Allen Oatman Allen Oatman Allen Oatman Allen PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR HEALTH Radio Program. December 29, 1958 (Dr. Forrest C. Allen, Director of Physical Education and Varsity Basketball Coach and Glenn Oatman, Present Kansas Amateur golf champion and nationally ranking golf star.) | Glenn, there are certain definite qualities which go to make up a real champion. Many of these qualities can be seen in a boy in his every day life. A champion is not made by accident, but rather by design, and I believe you are a good example of a champion having been made by design, I imagine that you dreamed of being a champion a thousand | times before you became one. Isn't that true, Glenn? Well, yes, Doc, I have haddreams of holding a crown all my life, but it seemed like a dream even when I won my first major tournament. The thing I admire about your achievements, Glenn, is the fact that a fellow like you who weighs but 120 poinds and sits on the amateur golf throne of these two states - Missouri and Kansas - won his spurs by mastering this game through fine concentration, perfect coordination, tiring and rhythm, and an indefatigable desire to make gray matter count over bulk. Now I'd like to ask you a question. In © my own mind I think I already know your answer, but I'd like to know the most to you which do you consider the most valuable - your diploma from the School of Business of the University of Kansas or your golf championships? I would rather have the diploma, of course, but why can't one have both? One must be able to do many things in pre- sent day competition. Right’! And that is what most any intelligent fellow would say. Naturally he should put his education first, but why shouldn't he have pleasure plus the mastery of certain games as he goes along through life? That is what I have always maintained - that athletics should serve as a favor- able introduction to society and business. That is exact- ly what you have done with your golf. You have re-created your body, you have made many fast friends, you have be- come a champion, and withal you are still a very young man. Yes, I remember when I was ill and I usajto play golf to beat back and recover my health, and during that tire I learned patience and self-control. ‘But after all, I don't know whether beating back from my illness taught me more patience than the golf or not. Golf is granted by many to be the greatest character builder there is. However I can't say it has helped me so much. True enough, lack of self-control in competition defeats your own purpose since you are your own greatest opponent in this solo game. Glenn, I'm glad to hear you make that remark beeause I know a number of great athletes - Glenn Cunningham, Brutus Oatman Allen Oatman Allen Oatman Allen o2e Hamilton, Everett Bradley, and others -- all those boys have either had a severe attack of illness or an ingury that has made it appear that not only their health but their whole future was blasted so far as motor activity was concerned. But through patience and perseverance every one of those boys became real champions - not only local champions, but world champions as well. And after all that is the crux of the wholé thing, where a fellow can turn seeming defeat into victory, and only through courage, patience and an indomitable will can those things come to pass. Yes, Doc, I have watched a lot of your championship teams play, and I have often wondered what it was that made them champions - whether you inspired your boys to do a certain thing or whether you told them what to do in special crises, or just what it was that made your teams great. Well, Glenn, I don't think that we have achieved any more than any other coach could with the fine material that we’ have had here at the University of Kansas. The big thing, Glenn, is that we have had fine boys to work with, boys who wanted to play, boys who wanted to win, boys who would give up a lot of things to achieve this victory. I attri- bute what success I have had to the fine material that I have had to work with, and to the splendid response that those boys gave in certain critical hours. Naturally I have had to work with a group, and it is difficult some- times to mesh all the psychological factors of the many boys into one united whole. That is team play. Of course that is somewhat different from the individual @olfer. But in your play, Glenn, isn't it true that you not only had to master your own self, but you have had to give away poundage and height and reach to an opponent? All these factors that seem to Weigh against you would naturally prove to be a handicap. How did you overcome most of these mental and physical hazards, Glenn? Well, Doc, I didn't always overcome all of them. But in golf the mental attitude plays a tremendous part. Timing and rhythm are the main essentials, and these combined with near-perfect coordination determine the efficiency of the golfer. : I think I know this answer too, even before I ask it. Who is, in your opinion, the top golfer of all time? There is no doubt about it, Doc. There is just one immortal golfer, and that is Bobby Jones. He did everything that a golfer was supposed to do. In my pinion his record will never be tied. : Ah Glenn, there's the champion, Bobby Jones, who really made you a championt I am sure that you dreamed of Bobby Jones and his prowness when you were a little fellow. isn't that true? , Oatman Allen Oatman Allen Oatman Allen Oatman ute Yes, it is, and when I met him last year at Portland that was the realization of alife-long ambition. I had a talk with him one aftermoon and I think he gave me a hint as to what really made him great--and that was his power of con- centration. Grantland Rice said this of him: “after Bobby Jones had won the @rand Slam in 1950 which was winning the four major tournaments in the world in one year, that ~ Jones had the most perfect power of concentration of any human he had known: When Jones came up to the last hole in the National Amateur in 1930 and was putting out in front of a gallery of ton thousand people, a train passed by about 50 years from the green. A shrill blast of the engineer's whistle fairly shocked Jones! cohorts, think- ing that the noise would unnerve him during his putting. But on the other hand, when Grantland Rice queried him about it later, Jones said, "I never even heard the train." - I think that is certainly perfect concentration, don't you? Marveloust Only a fellow buried so deeply in his desire for achievement could inhibit such distractions as these. But it seems to me that I recall some incident similar to this, Glenn, when you were playing Ted Adams, the present Canadian golf champion, at St. Joseph. Everyonb: thbtight you were defeated at one point of your match. Well, perhaps the incident that you refer to was when I missed the put that everyone thought would upset me so severely that Adams would defeat me. But on the other hand, queer as it may scem, I came back and managed to shoot sub-par holes and win the title anyhow. Well, that would have meant defeat for a great many fellows, but apparently you had your fighting heart keyed to the point where this old adage "A fellow who won't be beaten ‘can't be beaton" rang true in your case. In other words, you just had to win that golf tournament, didn't you, fellow’ Well, fortune smiled on me that day, Doc. I did seem to keep my faculty of concentration, and I guess Old Lady luck was kind to me on that occasion because I really wanted that tournament. Well, you certainly delighted your many friends and follow- ers, and you had a lot of them, all of them pulling for you to win. Since we are speaking of golf, Glenn, I an, of course, intcrested in golf for the students here at the University of Kansas. We have a nice sporty six-hole golf course on the University campus, and you have been mighty fine in helping us lay out our course and in giv- ing your advice on the upkeep of the fairways and greens. In addition, you have served as coach of the University of Kansas golf tcam. Considering golf as one of the features of the student athletic program, I would like you to point out the golf program you would like to see employed here at the University of Kansas. | Well, of course your own Department of Physical Education recognizes golf and gives credit for elementary and ad- Allen Oatman Allen ske vanced golf courses. Golf is a sport that can be played with proficiency by both sexes, and from the ages of 1@ @o 70. In this respect it probably is one of the widest and longest lasting fields of play of any athletic game. In addition, it has the longest carry-over of any game. Personally, I think the game ef golf should be given more emphasis at the University of Kansas, much as it has been in some of the other leading universities of the nation. Well, Glenn, I find myself going along with you one hundred percent so ftir as your and my desire is concerned with regard to golf participation here at the University. But the peculiar topography of Mount Oread does not lend to an enlargement of our golf course, even to nine holes. But I will let you in on a little secret. For years now I have been dreaming about an eighteen-hole golf course for the University but it cannot be on the campus. I envisage a University of Kansas golf course with play fields for tennis and ot&r eports with a club house similar to the Country Club. This may be five miles from Lawrence, but the time is coming when such a play field and golf course will be a part of the University. There are many people who believe that it is just as intelligent to endow such a play field for the students of the University of Kansas as it is to give a much-needed building. And I am working very definitely on that project. In your lifetime and mine we will see such a thing come to pass. The students will leave the campus and go out to this play field to re- create themselves physically, just as they train their minds under their instructors here on the campus. This will be an integral part of their education. Well, I am certainly glad to learn that, Doc. And that plan has already been carried out at Iowa State College. But of course they have ample acres adjacent to the college campus which has made it possible. At present they have one of the finest eighteen-hole courses in Iowa. It was laid out by Perry Maxwell, the same golf architect who laid ¢ut the new 18-hole course at the Lawrence Country Club. Next year's Big Six golf championship will be decided on that course. Getting back to the benefits from golf to the average student, I would like to make this observation, Since I am & booster for golf--that golf's emphasis on grace, coordination, headwork and self-scontrel, rather than on speed, power and wéight, fit it properly into a broad and helpful educational program. I also heartily agree with that, Glenn, that point is what we brought out in the early part of: our discussion regard- ing your handicap of under-poundage, which ordinarily would render you less liable to make a varsity letter in the sports of football or basketball, but which did not handicap you when it came to this grand old Sco#eh game of golf. And golf is on the increase everywhere. It is & pleasurable activity in which gentility and sportsmanship © ean reach their highest peak. Where father, mother, sister, and brother can improve their health, happiness, longevity and appetite in a congenial foursome in God's great out of sedi doors. Someone has said that golf takes most of the mean- ness out of you, yet leaves you with enough to make you still realize that you are human. Mr. Anneberg Mr. Allphin Mr. Anneberg Mr. Anneberg Mr. Allphin PHYSICAL EDUC/TLON FOR HRALIH Radio Frogram February 2, 1939 (Mr. Herbert G. Allphin, Instructor in Physical Education; Mr. Frank Anneberg and Mr. Leonard Wolfe, students at the University of Kansas.) I would like to ask you, Mr. Allphin, whet are the benefits de- rived from Gymnastics? Gymastics promote muscular coordination, strength, judgment, courage, and grace of movement. These develop muscle and nerve to a notable degree. The more formal methods of gymnastic drills and apparatus work have of late years been replaced largely by informal work, games and plays in the physical education programs . @f the various educational institutions. While educational values of play and recreation are undoubted, it must not be forgotten that much of the value is to be gained from the type of exercises afférded by tumbling and gymnastic exercises. How do you instill confidence in a group when you begin to teach a gymnastic class? “In any well organized and efficiently managed course in apparatus and tumbling stunts, much emphasis is placed upon the provision of adequate protection for the performer as he works. The success of a toacher in this phase of the program of physical education depends greatly upon his ability to build up self-confidence in the beginnore Serious falls may be prevented if each momber of the ¢lass recognizes a porsonal rosponsibility toward his class- mate, and efficiently guards or "spots" him as he performs. "Spot- - ting" is the art of using onesclf and available safety equipment in the most advantageous manner so that misfortune may not befall the performer. Why did you become interested in gymnastics, Mr. Anneberg? Well,.Mr. Allphin, I guess like little Topsy, I just grew into it. My granddad has told me many times that he was one of the most active and agile kids of his time. He is now 76 and can walk on his hands in tho water. My dad built a chinning pole for my brother and mo before we had started to school. He was always 4nterested in our development. One of the stunts that I now +" astound people with on the high bar I learned from my dad when 7 was in the first grades It is the muscle grind and is done by placing the arms behind the high bar with the back of the body towards it and then swing in a large are over and over the bar. But you asked mec how I became interested in gymnastics. I really ‘became interested in gymnastics after I came to college and saw the well-equipped gym and some older boys doing stunts that I had never scene. The course of study I chose would not permit me to go out for a major sport, so I naturally drifted into the gym where I found plenty of activity. It was here at K. U. whero i learned to walk on my hands. ind may I ask when you became interosted in this phase of physica. education? Mre Anneborg Mr. Allphin Mr. Wolfo Mrs Annoborg Mr. Allphin Mr. Anneberg To that question, srs Aliphin, 7 wight say that I have alwys bev: interosted in gsvmnestics, Hewovor, soon after I onrolled ss .. Freshman in the Univorsisy 7 found that you wore organizing 92 tumbling toam ond £ then bosams intensely interested, It was ‘he association wish this ergonization tnat increased my intorest ani challongeod my cifortss, During my four yoars in the Universit; I Learncd how te uso cvory piece ef cpperatus in the gym to quico «. satisfSectory degreo. During the summor of 1932 I attended th» Olympics at Los Anzclos and saw somo of tho best gymnosts in tho world, They inspired me and acturily tenght mo several stunts I had never soon before. ir, Wolfe, you are a Senior in the School of Business, and have not taken any of the courses in Physical Education. I wouid liko to ask you the same question that 1 asked Frank a while ago =- Why are yeu intorested in gymnastics? That is a rathor difficult question to answor. Of course, it is because I enjoy it, but that onjoyment is duc to so many different factors, and many of thom aro of such an intangible nature that it would be impossible to put reasons for my interest in one-two-~ three order. Thero is a thrill in doing these stunts that mako up the field of gymmastics. The successful completion of a dirf- icult foat, which has involved a series of movements all requiring porfest timing, ond the utmost in coordination, gives mo a feoling of satisfaction. That fooling ¢f a difficult job well done can be had aplenty in gymnastics. There is such a varioty of tricks %o be loarned that from the beginner on up there is always somoe thing new and more difficult to be working one It is this variety and change that prevents gymnastics from ever becoming boring, Mr. Allphin, toll us how & gymnastic meot is conductod. There are five differont units of the moet: flying rings, parallc? bars, horizontal bar, side horse and tumbling. Usually two com- petitors from cach school in a duc! moet participate. Bach contest ant docs throe exorcises in cach unit. There are from threo to five judges, depending upon the agrcomont before the meet starts. Each compotitor is judged on « basis of zero to-10 on each cxer~ cisee Tho judges tako into account the approach, execution of tho oxercise end the finish. The points are added at the ond of the contost and tho team with the most points is declared wirnor. Frank, I have seen you walk on your hands down the stedium stop: numcrous times. I would like to ask you how many stops there aro and what is your advice to one who wishes to learn this difficuit feat. Mr. Allphin, thore are 84 steps from the top to the bottom. I count thom overy timo I do this little trick. Every time I put a hand down I count, and believe it cr not, the last ten scopes are the casiost, Howevor, I would advise anyone who wants to loarn this trick to first learn to walk on level ground. fhen from that they may try going down one stop at a time, and then soveral steps. This stuns, iiko many other gymnastic tricks, takes a certain amount of strength and a lot of practice. Mr. Allphin Mr. Wolfe Mr. Allphin Mr. Wolfe Mr. Allphin Mr. Wolfe £ tet (2 se - < Mr. Wolfe, which type of gymnastics do you prefer? I prefer tumbling. Thero is preetically no limit to the combin- ation of stunts which can bé performed. In doing various flips and air turns, I can experience somo of the sensations that fly- ers, birds, and divers must feel. Tumbling requires no apparatus and can be indulged in no matter how far you may be from a gymnas ‘iume A picce of grass, © soft stretch of oarth, or beach sand ~« all make splendid places for this sport. To a certain extent tumbling is a safcty monsures I havo never heard of a tumbler falling down stops and breaking an arm or a loge He has learned how to fall without hurting himself. And his training will onable him to keop his foot whore a less agile man would go awspinning. Then, toos it is a-splendid way of gotting a lot of a11 around exorcise in a short timcs For instanco, tumbling, one of the most popular forms of gymnastics, involves the uso of practically overy musclo of the bodys And that use is strenuous enough so that only & comparatively short time spent in tho exorcise several times a wock is sufficiont to koop a man in tip-top physical condition. I would ostimate that it would take twice ss long to get tho samo amount of physical activity in «a game liko tonnis, and perhaps five or six timos as long in a gamo liko golf. To a student who can afford only a short time away from his studios, this consider- ation is importante I beliove thet our football edsaehes rocognize this fact. Haven't the football players here at K. U. been given somo training in tumbling? Yos, tho Department of Physical Education offers a skills course, Number 31M, in which tumbling is included, and a number of the football players have been enrolled in this course Leonard, will you explain how you do the giant swing on tho high bar ¢ The giant swing on the horizontal bar may be compared to the spoke of a wheol revolving around an axle. In this caso the per- former's body is the spoke of the wheel while tho bar to which he holds is the axle, After mounting the bar I push up to 4 hand stands It is the position of my body in the hand stand which furnishes the momontum necessary for the turn around the bar. With the samo motion that carrios me to the hand stand I start falling away from the bar, my body fully extended, and I hang on for doar life to that bar. The momontum my body gains on the down swing, which is sufficiont to carry me through an entire circle around the bar and back up to my original position of a hand stande From that position tho whole swing is repeated again and agaiwe Do you havo any fear of it? * dontt foar the giant swing, but I do have a gonuine respect for ite To bogin with, the bar must be eight feet from the ground, and whon I am standing on my hands on top of that bar looking straight down, it looks cven farther away than that. As the entir revolution around the bar is done with tho body ontonded at full length, the centrifugal force of the swing added to the normal Mr Allphin Mr. Anneberg Mr. Allphin Mr. Annoberg Mr. Allphin Mr. Annoberg Mr. Allphin mA woight of the body makes for a very heavy pull on the hands. It is the possibility that my hands might slip off thet I fear most. To prevent slipping I use chalk on my hands. Thoro is o practica. limit to the number of rovolutions that it is advisable to attemp. Six or seven rovolutions is as much as I have ovor tried. Frank, I saw you put on an individual act once between halves at ono of our home basketball games. Will you pleaso tell us what you include in this act? Mr. Allphin, this act depends a lot on the type of floor I heve and the facilitics. Gonorally I begin this act by doing several types of hand stands in a chair. Thon with six wooden bricks I walk on my hands and pile these into difforent kinds of piles. Then by placing one foot on a rost, I stand on my head and play a trombone or violin solo» This always gots a laughe My next stunt perhaps is the most difficult. Standing on my hoad again I drink a quart of water. The difficult part of this trick is to rolax the innor muscles of the throat to allow drinking and to tense tho outside muscles onvugh to hold the body in an inverted positione: The climax to my act is a tap danco that I do on my handse Ro contly I have made some rings to use on my fingors to beat out the taps. Tap dancing up side down is gotting to be an onsy stunt for mc ROWe Frank, have you thought of any new stunts that you would like to do? oe : Yos, Mr». Allphin, I am working on a rollor skating stunt. ' 7% is a difficult foat ond:perhaps will: tako me several months to por= fect ite I have made my owm skatos and have beon practicing two months alroadys I hope to have it ready for public approval by the ond of the school year. Mr. Allphin, toll us something about tho gymnastics you saw dur- ing your Physical Education Travel Tour in Europe in the summer of 1936." The most intorestine oxhibition of gymnastics that I recall secing was at Praguo,: Czechoslovakia. Our hotel joined the exercise ficld of tho largest Sokol Gymnasium in the city... It was hore the Oly=- mpic Gymnastic Toam was practicing and having tryouts to dotermine who would represent their vountry in the Games at Berlin. The Sokols work out-of-doors whon possiblo. Covers for the difforent pieces of apparatus are provided to protect the apparatus when not in uso and during inclomont weather. The men wero working out for five hours, from 8:30 oem. to 1:30 pemay and did not soem to be fatigued at the ond of thoir drill. One of tho members was 35; anothor 36, and the balance were betwoon tho ages of 22 and 30. This scoms to indicate that if an individual wishes to take up gymnastics and practices regularly, he can indulge in this activity a number of yoars boyond tho forty marke That is cortainly interosting«. Toll me, did you see any exhibit- jons at the Gamcs? Yes, I saw sovoral gymnastic exhibitions at tho Games in Borlin,g “De In the evoning, after the track evonts were completed, exhibit- ions were staged by a differont country each day. Denmark, Nor~ way, Sweden, Hungary and Germany provided entertainment. The — exhibitions consisted of massed drills by music, apparatus and pyramid buidding.s Tho numbor of gymasts, both men and women participating in these spectacles, ranged from 500 to 2000. What impressed me was that the majority of 105,000 spectators in the stadium would romain to sec these fascinating drills. — Dre Lapp Mrse Dart Mr e Perry Drs Lapp PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR PEALTA Radio Progran January 26, 1939 (Dr. V. W. Lapp - Mr. L. R. Porry = Mrs. Margarot Dart) ARCHERY Although Archery is as old as civilization, it has only recently boon added to tho curriculum of the University of Kansas. This fell we organ: ized two classes in clemontcary achery, and it proved to bo popular enough so that two classos in clomentary archory and ono of advanced technique have been included in tho physical cducation program for the second semes*: ere In the public schools of Lawrence tho girls have beon shooting for at least a year. This fall I had a girl in my University class who had taken archory in tho senior high school. Mrs. Dart, can you tell us how long archery has been taught in Lawrence? We've been teaching archery in the sonior high school for three years. The first year we had only throe bows and a fow dozen arrows. With 35 students in a class, about o11 we accomplished was the technical phase of shooting, such as stringing and unstringing the bow, standing position, complete draw and the rolease. The second yoar, with moro equipment, each girl was able to shoot 24 arrows during a class period, and we kept accumulative score cards with scoros from threo different distances. We entored three students in a meet with Kansas City, Kansas the following year, and have used some of the better archers to demonstrate shooting betwoen halves at the basketball games. Now intramural archery is hold for advanced students after school hours. I understand, Mr. Perry, there was an archery club at junior high school. Yes, there was an archery club at junior high school about four yoars af0, sponsored by Mr. Edwin Burgess, and it was ny priviloge to help Mr. Bur- gess two years. In tho club, which was purely a voluntary organization, about 20-25 boys reported. They made or bought their own bows and arrows and learned some of tho fundamentals of archery. Probably much of the shooting would not have been classified as skillful, but the enjoyment of the shooters more than made up for that. Of course, thero were all kinds of bows, ranging from toy archery sets to 30-5@ pound good lemonwood bows. Although this activity was carried on after school hours, considorable skill was developed by somo of these young shooters. Since the start of our second somester, in talking to my classes in senior high, I have asked the boys how they would like to shoot a bow and arrow as a class activity. A yory g®at desire in cvory class has been evident. I intond to use archery in my spring program, and with some now equipment added to Mrs. Dart's present supply, and by shooting on alternate days with the girl's department, we should be able to do some worthwhile shooting. Doc, didn'*: I hear you say you had « girl in your archory class? I thought you were in the men's physical cducation department? Yes, Dad, you heard correctly. Our department is somewhat unique in that we heve several co-cducational activity classes. adminton, which is also new to our curriculum, is open to both boys and eirls. Our tap and social dancing classes are co-educational. This is also true of fencing; and archery is no exception. About 75% of our onrollment in tho first two archery classes wore girls. Dac, you mentioned boys in your juhior high school group having bows weighing 30 to 50 pounds. It would scom to me that a 50 pound bow would be rathor hoavy for these small boys to carry orounde Mr. Perry Mrse Dart ' Dr. Lapp Mr Perry Mrs. Dart Doc, you know better than that - no bow weighs 50 pounds. The ‘tern mis0 pound bow" refers to the power necessary to draw the bow the full longth of an arrowe Most girls shoot bows with 2 pull of from 25-32 pouncs, while boys.can pull bows of 30-40 after they have become accustomed to drawing. Recognized men's weight of bows is from 40-60 pounds. Mrs. Dart, ‘just how do you justify archery in your program? When we justify archery in our physical education program, the devolop- ment of good standing posture with coordinetion of shoulder and arm muscle. is always the first objective mentioned. Posture is one of tho main phasc: of our program. Safety education is accomplished as archory can be a rather dangerous sport. Therefore, a.great doal of stress is placod on safety rulese Cooperation among students in keeping scores and recovering arrows is nocessarye I have found that students take better care of archery tackle owned by tho school than any other athletic equipment, thus covering the teaching of good citizenship. Archery has a great carry over value as it is enjoyed by evory age groupe Dr. Lapp, we have been interested in flight recordse “ould you give us a brief oxplanation of that phase of archery? Shooting for distance is one of the events of archery. It is called flight shooting. In flight shooting special light-woight arrows are shot from bows with a very heavy pull. In fact, some of the bows pull so hard that the shooter lics on his back and places his fect on the bow and pulls with both hands. Bows with the heavier pull arc shot from this position. Only last summer a new flight record of 615 yards was cstablishod at the nat~- jonal tournament held in California. This, of course, was established shooting from the back position. The record from the standing position wes also broken at the same time; 486 yards is the modern record. Many persons, after reading Robin Hood and svcing the moving picture of the samo name, think the old English hunter and his long bow weve the pinnacle of archery. The modern archer now shoots morc accurately and farther than the Englishman of that periode Yos, that is probably truco, yet the modern archer cannot match the records of tho Turks of the 12th conturye History tolls us that in the records of the Constantinople Club many shots were sbove 1200 paces; 100 paces wore about 70 yards. The longest is credited to Toz-Kopsraw as 1281 paces, or nearly 918 yards. The present flight record is only 615 yards, so you can well appreciate how efficient the Turkish bows must have been, This was probably due to tho peculiar structure of this Turkish bow, which was made of horn, sinew and wood. It differs greatly in construction from the wostern long bow, since it is short, usually not over three fect in length, when drawn. The bow had a wood cantor, usually of marle or mul- berry, and was covered with the sinows of cnimals fastened by glue pre- pared by boiling skin from fish mouths or tendons of animals until it was very sticky. The tips of the bow were from 3 to 6 inches long. Mr. Perry, that is truc, but the bows the Turks mace in the 18th contury wore oven finer than tho bows mace in the 12th century. Authentic records exist which show that shots over onéhalf mile long wore made. In 1768 a man named Mohammed Effendi shot an arrow 976 yards from a standing position, which is 58 yards farthor than the record in the 12th century. Only last summer the modern record from the stand was established at 486 yards, which was only half as far 4s the Turkish record. After the Cru- sades, the archers of Constantinople banded together and with the help of Mohammed II established a club which existed for a long timo. The Dr. Lapp Mrs e Dart Dr. Lapp Mr. Porry Dr. Lapp Mrs. Dart Dr. Lapp Mr. Perry mombers were dividod into sroups called 90C's, 1000's and 1100's whi? represented the number of paces which tho archer must shoot in order sc qualify. Every member had to practice for six months before he was « fully qualified mombere All of his training was supervisod by a mastax archer and consisted of drawing the bow 5,000,,times practicing the lo.so which was shooting into a box. Dr. Lapp; didn't you toll me at one tine that during the Inst Byrd expedition the members of the party carried some archery equipmant? Yes, Mrs. Dart, in the last Byrd expedition into the Antarctic some targri equipment was carried which was donated by a group of archers. This equipment was to be used for purposes of recreation. Dr. Poulter, tho physicist with the expedition, figurod out a method of attaching a line to an arrow in such a manner that it did not interfer with tho arrow's fligh' On the trip down to the South Dr. Poulter shot at some of the birds which followed the bonts In case of a miss the line was reeled in and the arrow recovered. Drs Poultor made one hit thet brought down an albatross which he intended to have preserved and mounteds But he gave in to the pleas of the sailors and throw it overboard, The sailors wore superstit~ jous and wore very unhappy about the presonoe of the dead albatross. Were the bows and arrows used for any other purpose after the arrival at Littic America? As I understand it, some scals were killod with hunting bows, but the process was too slows Time was short and a meat supply for the dogs had to be secured before the winter set in and seals left for more open waters. It was necessary to usc rifles to specd up the process. After the return of the expedition, I was in Dr. Poulter's basoment while ho was unpack= ing the archery equipment. Ho handed me a bow and asked me to string it for shooting. I took the usual position for bracing a bow and wont to worke But I could not quite slip the string into the bow nocks. Dr. Poulter put the string in place rather casily. He said he was the only man on the expedition who could string the bow which had a pull well over 100 pounds. Doc, you say you could not string this bow, yot Dr. Poulter did it casily’ You are a 200 pounder and stand over 6'1",. Just what sort of . man is this Dr. Poulter? Dad, Poultor is some man. When I stand beside him I have to look up, and his arms and shoulders are very much broader than mine. However, with some practice I think I could string tho bow. What happened to all this archery equipment that went to the Pole? I am not sure, but I was given three bows to transport from Crawfords- ville, Indiana, to Iowe City, where my brother, who had helped collect the equipment, was givon his choice of one of the throe bowse The re- maining two were later roturned to Dre Poulter at his Mrs Pleasant, Iowa home e You mention Dr. Poultor hunting seal and shooting birds with the bow and arrow. There is considorable hunting of both large and small game in this country. In the state of Wisconsin over three hundred special hunt- ing licenses were issued this year. This last hunting season Wisconsin, like the state of Michigan, has opened deer soason carlier than usual to Mrse Dart Mr. Porry Dr. Lapp See to permit those who wish to hunt with bow end arrow to havo the first chances There is only one stipulstion on bow ond arrow hunting, and tha. is when the reguler season opens the hunter must not stay and hunt with a rifle. About two yoars ago the Michigan legislature passed a law Der- mitting the ten-day carly serzsons One of the legislators thought it sc funny that he tacked on a rider to the hunting bill, making it legal %o hunt elophants with sling shots during the samc season in Michigan. This last fall the Kansas City Star carricd several stories on hunting with bows and arrowse In one issue there was a picture of a huntor who had hot a four point buck that woighed 140 pounds. In another story concerning hunting, a group of Southern hunters were treod by a wild boar while they wore hunting with bows and arrows. Some people wonder about the killing power of an arrow. I havo beon told that an arrow equipped with a special htmbing point and shot by a 50 pound bow will go through a deer lengthwise. ilso, I have been told that a hunting bow with © pull of 85 pounds will shoot a plain shaft of wood through an inch plank. If a hunting point is attachod to the plain shaft the same bow will drive it through a steel frying pane As I under: stand it, when a door is hit with en arrow the hunter should stand still for a poriod of 30 minutese By doing this he will not frighton the deer — to the point that is will keep on running. If ho chases the deer it will run as long as it is ablo, and may cover several miles. .This moans 4 longer carry than is necossarye In the few minutes allotted to us this evening we havo triod to present some of the more intoresting non-technical facts about archor$¥e Wo have shown that archory is an old sport from tho stand point of racial hist- orye Ve have shown that archery has a carry-over value for all ago groups. Archery includes several events which wo have not had timo to discuss, such as target shooting, rovers, wend shoots, archery golf, ote. In our brondeast of Fob. 33 the care and selection of archory equipment will be discussed. .. Hoover Bice Hoover Bice Hoover Bice Hoover Bice PHYSICAL EDOVAL iON FOR HEALTH RaDIO PROGRAM Januery 19, 1939 "Girl Scouts™ (Miss Ruth Hoover and Mrs. L. E. Bice) Just why do we have an organization like the Girl Scouts, and is it in- tended to include all girls? One of the chief aims of Girl Scouting is to provide wholesome recreat-: ion for the leisure time of girls. It can easily be reasoned, therefore, that girls who have no leisure time do not fit into the program. Girl Scouting recognizes, howovor, that the modern girl has much more loisuro time than hor forbcars and many more opportunities for spending it in ways not so wholesome. What sort of a program does Girl Scouting offer? It offors a program which is presented as a gamo; which girls play with others thoir own age, in pleasant surroundings and under guidanco of a leader whose one essential quality is a sense of comradeship with youth. Girl Scouts are assisted through a varied program to find out in what direction their individucl tolents lie and to develop those talents to the best of their ability. The ten program fields suggest activities in which she may specializo. Girl Scouting believes that happiness is not separable from health, it stressos alwcys the necessity for sunshine and fresh air, plonty of slcep and recreation in congenial company. How do tho girls enter into this program and whet sort of activitics do they havo? The activities of the Girl Scouts are divided into ten program fields. They are as follows: out-of-door, homomaking, intornational friendship, arts-crafts, community life, sports-games, naturo, hoalith=safety, litor- ature=dramatics, and music-dancing. The girl's intorest in these is arpused by intolligont leadership, by the spirit of cooperation between members of a troop and by friendly cooperation between troops. Progress in individual activities is encouraged by a system of proficiency badgos covéring 50 odd subjects, of which one-fourth are directly related to work in tho home. Fifty-seven por cent of the badges which Girl Scouts solected voluntarily last yonr were homomaking badges. To advance in Scouting girls must know how to cook simple dishes, set 2 table correctly. make beds noatly, do plain sewing, take caro of a baby, and bandage a cur.t- Where these tasks are ofton chores to most girls, they are made fun or a kind of adventure through the Girl Scout method. Are all Girl Scouts of the same rank? No. A girl onters a troop as a tenderfoot. This means sho has passed the following requirements. She must be ten years old or over, and have attended at least four meetings. She must know the Girl Scout Promise, Laws, Motto, sign and salute; be able to give tho pledge of allegiance to the fleg and show how the flag is used. To advanco and become a second class scout, she must participate satisfactorily in ten activities, one chosen from each of the ten progrem fiolds. Im each field a choice of three or more activitics is offcred. Before a Girl Scout attains firs* class rank sho should: I. Choose one program field in which she wishes Hoover Bice Hoover Bice Hoover Bice Hoover Bice Hoover to concontrate; Tic Kern ton uete-s. as fFollews a, No fewor than four nor more than seven badges should be seiccusa from her shosen felis. The Girl Scout handbook contains the rank anc badge requirements. ~t also outlines the program of Girl Scovting and every Girl Seout snowid have a copy as a guide to her Girl Scout work. What must a girl do to become a registerdd Girl Scout? Any girl over ten years old who accepts the promise and the laws ima; become a Girl Scout by passing the tenderfoot test and paying her arnus.:. duos of 50¢, She then joins a troop and is assigned to a patrol, Ciris living in isolated villages or lonely country districts where it is impossible to form a local council or even a troop may become Lono Giri Scouts and share in such activitios as homo making, kecoping health re- cords, otce Information regarding Lone Girl Scouts may be socured throus tho National Field Division Girl Scouts, Inc., 16 West 49th St., New York Citys aus ; What kind of a uniform do the Girl Scouts wear? It is a coat dress which slips over the head and is made of greon Girl Scout cloth. It has patch pockets and a cloth belt. There is a hat also of the samo material with the emblem G. S. in front. Low-hoeled shoes are always worn with the uniform. The uniform and other official equipment may be obtained from the Equipment Servicce Certain depart- mont stores also carry Girl Scout supplies. A magazino published ex- clusively for girls by the Girl Scouts, Incorporated, is called the American Girl Magazine. oe How large is a Girl Seout troop, how is it organized, and who is at the head of it? A troop may have from 3 to 32 girls. A troop having 32 girls would be divided into four patrols of eight girls cach. Each patrol leader is chosen from among its own members. The captain is at the head of the . troope She must be at least 21 years old and should be trained in tho leadership of girls. She may havo a first lieutenant who must be at loast 18 years old and as many second lieutenants as she chooses. The captain, her assistants and the patrol leaders form the Court of Honor which decidos on the plans for the troop. This Court of Honor systom is peculiar to Girl Scouting and is one of the tools furnishoc by the scouting systom to develop leadership in the girls themselves. The duties of the Court of Honor are to run the troop and handle anything which may come up in the troop meetings. It works the sugeestions and recommondations brought in from the different patrols by their leaders. into troop programs. The Court of Honor also handles matters of satis factory or unsatisfactory conduct. What is the difference botwoen the Court of Honor and the Court of Awards Those terms are frequently confused. The Court of Honor, s just ex- plained, is a meeting of tho patrol leaders. The Court of Awards is a meeting held for the presentation of the proficiency baiges. What facilities are furnished for Girl Scouts in this vicinity for summer, activity and camping? > Bice Hoover Bice Hoover Bice Hoover Bice Hoover Bice ween Camping is an essential part of the Girl Scout program and girls of this vicinity are given a chance to attend tho approved camp at Dovor, Kansas. which is under the auspices of the Topeka Council; tho Pin Oak Camp, Kaisor, Mos, undor tho euspices of tho Kansas City, Mo., Girl Scout Coun cil. At camp the girls learn the fundamentals of physical living. Thoy build lean-tos, erect their tonts, construct fire places, cook out-of- doors, learn to swim and to got along with others. In addition to tho pormanent comping; a day camp is provided during the month of June, which. meets twice each week. Tho activities of this camp consist of nature study, dramatics, archery, and handicraft. The average attendance last summer was around 50 girls. , Who are the local council and how do they oid the troops? The local council is composed of a group of representative women and is chartered by the National Council. It provides the nocossary funds for training its leaders. It is rosponsible for the maintaining of Girl Scout standards under its jurisdiction. The local council of Lawrenco sponsors. only tho activitios in the postal area of Lawrence, It is rosponsiblo for giving the Girl Scouts the Girl Scout program, Some communitics havo comminity committees which are smaller than local counr cils, but whose purpose is to promote and supervise the wolfare of Girl Scoutings. Each troop may have its own committee also who is interosted primarily in one troop alone. How many Girl Scouts are thore in Anobioat Actual membership as of Octobor $1, 1937, WOS Girl Scouts 318,004 Brownics 40,446 Leaders and ; adult members 83,514. Making a total regi stration of 441,964 — Actual membership as roportod in Octobory 1938 was over 500,000. You spoke of the Browmios in your mombership--what are thoy? The Brownies are the girls betwoen the ages of 7 and 10. Their program is separate from the Girl Scouts, yet part of it. Thoy become Girl Scouts at 10. : How many Scout troops aro there in Lawrence? There are 12 registerod troops of Girl Scouts in Lawrence, and two Brownio Packs, Two of the troops aro colored Girl Scouts. Tho organ- ization is non=scctarian and non=partisan. There are Girl Scout troops in 29 aifforont countetos, A chalet for international camping is in Switzerland where girls from all countries como together to live and camp as sister scoutse | iit ttt Raport Bruce Raport PHYSICAL EDUCATION .FOR HEALTH - Radio Program ‘ January 5, 19359. (Jim H, Raport, Instructor in Physical Education, and Mr, Bruce Kimball, and Mr. Webster Kimball.) Tonight we will discuss a sport subject that is fast becoming a leader in many sections of this country. It is the game of badminton. Inter- est in this section is just beginning to crystalize, and I think this is an opportune time to answer the many questions that have arisen in the minds of many sport loving fans concerning the pros and cons of the game,. I am fortunate, indeed, to have with me tonight two men who are excellently qualified to discuss the subject and to answer such quest» ions as I think will interest our listemers tonighte Webster Kimball, a Ke U. student and holder of many important badminton titles, and his father and coach, Bruce P. Kimball, also a former Ke Ue student of the class of 1913. Bruce, I think our listeners would like to kmow something of the history of the game of badminton and what it is like and how it is played. Can you give us a few pointers on this angle? The game originated in India. It is older than the game of golf, and this is a surprising fact to many. From India it went to England, then Canada, and for the past decade it has been established in certain sect- ions of the United States. At present it seems to be more popular on the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts, but it is fast spreading to the mid- central states, particularly Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio. The activity in this district is just getting mder way, and since you have been the prime mover, Jim, you might sketch a few of the recent highlights, Yes, here at the University this semester we are offering classes in badminton for the first time. The enrollment in the badminton classes has been rather high considering the fact that it is a new sport here and most students knew nothing about ite Both the men and the women seem to find it an ideal social and recreative sport for an after-school activity. As you men already know, last week Mr. Creed, Physical Direct- or of the Kansas City YsMeC.A., invited us dow to give them an exhibit jon of badminton since many of the people there are very much interested in the sport. I noticed recently where the Y.W.C.A, in Kansas City is including that in its curriculum of sports and games for girls and womene Interest in badminton has also spread to Topeka where a group, called the Topeka Badminton Club, is playing the game. Next Saturday night, January 7, we are going to play a match against the Topeka Badminton Club and also give them a few advanced pointers on the game and on tournament play. We hope in that manner to stir up interest and get people in general interested in the game. The culmination of all this activity, we hope, will be in a Missouri Valley Badminton Tournament Maybe I am looking too far ahead, but anyway it is good to plan. Many people are of the opinion that the game is expensive and costly to playe However, I have found for our beginning students here at the University that I can purchase rackets for them for as low as $1220, which actually is the total cost of the game for the begimer except for the usecof the birds, or shuttlecocks. So you can readily sce that for the beginner the game is no more expensive then, let us say, a game of handball or a ‘game of acrial darts. But to get back to the game of badminton, Webster, will you describe it briefly for us? Webster Raport Webster . Raport Webster Raport Webster Raport Bruce on That's a rathor difficult thing te do, Jim, in a fow words, but I'll do the bost I can. Badminten is playod on a court similar to a tonnis court, although the badminton court is considerably smaller, and whilo played both eutdsors and indoors, the indoor game is the mest popular. Tho net is about 5 foet high, which is much higher than the tonnis not. Instead ef rubberized balls, a shuttlecock is used, consisting of a cork head about tho size of a quarter in which 16 feathers aro inserted in a conical shape. The commen name for tho shuttlecock is "Bird", since its flight through the air is similar in a way to a winged fowl. The rackets arc similar to a tennis racket except that they are much smaller and lightor. You stated that the rackets are lighter. What is the average woight ef a racket, Webster? The average woight of a tennis racket is nbout 13 ouncos, and the bad- minton racket will avornge about 5 and a quarter ounces. The bird in play must be stroked on tho fly and not allowod to touch tho floor, which constitutes tho big differonce betwoon badminton and tonnis. People often confuse acrial darts with badminton. In fact, my first experience in Kansas City with tho game found the group thero playing acrial darts and they wore calling it badminton. Acrial darts is quite a good game, but it docs not require and one cannot develop the same tochnical skill that a person can dovelop in badminton. The acrial dart game is played with a paddle and a heavy bird weighing about twice, or three times, as much as a badminton shuttlocock. This game also ro- quires more space for a playing court. Up to a certain point in the game progression in tho technique of the game sooms to cease; whereas, in badminton even the world's professional and amateur champions are still improving their game. But pleaso don't misunderstand mo; I think aerial darts is a fine game. Howevor, I am quite convinced that bad- minton is 2 much bettcr game. Now, Webster, you're a golfer, and you've done a little swimming, as woll as having played considerable tennis. How does badminton stack up with these sports as an athletic exercise? I've done a turn at most all branches of athletics and I think badminton is comparable to both swimming and tennis for exercising all the muscles of the body, although it accomplishes the work-out in a little different way. Bending, stretching, stepping and swinging aro the main actions involved. Would you say badminton was a strenuous gamo? Well, thot depends on how one plays it. If one is going in for tourna- ment play, particularly singles, more stamina is required than a casual observer might guess. In fact, I have heard many persons call it a "sissy" gamo, but onco got such a person on the court and let a good playor run their pants off and they soon change their mind. Bruce, what is your opinion of the game for © person of middle ge? I don't objoct to being called "oid" in tho sense of number of years; in fact, I am a grandfather and it will not be many years until my two grandchildren will be taking up the game. One of the nice features of the game is the fact that old and young can play and enjoy themselves to the fullest extent. I find the business men abhor calisthenics and 3s Bruce(con't) abhor weight pulling. while here is a geme that will give thom all the Raport Bruce Report Webster Raport Bruce Raport Veebster Raport Bruce exercise that they need and at the samo tine they get a lot of fun out of it. Badminton is one of the few sports that enable the women to compete with the men, Mixed doubles is one of the favored events. Women also find badminton to their liking; in fact; it threatens to rival bridgo. Taking it all in all, badminton is the most sociable game of all, the players are close enough to converse and it is not a difficult game to learn. It is onsy to find a player with oqual ability, hence close competiticn can alsays be had. Bruce, you saw the amatour exhibition match your son ployed in Kansas City last week in which Webster defeeted the prominent professional from the West Const - Kon Shedd. Whet was your reaction to this match? I think it was a splendid fast game. Mr. Shedd, the professional, displayed some of the most beautiful trick shots I have evor scen, but Webstor's hard smashing attack soon wore his opponent down and won the matche In the doubles match in which you played with your dad, Webster, follow- ing tho singles match, how did it feel for father and son to be playing against the other team? I know I enjoyed pairing with you, Webster, and defeating such an outstanding professional team as Baugher and Shedd in the afternoon workout. I felt confident with my father as my partnor. We seem to hit it off well together. I had no fear of soft and drop shots at the not. Dad is one of the bost nct defendors I've seen for 2 man of his ago; in fact, he consistently outplaycd his younger opponents at the net, Well, Brucc, how did you fecl playing with your son? I was a wee bit jittory at first, sinee it had been some time since I had met such kcen competition, but the excellent support givon me by my son soon dispersed my initial timidity and I was able to finish with my usual canposurc. You know, fellows, I didn't say so at the time, but I almost lost track of the score when calling that game; I was so interested in watching tho beautiful shots on both sides that I almost slipped a couple of times. Let's get a little more personal now, Webster. How many trophies have you in your collection? I haven't checked lately, but there are about 25. Twenty-five trophies! Have they had that many tournaments? You would be surprised at the number of compotitve cvents that are held annually where the game is popular. In California they ran off thoir 6th annual open this year with many other lesser events. Tho first ational Tournament was held year before last in Chiengo, and the singles event was won by Waltcr Kramor of Detroit. Kramer repeated again in 1938 in Philadelphia, with Markhem, the Now York Motropolitan champion, being the runner upe Tho men's doubles, mixed doubles, and women's singles and doubles cvents were captured by Pacific Coast players. The . Mid-West event was hold et Chicago lnst yorr and has been won by Raynolds of Chicago. Raport Webster Raport Febster Bruce Raport Bruce Webster Le What about the Mid-West for 1938? Are you going to enter, Wob? Yes, I expect to enter, in the singles evont, at least. If we can develope a good partner in the University classes I ontend to enter the doubles alsoe Is there timo for that? I think so, as I doubt if the Mid-West will be playcd until late spring. What do you think of the material, Jim, that is boing developed in the badminton classes in tho University? So far interest has increased tremendously over last yecr when the first exhibition was given. We hope to put on another such exhibition in the near future, botwoen halves of a basketball game. But to got back to the original question - I feel that with all this interest and the large number of students in tho badminton classes we should bo able to develop some better class playcrs. I think you are on the right track, Jir. I've observed some good pro- gress displayed by some of the students I have seen in action. I quite agroe. I can't recall when I've scen such speody advancement displayed by new devotces. It has been most noticeable in Monto Merkle, outstanding K. U. football player, and John Ise, Jre Among the girls, Miss Patricia Green and Miss Mary Randall, and some others look like comerSe 1 anti aA Annowicer: Mr. Rapert Dre Wheeler Dr. Wheeler Mr. Raport Dre Wheeler PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR HEALTH November 3, 1938 "Physical Educetion and the New Psychology" (Dre Re H. Wheeler and Mire dim Raport) Wie are breeking in en e conversation between Dre R. Hy Wheeier, internationally Imown authority on psycHolegy, a leading Gestalt psychologist. and head of the Psychology Department here at the Tniversity, aud Mr, Jim He Raport, instructor in Physical Education, who aro discussing psychology and its relation to physical educa- vLone Physical education teachers believe, Dr,» Wheeler, that physical education is far more important for the individual and for the community than most people realize. They believe that physieal education is not only a safeguard for physical health, but also for mental health. Do you as a psychologist subsoriibe to this point of view? Yes, Mrs Report, I ‘think you @re right. While it is true that a certain number of the world's greatest minds have lived in weak bodies, this was because they were determined to accomplish big things in spite of their handicaps. All the evidenee goes to show that when the individual is adequately inspired or encouraged the best minds live in the best bodies. This is true of children as well as of adults, so that every pessible care should be taken to guarantee physical healthe t am glad to hear you say that, Drs Wheeler. But is there not mother important reason why physical education is valuable, es- pecially for the growing child and for youth? Isn't it true that @ Sowid and strong bedy works for better mental health, better attitude of mind, a happier individual? Yes, indeed other things being equal, it is natural for one to take pride im‘ being vigorous, strong, and healthy. Pride generates _ mtal energy, and, as a consequence, the individual is less easi- ly broken mentally by disappointments or failurese In this way physical education is a valwable aid in promoting adequate mental adjustment to life. Here is another question that I would like to ask you, Dre Wheeler, while we are discussing the values of physical education. We hear it said that if a socioty or a nation spent more time in sports and games that they would be more peaceful and leas anxious for wer, Is this true, in your estimation? That is a difficult question to answer. But I believe that human beings, cither as individuals or in groups, are naturally pugnacious. at least to some degree. They are aggressive and selfish. And, until adequately socialized, they will fight in the belief that a Mr. Rapert Dre Wheeler Mr. Raport Dre Wheeler Mr. Raport alles destructive competition is the only means to survival. I think that evidence from history does show that this pugnacity and aggressiveness, insofar as it is dostructive of others, can be directed into sports aud games so that the glamour and desire for war or conguest is transported into constructive and enjoyable channels e New, in the pest, Dre Whecler, physicsl education has not attempted tc keep pace with osycholcogy, In the Umited States we are behind other cowatries in this respect. De yeu think that the science of psychology has much to offer physical education? You have ine on tho spot, Jim. In spite of the fact that it may sound Like toeting one’s cwn horn, experiments show beyond doubt that physical education can be madc adequate only as it applies the laws of nsycholugy and physiclugy. There are definite psych» ological principles to follow in acquiring bedily coordination, in achieving skill along any line. Thoro are psychological laws to foliow in promoting interest in physical education. Yes, that is quite true, Dr. Wheeler. For example, in the teache ing of physical education here at the University of Kansas I've carried on some experimental worke Om the basis of the results of my exporimental work I've found that the method of teaching which I have called the "recreational method" in physical education is the best method for teaching skills and games in physical education. We can teach students the elements of boxing and fencing and tennis in an extremely short time so that they can enjoy the game as quickly as possible, if our teaching is consistent with the laws of psychology and physiology. In other words, we approach the student as an individual psycho-physical whole, Dre Wheeler, could you tell us a little more about one of these psychological prin- ciples, and the way in which we acquire bodily coordination? Yes, indee ds It might intorest the radio listeners of this com- munity to know that Dr. Ge E. Coghill, who was formerly head of the Department of Anatomy at tho University of Kansas, while he was here made a very important ciscoverv about how the nerves of the body control. the muscles in the course of acquiring coordin= ation or skille We do not begin by making movements of the differ- ent parts of the body separately and independently of one another, Skill is not built up by putting together so many pieces of movee ment like bricks in building a house. Instead we proceed the other waye We make mass movements first and finally learn how to mani- pulate a specific muscle by discovering the part it has to play in the course of moving the body as 2 whole, The body as a whole is in action even though it looks as if we were moving only our hands or feet. It is too long a story to teli here in detail, but an illustration may make the puint a little clearer. Can you wiggle your ears, Jim? No, I don't believe I can, Dre Wheelers Dre Wheeler Mr. Raport Dre Wheeler Mre Raport Dr. Wheeler Mr. Raport Dre Wheeler Mr. Raport Dre Wheeler Mre Raport eajee Try it, Mr. Raport. Try it real seriouslye I wish our radio audience could see you now, Jime You are contracting practically all of the muggles of your face and scalpe Why don't you just move those little muscles right behind your ears? I'm afraid I'm not able to do that, Dr. Wheeler. I can't find then. That's just the point. In erder to find and to use a local muscle for the first time, you have to start with all the muscles in tuat region and locate the ones you want by a procedure technically known as "individuation". When, finally, you have located the muscles which you want to use mainly in the performance, the rest of your muscles which you used too much at first quiet down but do not remain completely relaxed. They become tense and that tension is necessary in the execution of the desired motion. In performances like diving, shooting baskets in basketball, swinging the club in golf, and so on, this tension takes the form of bodily posture. This posture, as every teacher of physical education knows, is absolutely necessary for the execution of skilled move- ments» That is very interesting, Dr. Wheeler. I kmow of Dre Coghill's work and I think that physical education instructors are becoming more and more familiar with it and its importance for the psyche ology of skill, It will certainly be an important step in the history of physical education, Mre Raport, when physical education instructors gener= ally learn of Dr. Coghill's discovery. Before we leave this point, may I give another illustration? Certainly, Dr. Wheeler, Did you ever see a very young infant erying when he was not squirm- ing all overt No, I can't say that I have, Tr. Whecler, although I have not ob= served the behavior of very many young infants. Well, there is an excellent reason why very young infants are always squirming all over when they are crying. They have to set their body in motion in order to find the muscles that they use in cryinge This soumds very strange at first, but all the evidence points to the truth of this statement. I wish we had more time for a discussion of these interesting points, but there are some more q uestions I would like to ask you, Dre Wheeler. Certain physical education teachers believe thas we stress too much the competitive games. Just the other day a high school youth went to bed crying because his team lost a game. Should games be played with so much stress upon the score? Dre Wheeler The great tnliae of | ane Ban nés is lost when the | te do — i ko tom eee in aus ond oleverne: r chieverient is mac for ie own ae at ast he sene sioeriae : pate Tike Deny da the limelight, er being at the Of & list, or whet not. We should teach that doing the very test with what we have to do with ig the ultimate geal. re Wheeler, and I think thet physiead eduontion onstant , Ss 2 3 te educate youth. and the amy ehi. an in goede etter with : aaa e Hey row th . ; a fenchure are boeh great degree Mr. Rapert Dr. Wheeler B61 f@ must Leek at this problem frem two angles. We op eunee | a 5 cea some children, away from recreational activity ‘by expecting tée great a degree of perfec eae am the ether hid we should net teach habits of net deing one's beste We are a@2i inclined te fellew the path of least resistence. I think, therefore, if I were a physical education instructer, I would. try te see that every child in my sehoel. participated im several diff- erent kinds ef games, but that at least in one kind, suited if pessible te the capacities and interests of the child, I weuld strive for perfection. Mre Rapert Well, thank you very much, Drs Whtieler. Wien I go hene toni ght In going te stend in front of @ mirrer and try wiggling my ears. Amneyneer = Make anneuncement regarding Health a nd Physical Edueation Roumd- Tables held in conjunction with the Kansas State machare meetings, Neve 4 and 5,