“These customs, furthermore, were not uniform. For example, education
embraced two subjects of instruction and training, gymmastics and ‘music’,
The former reached primarily the body and the will; the latter, which ine
cluded literary studies as well as music in the narrower sense, affected
the intellect and the emotions, Sparta, surrounded by an unfriendly and
subject people, was little more then an organized camp, in which self-
presetvation veeiiied a form of training designed to mold every citizen
into the best possible weapon of defense. Individual welfare was therefore
strictly subordinated to that of the community. Education was viewed as a
funetion of the state, and physical hardihood, skilful use of weapons, selfe
reliant delaras and iron discipline were developed by a type of education
which was chiefly gymastic and military. Literary training was neglected,
ih music, in the form of religious and patriotic hymns, war song and ballads
recoumting the deeds of heroes, was valued solely for its stimulating effects.
At Athens, on the other hand, we find ® mech broader type of education,
which came more and more to dominate the practice of her sister states and
cities. Complete and harmonious development of the individual was the
object sought, and the schools were private affairs, over which the state
exercised nothing more than police supervision. Gymastios was hardly less
essential than at Sparta, but literary training occupied a prominent place,
and music was esteemed for its refining influence on character and its cone
tribution to social enjoyment.

A third point to be noted is that whatever may be said of Greek
education applies to free citizens only, and hence takes no account of
slaves and the foreign-born, who made up possibly as much as three-fourths
of the total populatione-at least in the case of the larger cities, And
even within these limits it was ueually boys alone for whom provision was
made, Unquote,