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KINESIOLOGY (Final Examination)

1, Upon what is effective teaching in physical education based? State in one

sentence,

Answer: Upon competent teaching of the motor skills.

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2. Discuss briefly the universality of movement,

 

Answer: All Living organisms have movement. Even the lower animals sense

that movement draws attention and are always quick to deteot the slightest

isl a ass ARR eS oe

movement near them ~ especially if danger is near, Many will freeze into im-
mobility at the slightest hint of danger. Movement is a sign of life, and
animals instinctively come to dead stops or move slowly and cautiously when
confronted with danger. 7

| The success of a magician or sleight-ofehand performer depends
largely upon the application of these generally know instinctive principles
of movement which are frequently overlooked by humans. While one hand of a
magician deftly and inconspicuously performs the crucial part of the trick,
the other hand engages very actively and with much movement in a manipulation
which leads the observer astray. , 7

Man thinks in terms of movement. A study of the art of primitive
peoples shows that it deals largely with activity -- participants in war,
sports, or routine occupations. Seldom do we find figures in passive attitudes.
Even the gods, in art forms, are depicted as coming down from Olympus and
taking part in man's activities. In carving, sculpture, crate and liter-
ature, both man and animals are depicted as active creatures,
3. Discuss briefly the history of the science of kinesiology.

Answer: From earliest times scientists made efforts to analyse human motion.
The Greek scientists believed in the unity of boty and mind. They interpreted
man's activity as mechanistic, in accordance with their materialistic inter«
pretation of the universe, Hippocrates recognized physiolegionl benefits
derived from such commonplace activities as walking, He wrote that walking
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should be rapid in winter; slow in summer, unless it be under a burning heat,
and that fleshy people should walk faster, thin people slower,

? Hippocrates, and Aristotle later, each devised certain empirical
theories about the relationship of anatomical structure to human mechanics;
but the real scidntific approach came much laters

‘During the Renaissance, German, English, French and Italian Deiat
ogists and physicists attacked the problem of analysing animal and human move~
ments, These studies form the real beginning of our modern understanding of
| kinesiology. Outstanding among these pioneers in this field were two physiol-
ogists, Descartes, French, and Von Haller, Swiss; one anatomist and physician,
Galilei, Italian; and one physicist, Borelli, Italian.

‘But the 19th century brought still greater contributions, ‘he basis
facts of neuromuscular functioning were added to previous research by the Weber
brothers, Sherrington, and Helmholtz.

Experimental work through successive decades reaffirmed the soundness
of many of these theories of nervous stimulation and inhibition, and muscular
reaction, : 7

Then came ‘such scientists as Braune, Fischer, Duchenne and Marey, who
studied the problems of muscle mechanics, of body balance, and of graphic ree
presentation as related particularly to locomotion, It was out of these
studies that the science of icinesiology was founded.

Today, we still continue to probe. into the mysteries of human fumce-
tioning. Mental activity is largely manifest in muscular forns; ; and both are
dependent upon the functioning of the rest of the body. Thus movement (motor
activity) becomes of interest to the physiologist, psychologist, the educator,
and the physician, But it is through the physical educator and the field of
physical education that the remedial specialists, with their detailed undere

standing of the locomotor and manipulative skills, should come,

Steam aati.

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4, Select any motor activity which you perform rather frequently. Study
your actions from the standpoint of waste motions and apparent causes of
fatigue if continued. If you perform it efficiently, how do you think you
achieved this? If you perform it inefficiently, how could you go about
improving your efforts? ,

Answer? (as varied as are the individuals answer the question, )

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5. Discuss briefly why ‘the articulations of the body are the —— upon which
the study of leinesiology swing.
Answer: Movement takes place in the body articulations. They are the loci
of motion - just as the hinges of a door or the din of a wheel are the points
of motion for their respective services. Various types of door hinges result
in different uses for doors. So it is with body uretenaiihhenties the structure
of the articulation will primarily determine its type and range of movement.

6. In mich the same wey as in errs 5, discuss the ne of the muscles
of the body to the study of kinesiology.
kw The muscles of the body are the sources of body motion; just as the
articulations are the places of motion, ‘The articulations would be relatively
useless without the muscular propelling power. Henee, the larger muscles are
located where the greatest force is needed, and the lesser where the least ree
sistance is needed. )

The human body is a self-propelling machine, whose power comes from
muscular contraction. : And it must be remembered that a muscle can only pull;
it never pushes. |
Gravity is a constant foree pulling vertically dowmvard on all objects,

at all times. The mane les are always combatting the dommrard pull of gravity.
Likewise, if and when gravity can yee the desired movement, in the interests
of muscular economy we soon learn to let the miscles relax and let gravity do
the work. | | 3
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I. Give routine treatuert of sprain (synovitis) from initial moment of injury
until athlete is able t practice or play again. This applies to active and
passive manipulation. ‘This should include taping and bandaging, eto.
IIe Give your theory of taping. Your diseussion should include theory of
support or adjacent parts, consideration of circulation, locomotion and
protection together with possible aid in getting athlete back inte ths gam
in the earliest possible tine.
Til, A» Desoribe -- saero-iliac sprains - te kinds - how detedted, and give
treatment for each.
Be Wome the three kinds of artioulations.
‘Ve Desovibe: As Stimilation
3 ie Inhibition
Ce Predisposing cause
De Bxciting cause
| Be Peristalsis
Ve As Nome regions end give msver of vertebrae in an sdult colmm; deseribe
3. Name regios and give number of spinal nerves; desoribe a spinal norve.
G. Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves in their order.
Be Resewie te the bust of poar ahthity the ortenedie nerve quem ite
hookeup with the spinal nerves. |
B. Name the four accopted stimlis if there is another, name its
 

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Name regions and give number of vertebrae in an adult colum,.
Deseribe a typical vertebra. os

Heme regions ani give mwaber of spinal nerves.

Deseribe a spinal nerve.

Wame the 12 pairs of cranial nerves in their order.

Desorive to the best of your ability the nervous system.
Its hook-up with the spinal nerves.

Heme the four accepted stimuli.

If theve fa another seme it:

Inhibition, 9/2, ug Caudl.

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Describe in your om wards the place and finetion of « trainer te
athletic teams. : }

Give routine treatnent of sprain (synovitis) from initial moment of
injury until athlete is able to practice or play again. ‘This applies
to active and passive manipulation, ‘this should include taping and

bandaging, ete.

Give your theory of taping. Your discussion should include theory

of support of adjacent parts, consideration of oireulation, locomotion

and protection together with poasible aid in getting athlete back into |
nenblie <>: guaetiine epintien © Wo bnte « = How detected and give
treatment for enche eon

Name the three kinds of articulations.

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GOLF EXAMINATION
November 8, 1940

 

le
Completion
le Taking a stance and grounding the club is called the ball.
2 Competition by holes won or lost is known as playe

 

. 3e When one side is as many holes ahead as there remain holes to be played

 

 

 

that side is said to be °

4e One stroke under the par figure for a hole is a » and two
strokes under par is an e

Se The fairway club of maximum power is called a e

 

6. When each side has played in the same number of strokes the hole is said

to be e

 

7e The right to play first from the tee is known as e
8. An uncontrolled golfing shot to the right for a right-handed player is a

» and to the left a 2

 

9. Competition by total strokes required for the round is called play,

LO. An arbitrary standard of excellence fixed according to length of hole being
played is known as _ *

ll. When a person attempts to hit beyond one's normal power he is said to

12. A depression or pit, the bottom of which is covered with sand or grass

 

 

is called a °
13. When you give warning to any person in the way of play you say .
14, An iron club of intermediate loft is called a *

 

154 A wooden headed club of greater loft than either driver or brassie is a

 

16. When you are allowed to improve the position of your ball in the fairway you
are said to be playing golf,

17. When an opponent’ ball lies in the line of a player's putt it is called

a °

 
 

“ew

18, Name either a national topranking man or woman golfer:

 

Ile
Essay

List ten important rules of etiquette everyone should observe when playing the
game of golf, .

IIIe
Explain the following:

(a) Casual Water
(b) Provisional Ball
(c) Bogey Golf
(d) Putting Green
(e) Hosel
IV.

(a) What course of action may be taken if an opponent's ball is moved by a player's
ball?

(b) List five fundamentals of golf that everyone should remember,

 
BASEBALL

Ie When bases are occupied and a slow hit ball is fielded by the pitcher to
what base should the pitcher invariably throw unless advised by his catcher?

ANnSe

 

IIe When a bunt is expected, as when the opponent has a runner on first or
on first and second, where should the pitcher throw the ball: (a) for a left=-.
handed batsman (b) for a right-handed batsman?

Anse {a} Anse (b)

 

 

III. If the ball is properly delivered by the pitcher on the above play, what
direction should the pitcher take on the diamond and to whom should the bunted
ball be thrown. This answer is to be predicated on the assumption that the :
pitcher pitched the ball to the exact spot he intended to and caused the batter ©
to bunt where the pitcher desired. The pitcher also has listened to his catcher
fer directions. Also you have a good fielding pitcher. :

Answer

IV. With a runner on first base only, what type of ball should the pitcher
deliver to the batsman who shows by dropping his bat that he is going to bint?

ee - Answer

Ve When there is a runner on second base and a base hit is made to the

out field, where should the pitcher station himself in relationship with his
catcher and what two plays are possible on the throwein, granted that the throw»
in is in direct line with the catcher?

Answer

 

VIe {a) Does a pitcher need any instructions from a catcher if the throw=
in by the outfielders toward the plate is not accurate?

Anse (a). (b) Where should the pitcher play the ball or should
he try for a play on the runner at second? (b) Anse *

 

 

VIle On a swinging bunt rolling down the first base line who should shout
to the pitcher whether to make a play on the ball that looks as if perhaps the
ball may roll foul? : Answer.

 

VIIIe When a ball is hit by the batsman to the pitcher and a runner stops
running between bases, epparently undecided which base to approach, what
immediate action should the pitcher take?

Answer

 

 

IXe Hypothetical play at third base.

Third base is occupiede The runner, seeing that he is a sure put~out
at the plate, stops and tries to get into @ runeup play, so that the batter
can get into a scoring position. What immediate action should prompt the
pitcher when the ball is hit to him? Please describe the direction of his
movements «

%
tales

X. (a) With a runner on first base, when a base hit is made to the outfield
what baseman should the pitcher back-up?
AnS8e (a)

(bo) With a runner on second base, if there is a base hit, where should
the pitcher station himself? Anse (b} .

(c) Would you advise that the first baseman line up for a throw-in
from right field upon a base hit and that the third baseman line up for a
throw in from left field. If so please explain what advantage that you gain
by not using the pitcher. And state where you would use the pitcher on.
such a playe

 

Ans.» (c)
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17.

18.
19.
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236
246
256

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276

TRUE AND FALSE BASEBALL QUESTIONS

Third base is called the keystone sack.
Second base is called the initial sack.
Two outs--runner on base should advance on eny type of hit bell.

The batter has a batting area in which he is to stand when at bat.

The catcher has a catching area in which he has to receive throws or pitches
from the pitcher.

Pitcher oan balk to any base.

Pitcher cannot balk to second base.

With no runner on base, pitcher balks to batter=--ruling, batter takes first.

In pitcher's delivery he must have both feet squarely on the ground and his
pivot foot must be on, or in front of, and in contact with the pitcher's
rubber preliminary to pitching.

In the act of delivering the ball to the batsman, the pitcher's non=pivot
foot is free and cen step to either side of the pitcher's plate.

After the pitcher takes his legal position for delivery of the ball to the
batsman, he may take one step beclamrd and one step forward, but not to
either side.

A pitcher may not use rosin bag for the purpose of applying rosin to his
bare hand or hands.

Pitchers are not prohibited from dusting the ball with the rosin bege —

Pitcher is not permitted to apply rosin, from the bag, to his glove or dust
any part of his uniform with the rosin bage

At plate, pradr to game time, the home club manager or captain must first deliver
line-up of his teame

A quick return of the ball to the batter by the pitcher will not be permitted.

Only two batters at a time will be allowed to leave the dugout and come on
the field in order to be ready to take his next turn at bate

The batsman is out if he fails to take his position at the bat in the turn
in which his name appears in the batting ordér.

The fielder con jump over any fence, railing or rope marking the limits of
the playing field in order to catch the ball.

Officials should oall “infield fly" real soon, or immediately.

When the batsman is called "out" on an infield fly, and the base-runner is.
hit by the ball while in contact with his base==-the base runner should not be
oute :

The Umpire-in=Chief is the only officiel who can call “time ."

The practice of players mingling with spectators is prohibited.

All wnpires must carry with them one official rosin beg.

Under any and e11 conditions the first geme must be played to a finish before
a second game can be started. :

At any time after five innings heve beon completed, the seore shall be that
of the last equal inning pleyed, except that if the side second at bat shall
have scored in an unequal number innings more runs than the side first at
pat, or if the side that went to bet second is at the bat when the game is
terminated end has scored the same number of runs or at least one run more
than the side first at bat, the score of the game shell be the totel number
of runs each team has madéee :

If the club last at bat has made more runs at the end of its fourth inning
than the club first et bat has made in five completed innings, it is Not

A LEGALLY WON game.
29.

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82.
33.

356
36.
37.
386
39.

41.
426

450.

456
46-6
47.

48.

 

TRUE AND FALSE BASEBALL QUESTIONS
(page 2)

If the club last at bat has made more runs before the completion of its
fifth inning then the club first at bat has mede in fi¥e completed
innings, it is e LEGALLY WON game.

If the club last at bat, at any stage during its turn at bat, in the fifth
inning comes from behind and ties the score made by the club first at
bat in five completed innings, it is a LEGALLY TIED game.

Pitcher is not allowed to have one foot off the rubber.

When the Betting Order is delivered to the Umpire prior to game, the pitcher
named on suchBatting Order must pitch until the first batsman has either
been put out or has reached first base.

A “quick return” of the ball by the pitcher is permitted.

If batting out of turn, end if error is discovered the proper batsman may
replace the man at bat before the latter becomes 4 base-runner. —

Runs shall be scored if there is en improper act by batsmane

If batting out of turn, only the proper batsman shall be declared out.

Runner is not out if he is hit by batted ball.

Fielder is not allowed to reach over barrier to catch fly balle

A runner carnot interfere with the fielder fielding the ball.

A batter cannot touch the plate with foot when battinge

Only one coach is allowed in the coaching boxe

Goaches are permitted out of the coaching boxe

The opposition is permitted to address the opposing players Greotly or by
name when chiding theme

It is not imperative for the base runners to teg up after a foul ball is hit.

Runners are not allowed to advance after « foul fly is caught.

If runner interferes with the fielder in fielding the bell, he is declared out.

It is not considered good baseball for the batter to slide at first base in
running out a ground ball to the infield.

With a runner on first and a left handed batter at bat, second baseman should
cover the keystone sacke

with a rumer on first and a right handed batter at bat, short stop should
cover second base.

 
 

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DIVISION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
LAWRENCE

INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS B A SEB A a

TRUE AND FALSE QUESTIONS:

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In the ect of deli

Third base is called the keystone sack.

Second base is called the initial sack.

Two outgs--runner on .base should edvance on eny. type of
hit. ball «

The batter has a batting srea in which he isto stend ae
tm when at bat.

The catcher hes a catching srea in which he has to receive
throws or pitches from the pitcher.

Pitcher can brik to sny base.

Pitcher ecennot belk to second base.

With no runner on base pitcher balks to better--ruling,
better tekes first.

Im-pitcher's delivery he must have both feet sauerely on
the ground and his pivot foot must be on, or in front
of, end in contect with the pitcherts rubber preliminary
to pitching. ,

gring the bell to the betsmen, the
pitcher's @igeew foot is free and can step to either
side of the pitcher's plate.

After the pitcher tekes his legel position for delivery
of the ball to the betsman, he mey teke one step ;
backwerd and one step forwerd, but not to either side.

A pitcher may not use rosin beg for the purpose of epply-
ing rosin to his bere hand or hands.

Pitchers sre not prohibited from dusting the ball with the
rosin: bag. 3s

Pitcher is not permitted to apply rosin, from the beg,
to his glove or dust any pert of his uniform with the
rosin beg.

At plate, prior to game time, the home club mane ger or
cepteain must first eae line-up of his teem.

A quick return of the be the eereney, will not be
permitted.

Only two batters at a time will be allowed to teaee the
dugout and come on the field in order to be rersdy to
take his next turn et bat.

The batsman is out if he fails to take his position at the
Beat in the turn in which his meme eppeers in the
batting order.

The fiélder cennjump over any fence, reiling or FOR nee
ing the limits of the pleying “fiela in order to.

catch the bell.

Officials should call “infield fly" reel soon, or immedistely.
when the betsmen is called “out™ on en infield fly, end the
bese-runner is hit by the ball while in contaet with

his bease--the bese runner should not be out.

The Umpire-in Chief is the only official who cen cell -Dime®

 
  

The prectice of plreyers mingling with spectators is prohibitedg

All umpires must cerry with them one offictal rosin B

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UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
LAWRENCE

DIVISION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND
INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

+ 25. Under any end all conditions the first geme must be played
to ea finish before es second game can be started.

+ 26. At any time after five innings have been completed, the
score shall be that of the lest equel innings pleyed,
except that if the side second et bat shall have scored
in an unequal number innings more runs then the side first
et bat, or if the side that went to bet second is at bat
when the geme is terminated end has scored the seme
number of runs or at least. one run more than the side first
et bet, the score of the geme shell be the total number

of runs each team hes mede.

—— 27. If the club last at beat hes meade more-runs et the end of
its fourth inning then the-club first et bat has mede in
five completed innings, it is NOT A LEGALLY WON game.

+28, If the-club lrmst et bat hes mede more runs before the
completion of its fifth inning then the club first at
bet hes mede in five completed innings, it is a LSGALLY
WON geme.

+ #9. If the club last at bat, at any stage during its turn at
bat, in the fifth inning comes from behind and ties the

. score made by the club first st bat in five completed
innings, it is a LEGALLY TIED game.
—-30. Pitcher is not allowed to have one foot off the rubber.

%31. When the Batting Order is delivered to the Umpire prior to
geme, the pitcher named on such Betting Order must pitch

until the first batsmen has either been put out or hes
reeched first base.
—32. A "quick return" of the ball by the pitcher is permitted.

453. If betting out of turn, and if error is discovered the —
proper batsman may replace the man at bat before the

- latter becomes s base-runner.
—~ 34. Runs shall be scored if there is anyect s#<dimprope h etsmen.
+35. If batting out of turn, only the proper batsman Shell be

declered out.
=~36. Runner is not out if he is hit by batted ball.
-37. Fielder is not allowed to reech over berrier to catch fly bell.
+38. A runner cannot interfere with the fielder fielding the ball.
+39. <A better cannot touch the plate with foot when batting.
+40. Only one coach is allowed in the cosching box.
—41. Coaches are permitted out of the coaching box.
—42. The opposition is permitted to eddress the opposing
players directly or by neme when chiding them.
—43. It is not imperative for the base runneps to teg up
after a foul ball is hit.
— 44, Runners are not allowed to sedvance after oe foul fly! isscaught.
745. If runner interferes with the fielder in fielding the ball,
he is declared out.
+46. &t is not considered good basebell for the batter to slide
at first base.in sunning Out aground pail To fhe infleld -
~ 47. With a runner on first en¥ a left“hended batter at bat,
second basemen should cover the keystone seck.

—48, With e runner on first end a right handed batter et bat,
short stop should cover second bese.

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6

7.
8.

9.

10.
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126

136

14.
15.

166°

17.
18.

19.
206
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226
256

24-6
256

266

276
28-6

296

30.
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346

356

366
376

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BASEBALL PLAYING RULES QUIZ
a

The shortest distance from a fence or stand on fair territory to the home base
shall be 350 feet.
The shortest distence from home base to the grandstend shall be sixty (60) feet.
The total distance around the bases is 100 yardse
The distance from the point of home plate to the pitchers slab is exactly 60 feet.
Goachers are obliged to stay within the confines of the coachers box, and not
more than two coachers may be on the field at the same time=-one in each
coacher's boxe
The batter is never allowed to step over home plate to strike at a balle
The pitchers plate may be 2 feet higher than the base lines or the home plate.
fhe pitchers plate is a rectangle 18 inches by 6 inchese
The four base forms teyeus & squarée
Reses should be less than three inches thick.
The pitchers plate is equal distance to all four bases.
The ball must weigh not less than 5 or more than 54 ounces, and measure not
less then 9 or more than 9% inches in circumference.
In every game the balls played with shell be furnished by the home club, and
the last in play shall be the property of the winning club.
The bat must be round, and not over 56 inches longe
Less than nine players may occupy the field in any inning of the gamee
It is not possible to substitute a fielder for a pitcher and place the pitcher
in the fielder's position.
Penalties which are provided in fines apply solely to professional baseball.
The players of the team not at bat may be stationed at any points on the field
on fair ground their captain may elect, except the pitcher.
Players and coachers do not have to make room for fielders trying for all
fielding plays.
Players in uniform shall not be permitted to occupy seats in the stands, or
mingle with the spectators.
The catcher and first baseman may wear & leather glove or mitt of any size,
shape or weight.
Pleyers' benches must be 265 feet outside the pleyer's lines.
It is a regulation game if the team second at bat scores more runs in 8 innings
than the team first at bat has scored in 9 inningse
The score of a forfeited game shall be recorded 1 to 0.
With a runner on first base, the pitcher must face the batter with both hands
holding the bell in front of hime
The pitcher must keep both feet in contact with the plete when he delivers the
ball to the batters. ;
The rosin bag is solely to aid the pitcher to dry his hends.
There is no penalfy against the pitcher if hb throws to a base say "for fun"
or to delay & gamee
At the beginning of each inning, the pitcher is allowed to throw five balls to
the catcher or to an infielder for ‘warming up" prdotice.
A balk entitles the base runner and the batter to advance one bases
Holding of the ball by the pitcher so long as in the opinion of the umpire, to
delay the geme unnecessarily, is a belk.
It is not a blak if the pitcher, in the act of delivering the ball to the
batsman drops the ball with no one on pase
The ball is dead and not in play in case of a foul hit not legally caught.
Whenever ® person not engaged in the game touches @ batted or thrown ball it
is dead and not in playe
A batted bell that touches first base or third base is @ fair hit even if it
pounds foul.
Any bunt rolling foul is a strike.
A fair hit ball that strikes the ground and bounds into a sand shall be @ home

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38.

396
40.

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426
436

44.
45.6

46.
47.

48.

49,

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526
536

54

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56.
57
58.
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If after two strikes a foul tip is batted and muffed by the catcher, it is a
strike.

The penalty for an illega. batted ball is a strike.

if the batsman strikes at the ball and misses it but the ball hits him, it is
not a strike.

A batsman is out if he fails to take his position at the bat in which his
name appears on the batting ordere

A batsman is out if he fails to take his position within one minute after the
umpire has called for hime

The base-runner must retouch the bases in reverse order when obliged to return
while the ball is in pley.

The base=-runner must touch each base in legal ordere

If a runner who is standing on bese is struck by a fair batted ball when the
umpire calls an infield fly, the runner is declared out.

If a fair hit ball strikes the umpire on fair ground it is not dn play.

The batter goes to first base on a balk, because a balk qualifies him as a
base runnere

If a thrown ball strikes a coacher on foul ground the ball shall be considered
deade

If the catcher interferes with the batsman while a base-runner is attempting
to steal a base, the base-runner shall be permitted to advance to that base.

If the umpire gets in the wey of the catcher by accident, the runner cannot
have the benefit of the mishap to the catcher, but must go back to his
originel basee

The base-runner is out if he fails to avoid a fielder attempting to field a
batted ball. :

A fly ball is always a force play with a runner on first and second.

“If a base-runner passes a preceding base-runner before such runner has been

legally put out he shell be declared out immediately.
If the coacher runs toward home to disconcert the fielder, base-runner is out.
Base-runner is out if teammates collect on basee
A coacher may not address words of assistance to the base-runners or to the
batsman e
A run cam be scored if the third man ¢e out is forced out or is put out before
—~ he reaches first base.
Umpires in Amateur games have equally as much authority as those in professional
games except that fines are not imposed in amateur gamese
The umpire-in-chief shall take position back of first base.
The field umpire calls balls and strikese
The umpire-in=chief alone s¥Pll have authority to declare a game forefeited.
There shall be no appeal from any decision of any umpire on feir or foul
balle
General Definitions (fill in blanks)

is the order of the umpire to begin the game.
is the order of the umpire to suspend play.

 

An is the term at bat of the nine pleyers representing a club in a

game and is completed when three of such players have been legally declared
out o

A is the term at bat of a batsman.
A

shall be credited to the base-rumner whenever he advances
a base unaided by a base hét, a put out, or a fielding or battery errore