tendon and the femar to ett join the lower tendons Agtion: Flexes and rotates the leg outward. Innervation: Great sciatic and oxternal poplitesl. 3. Semitendinosus Origin: The tuberosity of the ischium, by a common tendon with the biceps. Insertion: The tuberosity of the isehium Structure: Short muscle fibers pass diagonally downward from tendo of origin to join the tendon of insertion, bulk of muscle being in upper half of thigh. ’ Action: Filexes the leg on the thigh. Innervation; Great sciatic 4. Seminembranceus ) Origin: The tuberosity of the ischium Insertion: Inner tuberosity of the tibia Structure: .Similer to the preceding mscle, but a ‘onger upper tendon and a shorter lower one brings the musouler mass lower downe Agtion: Flexes the leg and rotates it inward Innervation: Great seietic Abductors 1, Gluteus Medius Origin: Outer surface of ilium near its crest Insertion: Back part of the top of the great trochanter. Structure: Fibers arise directly from the ilium and converge to a penniform junction with the flat tendon of insertions Aetion: Superior gluteal (see innervation ) Innervation: See action Potates, abducts and advances the thigh. 2. Gluteus Minimas a ane ea artnnsittitnmeia - ins etait