NAVAL NAVIGATORS.
THEY HAVE MANY VERY SERIOUS DU-
TIES TO PERFORM.
Besides a Thorough Nautical Training the Officer Who Navigates a Man-of-war Must Be Possessed of a Vast Fund of Technical Scientific Knowledge.
It is doubtful if any office in the navy, aside from an absolute command, involves so vast a responsibility as that of navigator of a man-of-war. The duties of this important station in former years fell to officers of the rank of master, but with the abolition of that grade its affairs devolved upon the Heuteens holding the highest numbers on the list. Upon the navigator of a warship depends not only the task of shaping the vessel's course for any point across the seas to which her destinies may direct her, but also the responsibility of piloting her in and out of harbor and of selecting a safe anchorage for her in every port visited during the period of her cruise. Hence, it follows that, combined with a thorough nautical training, the competent navigator must be possessed of a vast fund of geographical, meteorological and hydrographical knowledge. While at sea, he must know the vessel's position to a degree, which necessitates his taking frequent observations of the celestial bodies and making solutions of intricate problems in geometry and trigonometry, such as constantly arise through deviations, brought about by innumerable causes, from her given course.
Unquestionably the most important element in navigation, because of its infallibility under ordinary conditions, in determining the latitude, longitude and error in the ship's compass, is what is known in maritime phraseology as "nautical astronomy." With the aid of a sextant or quadrant for measuring the altitude of the heavenly bodies above the horizon or their distance from each other, a timepiece to mark the instant of an observation, a chronometer to show the time at the first meridian, a nautical almanac and an azimuth compass, the navigator can readily determine his position with the utmost exactitude.
The average voyage is more or less characterized by erroneous estimates in distances sailed, in varying currents, careless steering, deviation in the compass and numerous other obstacles, and upon the navigator rests the responsibility of adjusting such errors. In long passages across the open sea the navigator is governed by a rather complex combination of motives, which may be summed up as follows: To cover the required distance in the shortest space of time with the smallest expenditure of fuel and the least wear and tear of the vessel that is possible.
With these objects in view the navigator must prior to sailing superintendent personally the stowing of the hold, the arrangement of ballast, water, provisions, stores, etc., and the inspection and adjustment of the motive appliances of the ship, all of which features, severally and collectively, greatly affect her speed and seaworthiness.
If his vessel possesses the facilities for making sail, he must atlw at sea exercise the keenest judgment and foresight as to utilizing the same, for sail used to good advantage is a great saver of coal, while otherwise, if used indiscriminately, it may entail much loss of time. The expert navigator draws the line with exceeding fineness between a high fair wind and a gale, making the most of the former as long as his vessel is not jeopardized, heaving her to at just the proper period and getting under way again at the first sign of moderation in the weather. The commander of a warship reposes the utmost confidence in a skilled and careful navigator and rarely interferes with his plans. Another of the numerous details coming under the navigator's supervision is the keeping of the ship's log. This is commenced by him at the time the vessel is placed in commission, and its pages record the events of each succeeding day. There is absolutely nothing which transpires officially on board of a man-of-war that is not written in the log, and each day the navigator must carry it to the command officer for his inspection. At the expiration of every six months the ship's log must be closed and forwarded to the navy department at Washington, where it is placed among the records.
The navigator is provided with a large and varied assortment of instruments and appliances designed to facilitate his work. While in port he is often detailed to make surveys of portions of the coast line which may be defective upon the charts or to determine the exact location of rocks or shoals which hitherto have not been marked with sufficient accuracy.
The navigator has charge of all the various weather indicators of the vessel and must render quarterly reports of all meteorological observations. These are taken at regular intervals by the quartermaster of the watch and fully entered upon the ship's log. The navigator must regularly inspect the steering gear, compasses, anchors and chain cables of the ship and daily report their condition to the commanding officer. He must also keep a separate book in which are recorded all calculations relating to the navigation of the vessel and in which no cruses are permitted
to be made. At the expiration of the cruise this book is forwarded to the bureau of navigation.
The duties of a navigating officer are more than sufficient to fully occupy his time, but, notwithstanding this fact, he frequently stands his watch at sea. While in port he is ex officio the executive officer during the latter's absence from the vessel.
The illustrious Dewey was, during the earlier period of his career, an acknowledged expert as a navigator, and to his excellent ability in maneuvering may be largely accredited his splendid victory at Manila.—Philadelphia Times
THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPHS.
Professor Draper's Sister Sat Thirty Minutes For Her Portrait,
Elizabeth Flint Wade has an illustrated paper on "Photography—Its Marsels" in St. Nicholas. The author says:
The first accounts of this great discovery are very entertaining reading. Professor Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, was in Paris when the news was published, and at once went to see Daguerre's wonderful pictures. In describing them afterward he said that moving objects made no impression on the plate, for a picture taken of a crowded boulevard showed it as if entirely deserted, with the exception of a man having his shoes polished. The man's feet, he said, were well defined, because they were kept stationary, but he was without head or body, for these were in motion.
To America belongs the honor of making the first photographic portrait, the artist being Professor John Draper, a professor and afterward the president of the University of New York. His victim was his sister, Miss Catherine Draper. He powdered her face, that the likeness might be more quickly impressed on the sensitive plate, and for 30 minutes Miss Draper sat—or, at least, tried to sit—as immovable as a statue.
The first class in photography was formed in Boston in the spring of 1840 by daguerre's agent, Gourd of Paris. The Rev. Edward Everett Hale, then a student in Harvard, became an enthusiastic member of the class. In his diary, under date of April 1, 1840, is this entry: "On my way home I stopped at the shop and got my daguerreotype thermometer. There seems to be a great demand; there were three or four others there."
He Has a Weakness For an Arryu of Family Servants.
THE RICH RUSSIAN.
We were a family of 8, occasionally of 10 or 12 says Prince Kropotkin in The Atlantic, but 50 servants at Moscow, and half as many more in the country, were considered not one too many. Four coachmen to attend a dozen horses, three cooks for the masters and two more for the servants, a dozen man to wait upon us at dinner time—one man, plate in hand, standing behind each person seated at the table—and girls innumerable in the maidservant's room, how but could any one do with less than this?
Besides, the ambition of every landed proprietor was that everything required for his household should be made at home by his "own" men.
"How nicely your piano is always tuned. I suppose Herr Schimmel must be your tuner?" one of the visitors would remark.
To be able to answer, "I have my own piano tuner," was in those times the correct thing.
"What beautiful pastry!" the guests would exclaim when a work of art, composed of ices and pastry, appeared toward the end of the dinner. "Confez', prince, that it comes from Tremble' (the fashionable pastry cook).
"It is my own confectioner, a pupil of Tremble, whom I have allowed to show what he can do," was the reply which elicited general admiration.
No greater contrast could possibly be imagined than that which existed between the Fismarck of private life and the Bismarck of politics. "In the home circle," writes a correspondent who knew him well, "he was perfectly charming, easy going and good natured. He was passionately fond of children, and I have seen him over and over again have a game with the little ones of his gardener, who were very familiar with him and would not hesitate to climb upon his knee.
To have embroideries, harnesses, furniture—in fact everything—made by one's "own" men was the ideal of the rich and respected landed proprietor.
Bismarek as Dr. Jekyll.
"Once when his gardener's little girl died the great statesman went to contide with him. He was dreadfully upset and while holding the poor father's hand burst into tears, for he was very fond of the child. He kissed the little corpse and himself placed a bunch of roses in its hand. He was always eager to assist his poorer neighbors and enjoyed chatting with them on all subjects but politics. These he never mentioned." —London Chronicle.
The Professor's Wisdom.
The stern professor of the feminine preparatory school sat at his desk trying to unravel a knotty problem when a fluffy haired miss of 16 approached. "Please, sir," she began in a tremu-
There is a class in embryology this term conducted by Prof. McClung. This is the first class in the University to take up that study. Prof. McClung has fitted up room six for the class. One of the new things they have is an incubator.
SNOW HALL NOTES.
Dyche is doing no taxidemry work this year and will make no additions to the museum. The Prof. is directing all his time and energy to the zoological department which has greatly extended its course.
Dr. Williston went to Topeka Wednesday to lecture before the Topeka Medical school on anatomy.
Snow hall now has a store room where the students of the different departments can get all their supplies. It is located at present in room four but will soon have a special pace. This is a great convenience to both students and professors.
The Biological club will meet this week for the first time this year. Last year it was the largest club in the University, and closed very enthusiastically.
Volume three of the Kansas Geological survey will be issued shortly. This volume treats of coal and will be a very fine one, surpassing anything of its kind. The first part has been prepared by Professor Haworth and the second part by W. R. Crane. Crane graduated in '05 and has been working with Professor Haworth on the geological survey every summer since then. He has been teacher of science at Beloit but lately secured a good position in La Crosse, Wis.
Professor Haworth lately received a letter from Dr. George Adams, who has a good position with a United States surveying party in the Indian territory. He is greatly pleased with his work.
What's the Mattz' with Will White?
To the Editor of the WELL KRY:
Permit me to say that you do injustice to one of the best friends of the University in your declaration last week, that he $ "never misses an opportunity to criticize" the institution. If we selected the six men, outside of Lawrence, who have written the most and the most cordially for the University, Mr. White would be one of them, and near the front. We should therefore consider his criticism carefully, as "the wound of a friend," and bear it with considerable patience even when we consider it over-severe.
I have not seen the criticisms of this summer to which you refer, but have seen Mr. White's strictures on some features of University life. These features are professionalism in athletics, and in sufficient training in our glee club. No one will deny, I presume, that professionalism in college athletics and the campaigning of an imperfectly trained glee club are discreditable to an institution which tolerates them. It ought to be evident, also, that only one deeply devoted to the institution or directly connected with it would feel such discredit as keenly as Mr. White does.
Of course it may be denied that we have ever had professional players or ill-trained glee-club men, but Mr. White has judged with his own eyes and ears, and has a right to his own opinion. When we know that his judgment is prejudiced in our favor we ought to be slow to assume that there is something the matter with White, but re-examine ourselves to see whether the criticism is just.
W. H. CARRUTH
In a few weeks Professor Sterling will give lectures on Greek history. After a number of these lectures have been given Professor Wilcox will begin a series of illustrated lectures on Greek architecture alternating with Professor Sterling. In the course of the year other subjects will be taken up by professors and students.
Greek Symp'sium.
The Fine Arts Students are making drawings of birds in the zoological museum.
THE TRYST.
At our trust by the ruined mill,
the old saw which will appear as ARP
Is the note of the whippoorwill.
But the only sound that comes to me
Is the whippoorwill's sweet call.
"Billy" Willi amson, one of Kansas University's famous quarterbacks, is to coach the State Agricultural college this year.
Alone I wait in the old beechwood.
I wait in vain for a sound more sweet.
A note that is for some door.
The silent sindes of the August eve
But the oak, and that comes to me
The silent shades of the August eve
Obligate shadowed gait, quite
AT ZOOK'S
The firefighters mean in the old be abwood.
Where I wait by the runnell木,
But night I hear in the short night
we loved lonely, who will wear.
I wait in vain for a sound more sweet,
a note that is far more dear.
Tis a signal which says one I love is high,
a whistle soft and clear.
But thought a nice one to
save the lonely whisperwill.
kose VanB. Speece
Opera House Grocery
MESENHIMER & HOOVER.
You get what you need at right prices; also 18 ounces to the pound.
you get what you need at right prices; also
GROCERIES AND PROVISIONS.
Phone 100. 1019 & 1021 Mass St.
ZOOK.
DENTIST.
843 Mass, Street,
Over Allan's,
Chestnut Store.
H. McCRORY
WATSON & WALDRON,
...TINSHOP
1011 Mass. St.
Furnace and Stove Work a Specialty.
HENRY GERHARD & BRO., Props.
We solicit the patronage of the people.
Weise's Barber Shop
Everything new and first class. Satisfaction Guaranteed.
Agency Wilder's Steam Laundry.
Agency Tonka State Journal.
News and cigar stand,K C. rappers alwayas on Razors homeed, ground and exchanged.
BASEMENT STORE,
Carries a Full Line of
Drafting and Paiutting Supplies, Tablets,
Paper Pens, and Pencils.
L. H. SPOHN, Mgr.
Watkins National Bank.
Capital $150,000. Surplus $!8,000.
J. B. WATKINS, President. PAUL R. BROOKS, Cashier.
C. A. HILL, Vice President. W. E. HAZEN, Ass't Cashier.
DIRECTORS.
M. SUMMERFIELD.
W. B WATKINS, C. A HILL, A. HERNING
J. B WHAZEN, J. HOUSE, B. RBroOKS
Savings Department deposits received
i t r a n g e s and i f l i n e s.
Exchanges on all the principlal cities of the
world.
JOHN STANDING.
Successor to J. L. Bolles,
—Dealer in—
All Kinds of Coal, Feed and Fuel.
Best Grades of Wood, Coal and Feed.
803 Vermont St., Diagonally Opposite
Court House.
Lawrence, Kan
Mr. R. S. Saunders, the professional teacher of Guitar, Mandolin, Banjo and Zither, is lo-
love to teach these instruments, also wishing to join his club or study any of the guitar instruments
will please call at his studio.
BANJO CLUB.
Northwestern i'University Medical School.
The regular course is four years. Conditions are arranged for advanced standing. We claim an unusual amount of compulsory laboratory work, and unusual excellence in it; a very great variety, and abundance of clinical material, and a subsequent benefit of students. For circulars of information address the secretary.
DR. N. S. DAVIS Jr., Jr.
2431 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ill.
A.WHITCOMB & SON.
... FLORISTS.
PLANTS, CUT FLOWERS.
Students trade solicited.
844 Tenn. St.
OMAR HARSHMAN.
(The Deaf Mute.)
1017 Mass.Street
Lawrence, Kan.
Best Shoe Repairer in the City
O O
CHAS. L. HESS,
Meat Market
937 Mass. St.
ZUTTERMEISTER,
Telephone 14
MANUFACTURER OF PURE CONFECTIONS and
Oysters served in any style.
Phone 188. 709 Mass. st
DENTAL ROOMS.
Iver Bell's
Music Store. Lawrence, Kan.
F. R. BARTZ,
WEST END MEAT MARKET,
Fresh and Salt Meats.
Special rates given to clubs.
GEORGE FLINN. . .
Boots and Shoes Made.
Repairing nearly done at reasonable rates,
West Henry Street.
937 Massachusetts Street.
Candy made fresh every day.
LAWRENCE CANDY KITCHEN.
Best Creams, 20 and 30 Cents.
THE GOODNIGHT GALLERY.
Special rates to students on cabinet size and larger photographs. Photo buttons and small pictures a specialty.
728 Massachusetts St.
HUTSON'S BAKERY.
Bread for sale from wagon, at leading grocers, and delivered to clubs.
Thudium Bros.
Wholesale an Retail Dealers in
Fresh AND Salt Meats,
Telephone No. 121. 902 Massacusetts st.
EDGAR WRIGHT,
DENTIST.
Office 743 Massachusetts St.
Lawrence, Kan.
office hours: 8 a. m. to 6 p. m.
Four Good Barbers
Will Give you attention at
CALDWELL'S BARBER SHOP.
812 Mass. St.
We give you the kind of work that you want
and will need. We have our team of
Shave 16, hair cut and blonde, razors honed $3e,
waxed 4, hair trimmed etc.
Fish and Oysters in season.
Ernest Seidel
Successor to F. Lohman.
Dealer in Fresh and Salt Meats.
Club Trust Solution
Opposite Court House. Lawrence Kansas.
Go to the Old Reliable
STUDENTS' SHOEMAKER,
JAS, E. EDMUNDSON, 915 Mass. St.
Suits $15.00.
Pants $4.00.
O. P. Leonard
Fin. Tailoring.
735 Mass. St. Lawrence, Kan.
A. P. HULTZ,
Dentist.
No. 735, Mass. St., Lawrence, Kan.
Home Bakery.
Mrs. Johnson & Renfrow Connected With Central Hotel,
Home made bread, cakes and Saratoga chips.
H.FUEL Boot & Shoe Maker
First Door West National Bank
After 32 years in business in Lawrence, he
dictates that they patronize him.
4