6
Friday, January 14, 1994
NATION/WORLD
UNIVERSITY DAILY KANSAN
Leaders to retarget missiles
The Associated Press
MOSCOW — It has been a nightmare image for generations of Americans and Russians: globe-circling nuclear missiles targeted at each other's nations, a hair-trigger away from mutual destruction.
Presidents Clinton and Boris Yeltsin will announce an accord today ending the targeting, a perilous relic of the Cold War.
Their action will also lift, at least symbolically, the specter of nuclear annihilation from Britain, France and others, including Britain, which is pledging to get rid of the third-largest arsenal in the world and consequently will not be targeted by the United States or Russia.
be retargeted within minutes.
Administration officials acknowledged yesterday that the U.S.Russia agreement was virtually impossible to verify and that the missiles could
Dunbar Lockwood, a senior researcher at the private Arms Control Association in Washington, called it a confidence-building gesture that could be reversed quickly. He said the accord could have been strengthened if the two sides had agreed to separate the warheads from the missiles.
Still, Thomas Pickering, the U.S. ambassador to Moscow, called the agreement "an important first step."
"It has symbolic value, but I think it also has real value in confidence-building between the two countries," he said.
Some of the missiles would be aimed at ocean areas, but most would no longer be aimed at any specific target, administration officials said.
territories not only of the United States and the former Soviet Union but of other nations, too.
For decades, thousands of U.S. and Soviet nuclear warheads have been on a ready-to-go alert, aimed at the
The long-range missiles under Russian control are spread among four former Soviet republics: Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus.
Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk this week reaffirmed a pledge to surrender the L800 long-range warheads on Ukrainian territory by the end of the decade. Kazakhstan and Belarus took the pledge earlier.
The move to de-target is a significant step in the easing of nuclear tensions. In 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union took their bombers off alert.
With the Cold War over, the United States and Russia have been discussing the plan to stop aiming their long-range nuclear missiles at each other and at allies for months.
The Associated Press
Ukraine reluctant to disarm
KIEV, Ukraine — President Leonid Kravchuk's decision to disarm Ukraine's missiles in return for U.S. and Russian aid and security guarantees angered many Ukrainians who want the country to keep its nuclear muscle.
After a brief airport meeting with Kravchuk, President Clinton announced Wednesday night that Ukraine had agreed to dismantle its 1,800 nuclear warheads during the next seven years.
The agreement, however, would have to be ratified by Ukraine's parliament, which has previously balked at rubber-stamping agreements Kravuchk has signed and is particularly reluctant to give up the nuclear missiles.
Persuading Ukraine to give up its nuclear arsenal has been one of the United States' principal foreign policy goals since the Soviet Union broke up in December 1991.
Ukraine's 176 long-range missiles, inherited from the Soviet Union, make up the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal.
The agreement is to be signed in Moscow today by Kravchuk, Clinton and Russian President Boria Yeltsin.
It offers Ukraine $177 million from a U.S. fund to help former Soviet republics dismantle nuclear weapons, $155 million in direct U.S. aid and up to $1 billion throughout 20 years from the commercial sale of uranium extracted from the warheads.
Russia, which supplies 96 percent of Ukraine's energy needs, promised to sell oil and natural gas at bargain rates and joined with the United States in promising not to launch a nuclear attack and to respect Ukraine's territory.
The energy pledge could help sway some lawmakers because Ukraine has been suffering economic troubles and an energy crisis because of Russia's previous insistence on world prices for its gas and oil.
But many lawmakers are likely to oppose giving up Ukraine's nuclear arsenal. They fear surrendering Ukraine's missiles would mean a loss of international prestige and leave it vulnerable to a powerful Russian military.
Mental illness touches many
The Associated Press
CHICAGO — Almost half of Americans experience mental illness at some time in their lives, and almost one-third are afflicted in any one year, according to the most comprehensive U.S. mental health survey in a decade.
The findings point to a need to learn why more people don't seek help, the authors said.
"It shouldn't be scary to say half the population has suffered from some mental disorder. That's part of life," said the lead researcher, Ronald C. Kessler, a sociologist professor at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
The researchers looked for 14 of the most common mental illnesses. Forty-eight percent of respondents had suffered from at least one disorder at some time during their lives, and 29.5 percent had been afflicted within the previous 12 months, researchers said.
Kessler said the study did not change previous estimates that only 3 percent to 5 percent of Americans are in serious need of psychiatric help at any given time.
But it made an important new discovery: 79 percent of cases of mental illness are concentrated in about 14 percent of the population.
The most persistent problems appeared to be anxiety disorders, which are marked by excessive worry for six months or more about such things as future events, past behavior or competence, researchers said.
More combat roles open to women
The Associated Press
WASHINGTON — Defense Secretary Les Aspin moved to open more ground combat jobs for female soldiers yesterday by lifting a key restriction that barred women from certain military tasks simply because the tasks were dangerous.
But how many more jobs women soldiers actually enter remains to be seen.
"We've made historic progress in opening up opportunities for women in all of the services. Expanding roles for women in the military is right, and it's smart," Aspin told a Pentagon briefing. "It allows us to assign the most qualified individual to each military job."
In April, Aspin moved to open combat aviation jobs and warship assignments to women. But his latest decision will not put women in the military's most lethal ground forces, such as infantry and tank units.
Aspin directed the services to report by May 1 which units could be opened and which they thought should remain closed to females. The services will be looking at jobs in such fields as engineering, chemical reconnaissance, intelligence and artillery.
In a telephone interview, Aspin said he believed that his successor, retired Adm. Bobby Inman, would keep pressure on the services.
"He's very forward-leaning on this," Aspin said.
At the briefing, Aspin said it was "unlikely that the Army and Marine Corps would drop their opposition to placing women in field artillery units
equipped with the Multiple Launch Rocket System.
Maj. Carol Barkalow, who was in the first class of women to go through West Point, the U. S. Military Academy, and wrote a book about her experiences, called the new policy "a great start."
However, she criticized attempts to keep women soldiers from any portion of the battlefield. Today's high-tech weapons are so deadly "you cannot draw a line. ... Certainly every person who is out there on the battlefield can be hit by a direct-fire weapon or an indirect-fire weapon. The results are the same: They're gone; they're dead," Barkalow said.
Formally, Aspin eliminated the so-called "risk rule," which had barred women from noncombat units where
the risk was thought to be as great as that in combat units. But he also shrank the definition of what is a combat unit.
Under the new definition, women will not serve in units that engage the enemy on the ground with weapons, are exposed to hostile fire and have "a high probability of direct physical contact with the personnel of a hostile force."
All three factors must be present for women to be barred from any job, Aspin said.
Proponents of the changes have argued for years that prohibiting women from certain combat jobs keeps them from the most prestigious military work, which they argue is necessary for advancement and promotion.
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