4
Wednesday, December 10. 1975
University Daily Kansan
CIA, FBI head 1975 news
By TRICIA BORK
DENNIS ELLSWORTH
and CHUCK McGUIRE
It was a year in which Americans and Soviets shook hands in space while Moslems and Christians fought in the streets of Beirut. In Boston and Louisville children were buses to schools under armed guard while in Chicago and New York teachers' strikes stopped buses from running at all. In New Jersey Karen Ann Quinlan wasn't 15, but 14. She was in countries around the world thousands died for the right to live freely.
Nothing dominated the news of 1975 as much, however, as the almost daily attacks by insurgents who had done in the name of security and protection of the American people, of how assassinations of foreign leaders were committed, domestie surveillance was carried out.
That was the conclusion of 60 journalism students polled recently in an editorial and interpretive writing class. The students chose the top 20 stories of 1975 from a list of 85 and then ranked their choices in order of importance.
The second top story, according to the students, was the takeover of Southeast Missouri State University.
fell in March, shortly after the collapse of Cambodia, and Laos was soon taken over, also. Repercussions of the conflict included the displacement of thousands of Vietnamese and a decline in U.S. influence in that part of the world.
The attempts on President Gerald R. Ford's life in California were the third biggest story. Lyne Fromme, a Charles Manson follower, and Sara Jane Moore, a middle-aged woman, were arraigned on charges of attempting to assassinate the president. They also faced incidents. Their attempts were the eighth and ninth such tries in U.S. history.
The fourth biggest story was New York City's financial problems and brushes with default on the city's debt. The pleadings of Mayor Abraham Beame and Gov. Hugh Carey finally led Ford to propose a tough program to relieve the city's crisis.
The September apprehension of Patricia Hearest, 21-year-old newspaper heiress and suspected bank robber, ended in 19-and-a-half-month chase that led FBI investigators to the abduction by the Symbionee Liberation army has raised questions about her guilt.
The sluggish upturn in the American economy and efforts to improve the job market are a challenge.
The seventh top news story of 1975 was the signing of a disengagement pact by Egypt and Israel. The Suez Canal responded for the first time to the escalation, which remains the center of tension in the world.
as the sixth most important story. In October Ford proposed a $28 billion cut in government expenditures balanced by a $28 billion tax bill cut.
In a case that raised serious medical and legal questions about human life, a Superior Court judge in New Jersey ruled that “there is no constitutional right to die that can be avoided.” But the court also urged adult child,” Karen Ann Quinlan lapsed into a coma in April and has been kept alive by life-supporting machines since then. Her parents, who said they sought a dignified death for their daughter, have until the end of June to decide whether to appeal the decision.
In July three American astronauts and two Soviet cosmonauts completed the first international docking in space. The rendezvous of the two spacecraft, launched in October 2016, will be two countries' space explorations. This was voted the ninth biggest news story.
The 10th ranked story of the year was masing. Boston and Louisville were the best teams in college football, but
forced busing should be used to achieve racial balance in public schools. Massive shows of strength by law enforcement authorities and National Guardsmens restored order to the cities as the court-ordered busing continued.
America's energy picture brightened in 1975 when the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries voted to raise the price of oil by 10 per cent rather than the 25 per cent ingored by some members. Ford's announcement of a $100 billion program to reduce dependence on petroleum for country helped to make the energy story the 11th biggest this year.
The retirement of Justice William O. Douglas from the United States Supreme Court was chosen as the 12th most important justice in history, retired at 77 because of failing health, served on the bench for nearly 38 years, longer than any other justice. John Paul Stevens, a Chicago appeals court judge, has replaced Douglas by Ford to replace Douglas.
1975 hearings reveal death plots
The death of another long-time public figure, Gen. Francis Franco, head of Spain, gave Prince Juan Carlos the ruling power in that country. Franco's death in 1938 at the age of 62 which was chosen the year of his death ended nearly four decades of rule by him.
By GARY BORG
Hot on the beaks of the 1974 disclosures of the Watergate corruption follow the disclosures of illegal activities of the CIA and FBI.
A broad and flagrant pattern of disregard for law and what many regard as the best practice was revealed in extensive congressional hearings. Perhaps the most startling of the revelations was that of U.S. involvement in Iraq, where some of its foreign leaders. Only two of these leaders
The plots involved explosive seashells, poisoned shoes and cigars, and ambush transports that crisscross international murder. The United States also supplied arms and support to dissident groups within some of the nations involved in carry out their own assassination plagues.
Congressional hearings showed that the United States was involved in death plots and
Mideast pact brings quiet
By TOM DEASE and FRED JOHNSON
The Sinai agreement between the Arabs and the Israelis was an important event in the struggle.
U. S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger engineered the agreement, which President Ford has called one of the most historic negotiations of the century.
After eight months of intensive talks, Kissinger persuaded the Israelis to withdraw from 2,000 square miles of captured Egyptian territory in the Sinai, which included the Abu Rudus oil field and the Mitla and Gidi passes.
Egypt agreed not to "resort to the use or
disagreement" to resolve disputes and
disagreements with his neighbors.
The accord was applauded by many world leaders, but many of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's allies were engaged and Israelis were distrustful. Soviets saw the Sinai accord as an attempt to weaken their influence in the Mideast.
In Washington, congressmen were adding up, in dollars and weapons, what Kissinger had promised the two nations if they signed an agreement. The president's Kissinger's Sinii pact was a costly one.
Israel was promised $2.4 billion in aid for the first year, freedom of the high seas and a number of F-16 fighter bombers and an intermediate-range ballistic missiles.
Egypt was promised a possible $650 million in aid and some weapons.
The United States also promised to "view with particular gravity, threats to Israel's security," and said it would "vote" on the decision.
Though the Sinal agreement was between two nations that did not trust each other, the U.S. and Iran agreed to place American technicians in key spots to supervise surveillance operations that were undertaken to insure each country against sneak attacks by the U.S.
Just when it seemed as if the Sinai agreement and billions of dollars of United States aid had brought the United States into a war, events following the agreement left no doubt that the friction between the Arab and Israeli nations had been intensified, but had not been altogether allied.
A United Nations General Assembly resolution that defined Zionism as "a form of racism" was passed by a vote of 72-35 on Nov. 10.
Daniel P. Moynihan, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, said the resolution might affect American participation in the United Nations' program to fight racism.
As the year draws to a close the gums of the Midwest are quiet, but it is an omnious melancholy.
Reaction in the United States was swift and harsh. Many congressmen said the United Nations should support the United Nations. Thousands of people wrote to newspapers advocating U.S. withdrawal from the United Nations. Some called the adoption of the resolution most disingenuous policy since Hitler's plan to exterminate the Jews in World War II.
—Fidel Castro— at least eight plots against Castro's life have been disclosed;
“Papa Doc” Duvalier, Haitian dictator;
—President Sukarno of Indonesia; and
Rafato Juvillo, dictator of the
Brazil Republic.
In addition, the Senate Intelligence Committee revealed that the CIA was involved in an interrupted attempt to carry out a military coup d'etat in Chile to prevent the country from being pushed to power. The plan involved supporting military conspirators who sought to kidnap Gen. Ren Schneider of the Chile army, who strongly opposed any coup. However, another group of conspirators murdered Schneider before the CIA-sponsored officers did act.
But the CIA's activities weren't limited to foreign affairs. The Rockefeller company has been criticized for强迫 Toa谋应 CIA improprieties, readily admitted the CIA had overstepped the boundaries of its charter by conducting a hostile and harassment of several domestic groups.
Another important element brought out in hearings was the difficulty of uncovering undercover operations. The best example of this was the shellfish toxin, a potent neurotoxin that has been violated of a 1970 executive order that all such biological weapons be destroyed.
The Senate intelligence committee found that no written order was issued within the
CIA to destroy the toxin. Although then- director Richard Helms issued an oral order, an intermediate official assumed what he said, and decided to keep the toxin.
Perhaps the most infamous instance of FBI surveillance and harassment was that directed against Martin Luther King Jr. (King), a 98-year-old private life in an effort to gather information that might embarrass him, it was disclosed. Just before King was to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965, he received an anonymous letter implicated only implied he should commit suicide.
The FBI as well as the CIA conducted extensive programs of surveillance against ordinary citizens. According to the Senate Judiciary Committee, the law-lawbiding citizens for the past 50 years.
Ralph Abernathy, King's successor as leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, has said that the FBI also kept him under similar surveillance. Again, the apparent motive was to discredit a national figure in the eyes of his followers.
Another of the CIA's illicit activities involved not intelligence gathering but the use of unknown people. The agency apparently administered LSD to unsuspecting subjects in the early 1960s to test the effects of its drug on them, killing himself, apparently as a consequence of the experiments conducted on him without his consent.
The next 14th story was the passage of a resolution by the United Nations General Assembly to prevent discrimination in movement for a Jewish hometown, a form of racism. Both houses of Congress denounced the resolution and promised immediate action. U.S. involvement in the United Nations.
Daniel P. Moynihan, U.S., ambassador to the United Nations, declared that the United States "does not acknowledge, will not be affected, will not acquire in this infamous act."
The 15th biggest story was the seizure in July of an American merchant vessel, the Mayaguez, by Cambodian forces. Ford sent in Marines to rescue the ship and its 39 crewmen, an act that, although successful, cost the lives of 41 U.S. servicemen.
Other 1975 news stories that were ranked in the top 20 were Portugal's struggle between Communist and Socialist forces, 16; Ford's administration shuffle, including firing and resignations of several top ministers; teachers, firemen, policemen and sanitation workers in major U.S. cities, 18; fighting in Beirut by Moslems and Christians which resulted in more than 4,000 deaths in eight months, 19; and political turnover in more than 15 countries, including Bangladesh, Iran and Australia, 20.
Several significant news stories didn't make the year's top 20 list, including the disappearance of Teamster leader Jimmy Hoffa, the assassination of Saudi Arabian King Faisal by his nephew, terrorism in Iraq and Pakistan, rising costs of medical malpractice insurance and a destructive earthquake in Turkey that killed thousands.
*I CONSIDER MYSELF LOOKY TO BE HERE IN SIBERIA. AT STOP, THEN THEREINSTANDS TO SHIP ME TO THE UNITED STATES WHERE I THINK LIVING ON THE OASIS IS FULLEL.
Ford nanders Tonoka Staff Photo by GEORGE MILLENER
Ford ponders Topeka
President Gerald R. Ford visited Tupaia last spring on his Midwestern swing through the 12 Republican governors in the United States. He called Gov. Robert F. Bennack, one of the 13 Republican governors in the United States.
Ford, Hearst top newsmakers
By PENNY CHILTON
DAVID OLSON and
JOHN ELLEN
DAVID OLSON and JOHN JOHNSTON
The class gave Ford a substantial margin over Patty Hearst, who placed second. Students were given a ballot with the names of the 10 top newsmakers, and those were asked to rank the top 10 newsmakers.
President Gerald R. Ford was the No. 1
newspcriber of 1975.
he was named in a poll of an editorial and
informative writing class in the School of
Journalism.
The woman who was arrested and later convicted in the first attempt, Lynette Fromme, placed sixth in the newsmaker poll. Fromme's trial was a landmark time that a President had given videotaped testimony in a criminal trial.
Ford, in his first full year in office following the resignation of Richard Nixon, was the focal point of the year's top news. He was the target of two assassination attempts and the first in Sacramento Sept. 5 and the second in San Francisco only 17 days later.
Sara Jane Moore was arrested in the second attempt on Ford's life and is now
Ford also made headlines in his opposition to congressional spending. After a few years of fighting, some Democrats predicted a veto-proof Congress. But Ford vetoed more than 30 bills in 1975, including a $3.3 billion job bill, the largest in U.S. history. He also provide aid for construction of new housing.
Ford's handling of the Mayaguez affair also stirred controversy. He marines into Tang Island off Cambodia after the cargo ship Mayaguez and its 39 crew members were seized by Communists. Ford saw the seizure as a test of American Southeast Asia. The crew was released and marched shortly before the marines landed.
Patty Hearst, fugitive newspaper heiress,
kept federal agents guessing through the first half of the year, but the FBI finally caught up with her. Sept. 18 in a house in San
Southeast Asian fall not forgotten
Bv GREG HACK
"Americans love a winner, and they will not tolerate a loser. That is why America has never lost a war, and never will."—George C. Scott, in "Patton."
But then it did. A Communist offensive in spring 1975 swept away the South Vietnamese government only two weeks after the fall and shortly before Laos cannulated.
American troops were no longer in Southeast Asia in any significant numbers at the start of 1975, but it was still a goal of the Ford administration to keep these countries from falling into Communist hands. The defeat of South Vietnam truly signaled the first American war defeat, for it was in Vietnam that more than 46,000 Americans had died.
Congress refused to continue aiding South Vietnam, although arms and ammunition were running low and the Communists were capturing more territory daily. Perhaps
Congress was willing to tolerate an American loss, or perhaps it viewed the South Vietnamese government as a loser it no longer would tolerate.
The South Vietnamese army held off the Communists fairly well since Richard Nixon had proclaimed "peace with honor" on Jan. 27, 1973. However, it wasn't faring well in the spring 1975 fighting, and war continued until Nixon turned down repeated requests for aid from Ford and South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thien.
The Senate Armed Services Committee killed almost all chances for aid April 17 while the army also requested for $722 million in military aid four days later, Thieu resigned. Communist troops controlled 21 of 44 provinces, and suffered only 75 miles east of Saigon, the capital.
A government headed by Ivan Van Huong, Thieu's vice president, drew up a
cease-fire proposal. But the Communists, who had fought 10 years, knew conquest was near. The proposal was rejected by the Viet Cong April 23.
Chaos spread quickly, and April 28, Duong Van "Big" Minh took over for Huong, who was old and crippled. Minh faced a difficult situation. Communist guards attacked the airport and the capital's airport was hit by rockets. More than 100,000 refugees fled south.
The next day, Americans left the country by any means possible. Many South Vietnamese too, but many more who had desperately hoped the American embassy were left behind.
Thousands of refugees came to America. Some found work and a satisfactory new life. Others returned to Vietnam after they were unable to find happiness here.
Patry Annett, special correspondent for the Associated Press, wrote that it was the end of an era. He saw the Vietnamese, who had cheered the first Americans to arrive, jeering and cursing the last Americans to leave.
Some countries, most notably Thailand, asked American troops to leave, and established friendlier relations with Red China.
The refugees served as a reminder of an experience most Americans would probably forget. They were three Southeast Asian nations must be judged by history. But their fall had psychological significance in America. If the nightmare is over, it is not forgetten.
"Big" Minh's unconditional surrender "April 30 seemed anti-climactic. On the same day, a letter from Nixon to Thieu dated Jan. 5, 1973, was made public. Nixon had promised that violations of the peace accord would be held with "full force" from the United States.
Francisco, less than 10 miles from where she was kidnapped Feb. 4. 1974.
Hearst was arrested with a fugitive Berkeley artist, Wendy Yoshimura. William and Emily Harris, who had been traveling with Hearst and were members of her family, were arrested about an hour before they capture while logging in a nearby street.
After the capture, Hearst displayed a clenched fist to reporters, greeted radical comrades and described herself on a prison form as an urban guerrilla. She later changed her story, saying she was driven to insanity by the SLA.
His top accomplishment of the year was the signing of the Egyptian-Iraeli peace agreement. After months of shuttle-diplomacy he worked out a plan for Israel from the Sinai and the stationing of 200 U.S. civilians in the area to monitor the map.
Secretary of State Henry Kissinger was named the third top newsman. His total domination of American foreign policy constantly placed him in the headlines.
Hearst has been declared psychologically fit to stand trial and now faces federal charges that include bank robbery and kidnapping. He also faces state on state charges of kidnaping and robbery.
Kissinger testified before the Rockefeller commission that he and the National Security Council weren't involved in domestic spying. A House committee report said that the officers knew that the 1973 Arab-Israeli conflict would probably erupt, and that this information was ignored. Another Congressional committee threatened Kissinger with contempt charges for failing to comply with government comments on the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
Kissinger was involved in much controversy this year. His alleged personal disagreements with former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger were the supposed cause of Schlesinger's firing by Ford.
Gen. Francisco Franco was ranked fourth among the year's newmakers. Franco, who seized power after leading rightful succession to the presidency war, died at 42 on Nov. 20 after a month-long illness. Franco guided Spain through isolation and economic hardship to a position of importance and general accolade in western nations during his dictatorial reign.
Associate Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, who resigned after serving for 36 years on the high court—longer than any other justice—took fifth place. Douglas, 77, Franklin Roosevelt and has long been considered the court's most liberal member.
Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, who headed the investigation of the CIA, was seventh in the poll. The dispute over his possible position on the 1978 Republican presidential nominee Ted Cruz further bolstered an announcement that he wasn't interested in the vice-presidential nomination.
First Lady Betty Ford and New York City Mayor Abraham Beame tied for eighth in the voting. Mrs. Ford surprised many Americans with her frank remarks about
Sen. Frank Church, D-Doha, ended the list of top 10 newsmakers. Church headed the list of top 10 journalists.