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University Daily Kansan
Friday. Jan. 5. 1962
The Road to Peace
A new group concerned over what they call the drift toward nuclear war was organized recently. It is called "Turn Toward Peace" and includes such groups as the American Friends Service Committee, American Veterans Committee, Committee for Nonviolent Action, National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy and a number of others.
In a package of information it issued recently it said that "Our final goal is a disarmed world under law by negotiated agreement among the nations of the world.
"GIVEN THE PRESENT Cold War tensions and the militaristic response and counter-response of the Soviet Union and the United States, there is little chance of agreement. Thus both sides in the arms race pile tension upon tension while attempts to negotiate are stalemated.
"In addition to efforts at negotiation, we propose that the United States adopt a new policy, consisting of a series of American initiatives—acts not dependent on prior Communist agreement—which would be actual steps toward a disarmed world under law. These acts could be set in a context and done in a manner to challenge the Communist world to a new response, to win support from other nations, and to create a new world climate favorable to negotiation.
"DISARMAMENT STEPS alone are not enough. We must at the same time have American initiatives in six other related areas: 1) growth toward world law, 2) development of a sense of world community, 3) economic planning for disarmament, 4) aid to just demands for revolutionary change, 5) reduction of international tensions, and 6) development of nonviolent defenses of freedom.
"The validity of this approach does not depend on an optimistic view of Communist intentions. It is based on a realistic appraisal of what policies, in what context, offer the best chance for peace and the survival of free societies...even given the most pessimistic view of Communist intentions."
Four problems of "crucial" importance are identified: Berlin and Germany, nuclear weapons tests and disarmament, China in the world community and the future of the United Nations.
THERE ARE TWO key points in the organization's statement of its "final goal" and program for achieving it. They are those concerning "a disarmed world" and a "realistic" approach to "what policies, in what context, offer the best chance for peace and the survival of free societies."
Whether or not a disarmed world can be achieved ultimately is a question no one can presume to answer definitely at present. But it cannot be achieved in the near future and probably not in this century.
The reasons for this are not philosophical. They are the cold realities of the present world situation. The United States is heavily armed basically as a reaction to the aggressive actions of the Soviet Union and Red China. These two Communist giants undoubtedly are heavily armed to a certain extent because they fear the West. But it must not be forgotten that even if they did not fear an attack from the West, they
would require large armed forces to continue their policies of aggression and to hold their conquered territories. There is no doubt that if the Soviet Union disarmed, its Eastern European satellites would break away. The new imperial aristocracy in the Kremlin has no intention of permitting that. It is also a matter of grave concern and danger that the Peiping regime does not believe in the Soviet concept of co-existence, but considers war to be inevitable.
THERE ARE ALSO considerable conflicts among the underdeveloped nations of the world. The Arab-Israeli conflict and the dispute between India and Pakistan over which of them the Kashmir area belongs to are several good examples of this.
The "realistic" approach the "Turn Toward Peace" group has taken is quite unrealistic when examined closely. It wants growth toward world law, but this is in itself no guarantee of any improvement. International law can be and has been broken with impunity by the major powers whenever they chose to do so.
THE PROPOSAL FOR the development of nonviolent defenses of freedom is one of the most dangerously unrealistic of the "realistic" points in the organization's program. Nonviolent action can be effective when it is directed against a nation like Great Britain that has a basic respect for human life and rights. It is not effective when it is directed against groups like the Soviet army and secret police. The millions of people who were liquidated by these groups are undeniable evidence of this.
The things the "Turn Toward Peace" group wants are too idealistic or too far removed from present realities to be possibilities for at least the next few decades.
BUT THERE ARE other key currents in the present day world that the group overlooked or chose not to consider which may well provide a solution to the present international power struggle. The amazing growth of the Common Market in Western Europe is one of these. Thus far it has been a union for trade and tariff purposes only, but it is pulling its members together and if they manage to consolidate into a single political unit, the international power struggle will have been won by the West. The tremendous concentration of skilled manpower and industry the nations of Western Europe possess would easily make a unified Western Europe the most powerful state in the world. The Communist bloc would face a North Atlantic complex so great that it could not hope to compete with it.
In the final analysis, what the "Turn Toward Peace" group presents in its program is not a "realistic" set of policies for preserving peace and free societies, but what they wish was a realistic set of policies.
But the possibilities for a solution of the power struggle and nuclear armament does not include disarmament among its realistic methods. It does not for the simple reason that disarmament, especially total disarmament becomes less and less of a possibility as more and more nations gain nuclear weapons, thereby making disarmament an increasingly difficult and complex course of action.
William H. Mullins
Schlesinger Praised
Editor:
The excellent address by Mr. Arthur Schlesinger stating the American democratic ideals and this country's hopes for world peace serves well to refute any statements included in the Wichita protest ridiculing his integrity or intellectual ability to effectively counter Communist arguments or propaganda.
We are indeed fortunate to have intelligent and progressive national leadership as provided by the present national administration and its competent members such as Mr. Schlesinger. I would hope that students of this University and the populace of this nation ignore irrational attempts of emotional,
misinformed extremist groups to sway public opinion on national matters, and place greater faith in the ability of progressive government to provide leadership in meeting the Communist opposition and other challenges, both foreign and domestic, when they arise.
Jack Franklin Kansas City, Kan. graduate student
Short Ones
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EATON'S FRIDAY CARTOON
"Again!"
On Other Campuses
NEW HAVEN, Conn.-Memo to all those who doubt that present-day college students are serious about studying: consider what happened to the Yale study seminars this fall. More than 150 students signed up to take one of the 11 special seminars being given for two hours every week on subjects dealing with religious themes in History and in contemporary life.
The courses in themselves are not unusual nor the fact that students enrolled. What has given Yale officials a pleasant surprise is that so many students are eager to take these non-credit seminars in addition to their heavy required courseload.
LYNCHBURG, Va.—The Lynchburg College Bookstore is establishing a new policy this year. Students are now allowed to open charge accounts. It was stressed that no charges will be accepted during the first two weeks of each semester. All transactions for this period must be on a cash basis.
Charge accounts may be opened after this period to continue as long as regulations are complied with, until the end of the semester, at which time all accounts will be closed. An account must be paid in full by the 10th of the month following purchases. An unpaid account at this time terminates all credit privileges.
CAMBRIDGE, Mass.—President Nathan M. Pusey recently restated Harvard University's protest against the disclaimer affidavit required of needy students who receive educational loans under the National Defense Education Act. For a fourth year, Harvard will stay out of the loan program which is administered by the colleges and universities, "even though this means sacrificing $250,000 annually which could otherwise be distributed in loans to students."
"Ideed, the feeling here is that only by standing firm on this point can we and other American colleges make clear our determined opposition to legislation in which there is implied an infringement of an ancient freedom—the freedom of universities to govern themselves," President Pusey added.
govern themselves. "We do not object to the oath of allegiance (required of student borrowers), since this affirmation is asked of citizens in all walks of life on many occasions. Our quarrel, as we have stated many times, is with the disclaimer affidavit, primarily because it singles out students as special objects of distrust and asks them to make negative statements about their beliefs in a way contrary to American principle."
BOULDER, Colo.—A University of Colorado study published by Dr. Howard Gruber, associate professor of psychology, indicates that federally financed programs are failing to train high school science teachers to present science as a thought. Dr. Gruber's research on a sampling of nine Academic Year Institutes, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, revealed the following pertinent facts:
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Only 25 per cent of the Fellows evaluated were rated "strong" in their concern for teaching about science as a way of thought. More than 60 per cent showed "negligible" interest in this aspect.
Where Institute Fellows were allowed to choose electives and participate in seminars and laboratory work, the results were more favorable than where more passive methods of formal lectures, tests and prescribed course study were followed.
tests and please Unduly long hours of non-elective work led to unfavorable results, suggesting that leisure for thoughtful discussion of the meaning of science is more important than extensive academic busywork.