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Monday, April 8, 1974
University Daily Kansan
KANSAN
tatorials, columns and letters published on this page reflect only the opinions of the writers.
Many of the draft evaders who fled the country during the Vietnam War say they wouldn't return to the United States even if permitted because the repressiveness of American society didn't end with
Not-So-Civil Liberties
This view is somewhat distorted since few areas of the world offer as much civil liberty and individual freedom as the United States. Nevertheless, two anecdotes in the news last week illustrated theiveness and folly of repressive measures in this society.
In Alton, Ill., 10 undercover narcotics agents who, without search or arrest warrants, broke into the homes of innocent people a year ago, were acquitted on charges of violating the residents' civil rights.
No narcotics had been found in many of the homes, and the residents of the houses and the agents insulted, manhandled and generally terrorized them.
The agents bitterly criticized Sen. Charles Percy, R-III., for encouraging prosecution against them. They accused Percy of using the situation as a springboard for a presidential campaign.
Detending the rights of citizens against violations of authorities who are riding the wave of antidrug hysteria is hardly a useful ploy in a presidential campaign. For better or worse, Percy deserves a medal for political courage.
The toleration of the over-zealous activities of the narcotics agents is an example of how a majority can dictate acceptable life patterns and repress those who deviate from them. If the agents had broken into
the homes on some other mission,
perhaps the public's sensibilities
Meanwhile, Congress voted 247 to 86 to give the House Committee on Internal Security $475,000 to use to finance theory and practice of communism.
Rep. Bella Abzug, D-N.Y., suggested instead that the government save the taxpayers' money by dissolving the committee to get them to attend college they could attend college for a refresher course in communism.
The Communist party has never been illegal in the United States and adherence to the Communist ideology isn't legally an obstacle in the society. Why then should so much money be given to the Internal Security Committee to study it?
"Forty-two people work for the Internal Security Committee and not one bill from this committee in the 93rd Congress," said Abzug.
Abzug rightly pointed out that it is just as well that the committee hadn't sponsored legislation since its goals were to repress the public. "Their chief job," she said, "is to maintain files on suspicious characters, sometimes including thee and me."
Some deviant behavior such as drug use, and some unfamiliar or unorthodox belief such as communism will always stimulate the wrath of the great majority of society and cloud its vision. Unfortunately, usually only after the dispute or belief has lost its emotional associations is justice done.
-Bill Gibson
Soviets Tighten Control Of Outside Influences
By MURRAY SEEGER
By MURRAY SEEGER The Los Angeles Times
MOSCOW—The Soviet government has barred a Harvard University professor from leading independent tours through the country, and has recently expelled a man described as a CIA agent disguised as a tourist.
In both cases, the U.S. Embassy in Moscow wasn't notified of any such actions and the professor, Alexander Lipson, who hasn't visited here for a few years, said he knew nothing about the government's move against him.
"We go through this nearly every spring," a Western diplomat said. "This is part of the campaign to warn the Soviet Union of foreigners. It is part of the spy mania."
The so-called CIA agent was only vaguely identified as H. Riegg, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, in the Communist party newspaper, Selskaya Zhnur. There was no indication when he was exiled, because it was distributing 'anti-Soviet literature.'
While the Soviet Union is always apprehensive about the visits by large numbers of journalists, it precautions against the importation of books, magazines and newspapers it considers likely to poison the pure Russian atmosphere, vigilance is especially important.
The relaxation of political ties between the Soviet Union and the United States and Western Europe has encouraged Russians to believe that all controls on their lives will be loosened. Since the ruling Communist party is still engaged in a policy that supports the West, however, it has tightened its controls on the flow of ideas into the country.
The recent exiling of novelist Alexander Solizhenitz to the West and efforts by Western countries to negotiate easier movement of people and ideas at the end of World War II in Guinea have also heightened the official barriers against outside ideas.
Prof. Lipson, who teaches Russian language and literature at the Harvard graduate school of education, was accused of abusing students in a Sovietist" behind his academic exterior.
"Lipson visited the U.S.S.R. with the purpose of gathering as much dirt as possible for anti-Communist propaganda," the paper said. "He demanded that the necessary information by their own independent' ways.
"Lapson himself behaved with a lack of responsibility and sometimes was openly boorish. He was prohibited from entering the U.S.S.R. in the future."
From Cambridge, Mass., Lipson said that he could "shudd no light on what they are刻
For Moscow observers, however, the Lipson tours were the kind that make the internal security policy most nervous. They want all tourists in the country under the surveillance of the government agency, the National Security Agency associated with the secret police, KGB. The police are especially nervous about contacts between young people.
Alleged CIA agent Riigg, the paper said, had been recruited by the agency in college and tried to enter a scientific section of Leninrad University but was turned down.
He then entered the country as a tourist and "started spreading anti-Soviet literature, gathering tendencies internally and increasingly recently errands". Selfsake Zhun continued.
The paper didn't explain why the government issued a tourist visa to a man the police knew had been recruited by the CIA in college.
"The tourist was caught red-handed and thrown out of the U.S.S.R."
Most tourists who get into trouble in the Soviet Union have problems when they try to leave the country, either on other European country. In the Soviet Union, it is illegal to take pictures of railroad stations, factories, seaports, and any thing of a military character.
College Costs Hard on Students
By J.W. ANDERSON The Washington Post
WASHINGTON—The cost of going to college will take another sharp jump upward next fall. Fiction is rising fastest, unfortunately, among the two-year public colleges designed for the least wealthy students.
Rv I.W ANDERSON
All college costs are going up rapidly. The average cost of a year at a private four-year college, including room, board and a modest personal allowance, ran about $2,975 1970-71. It will be a little more than $4,000 next September.
the old discriminations of economic and social class have been vastly diluted.
The figures are offered by the College Entrance Examination Board as a warning to students and their parents. They raise, more urgently than ever, the old questions as to who will get a college education and under what circumstances.
During this past generation the country has undertaken a massive expansion of its system of higher education, profoundly changing our social structure. In 1900 there were 3.8 million students enrolled. This year, more than half of them are American youngsters now go on to college.
Education is one area of social policy—and perhaps the last of real importance—in which the basic decisions are still made by state governments, churches, and private boards of trustees. It means that the decisions tend to emerge from a powerful but slow development of consensus, rather than being based on ideological or federal government sometimes achieves. There is not going to be any quick fix for the dilemma.
There is now an an obvious danger that this process may silently reverse itself—not because anyone wanted it, or to meet it to, but because no one could device a way to prevent it. The painful rise in college costs made of public policy made by default.
Tutition at the average public two-year college in 1970-71 was $168, according to CEEB's survey. This year it is $251. Next year it will be $287, for an increase of 71 per cent. The tuition cost also increases the rate of increases for tutition at four-year institutions. For the student who is trying to
importation compared with $1,930 three years ago. College enrollment is still growing, but last fall all of the increase was in the public institutions. The private colleges fear that they are the highest paid out of the market. Their total enrollment throughout the country actually fell a little last September. This decline is occurring while the number of Americans of college age is still rising. The peak of the population curve is now the 14-year-olds, which means that students ages 18 and turning 18 each year will begin to drop rather sharply. That raises the highly unpleasant possibility that, with the number of college-age youngsters declining for demographic reasons, a declining demand for them to the increasingly expensive colleges.
save money by going to a public junior college and living at home, the cost of one year including living and transportation expenses will average about $1,900 next
One major source of student aid has been badly damaged by the combination of high inflation and a sinking stock market. It needs to be kept in mind that when the
"YEAH WELL WE CAN'T SELL 'EM AND WE ATE ALL THE HORSES LAST YEAR!"
market goes down it is not only the speculators who are hurt but the endowment funds and their ability to help bright students. It seems a long time ago that McGee Bundy, the president of the Ford Foundation, was calling on universities' trustees to invest their funds less widely. The university was source of large grants to deserving institutions, Bundy's words carried more than ordinary force.
Never did good advice turn out less happily. First there was the long decline of stock prices in 1970, then a series of business scandals and collapses in which academic endowments were among the prominent forces in the investment market. These events have had a direct impact on the funds available for scholarships at even the rich universities. Meanwhile the cost of groceries at the dining halls keeps up going. One New England college has appealed for funds to cover the cost of its soaring bills for fuel oil.
Other colleges, of course, saved fuel and money by staying closed for a time in midwinter. It was unplanned, but it suggests the kind of expedients that may become common if colleges, particularly those without state support, are pressed harder on budgeted budgets. Semesters can be shortened by the raise in rates, be trimmed, library and laboratory costs can be trimmed. It adds up to a general trimming of educational standards.
Some universities are now experimenting with lower requirements to permit the student to get his bachelor's degree in three years rather than the conventional four. They also want to increase the number and particularly for those moving toward the long years of graduate and professional training, a respectable case can be made for a shorter bachelor's program. But there is another question. What is known euphemistically as life experience, which means working in a grocery store, or on a farm, or doing whatever people do when they choose not to study? The answer equipment goes, three years of education at $5,000 a year would cost less than four at $4,000.
Nearly everyone supports the principle of access to education for those youngsters who want it and can meet its demands. We have discovered over the past generation, that the number who can benefit from college is much larger than the country had previously supposed. Their education has in many cases risen a century long. As the costs rise again next year, some unknown number of young men and women will be disbussed by a sheer lack of money. They will be poorer for it. The country will be poorer as well.
Anchorman's Role Hard to Define
By DAVID BRINKLEY
Special to the Washington Post
WASHINGTON — When they found how to connect the tubes and wires together and to send pictures through the air, out came a man who knows where that term came from. None of us has ever liked it, but there it is. And the death of Chet Hutley, one of the first of them, induces a few random thoughts on the subject: A man in American society and journalism.
It is difficult to assess because there is nothing to compare to it. A newspaper reporter or editor does some of the same kinds of work, but he is not more or less personally in the living room every night and is not instantly recognizable in airports, hotels and saloons. A newspaper man has to speak to an Anchiorman has to pronounce it.
But I guess the great difference is that in a night-to-night relationship with perhaps 25 million people, including those with TV sets in living rooms, bedrooms and poolside cabins, he gives the news some kind of dimension and character it never had before, and so makes it seem that the news is not merely what happened but what a story is happening, and the meaning of it is to some extent determined by how he says it.
It is quite a strange relationship. A few of
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Hurtley did all that and did it well, as have Crankite and a few others. But is there any real power? No. In recent years, they were run for political office, understanding that they were famous only for being famous, run for political office. Nearly all of them lost.
People like Chet Huntley serve the useful public function of delivering the goods, attractively wrapped in the hope of attracting some millions of people to tune in. But our function is little more than that and the power inherent in the work is limited because Americans are so slow to believe much that they don't believe already.
To survive as Huntley for 15 years, he must convince some millions that he is at least modestly competent, has some idea of what he can do, and is straight with them, and that is about all. He might comb his hair if he has any and wear a tie, but people seem not to care much if he is unhanded or even moderately ugly, so they are unwilling in a way they are willing to accept.
I believe the television anchorman becomes famous, but not for his power to influence uncritically masses of people, and not for his ability to change the social or political order of a nation. So what is he famous for? Mainly, he is famous for being famous.
In my view, television news tends more to reinforce thieving social and political values than to change them, and the current cry that it and the other news media excessively influence public opinion in one political direction or another is empty. It must be, if after 20 years of new laws, the government elected our conservative president since 1989.
steer the public's attention in one direction or another. He can make an obscure person famous for a day or two, but not much longer than that unless the person is then able to hold the public's attention with his own resources.
us have experienced it for years, but I am still unable to define it precisely, or even to describe it. Between the anchorman and audience, there is a kind of intimate remoteness. They know their clothes and his haircuts and to some extent his likes and dislikes. You know how they feel they know him, and in a way they do. But he doesn't know them.
I guess it is journalism. But it is so far different from the journalism we have all known in the past, I am not sure. It may even be a new kind of work rather than an old kind done in a new way. But I am not sure about that either, because it isn't merely the same news delivered in a differently way. It is somewhat, but not necessarily delivered in a totally different way and to a great extent delivered to different people, because it reaches those barely reached by any other source of news.
It might be politically dangerous for any one person to have that much access to that many eyes and ears. It is worth remembering that the world's first important television personality was Adolf Hitler. In pre-war Germany, he harangued people over the television sets they had in bars and public places before we did. But as our own
the anchorman does have the power to
politicians have lately discovered, the American people tend to believe little of what they hear, tend to assume that whatever they are told by their public officials is often remarkably often they are right, and talking on American television is not unlike appearing on the stage of an Italian provincial opera house. When the aria is over, nobody knows if the reaction will be positive, or cabbage and tomatoes, or both.
Plea Bargaining—Necessary Evil
Chief Justice Warren Burger said, "It is an elementary fact, historically and statistically significant evidence based on the prerequisite that approximately 90 per cent of all defendants will plead guilty, leaving only 10 per cent, more or less, to be convicted."
BY STEPHEN BUSER Kansan Staff Reporter
Burger said that the courts were trying to operate with fundamentally the same basic methods, the same rules. But he added that they weren't good enough in 1906.
The efficacy of plea-bargaining is understood best with respect to Burger's comments on the overloaded court dockets that he criticizes as a dearth of judicial resources, the number of judges, prosecutors and courtrooms, the prosecutor's use of plea-bargaining has become a necessary evil. Bargaining in this context is a perversion of the adversary process but it is a mandatory tool required to
alleviate the overburdened court dockets.
"If I didn't use it I would have to have four times the amount of staff I have now." he said.
Although this anomaly of due process doesn't strictly apply to Lawrence, Douglas County Attorney Dave Carr was used plea bargaining extensively.
The Kansas Supreme Court approbated plea-bargaining in its ruling against the case, said in safequared, these discussions and agreements between an attorney for an accused and a prosecuting attorney are consistent with fair and effective ad-
Proper safeguards are governed by Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, which require the guilty plea of the defendant to be made voluntarily, with an understanding of the charge and the consequences of the plea. Machadibrod v. U.S. (1982) requires that pleas that were not committed may be withdrawn any time and the indictment set aside or vacated.
James Paddock, Douglas County district court judge, advocated plea-bargaining in a statement he made earlier this semester: "The public interest is best served and even-handed justice best dispensed not by a
mechanical application of the letter of the law but by a flexible and individualized application of its norms through the exercise of the trained discretion of the prosecutor as an administrator of justice."
Until the dire need of judicial resources is satiated with an increase in judges, prosecutors and court facilities, plea-bargaining will continue to make a mockery out of the American judicial, system of due process of law.
The only alternative measures are for the legislature to change the number of prosecutable offenses or to merely have law enforcement officers reduce their number. The courts can effectively mitigate the cumbersome dockets of the courts.
Although there has been a steady accretion in the number of court cases over the years, it has remained nearly constant. The disparaging role of plebargaining in the due process of law will plague the judicial process in general.
The fate of plea-bargaining in the judicial process was felicitously described by Robert E. Losteli, "Although the practice of plea-bargaining has justifiably been criticized, as long as it continues to exist, procedures which will best promote equal justice are a necessity."