164
Kansas University Weekly.
Does the Mississippi Flow Up Hill?
There is a sort of indefinite and abstract use of the word "up," which means away from the line of gravity; there is also, for instance, a use of the term "due east" that is just as indefinite and abstract, meaning a straight line meeting a given meridian at right angles; but, as a scientific fact, no line that runs "due east" is straight, except the equator; and so in all the branches of where term "up" is used a meaning is given it entirely different from that just stated.
The articles on the "up" side of this question have carefully explained what would happen if the earth did not rotate, etc., but science deals with the earth as it is and announces the elevations of places without regard to their latitude. In geography, whether or not from a given place a second place is up or down, higher or lower than it, depends entirely upon the elevation of the second place compared with that of the first. This is the position taken when Mt. Everest is called the highest mountain in the world. If the distance from the center of the earth be the measure of altitude the highest mountain would probably be some peak in Ecuador. The first is the meaning that not only the geographer but also the astronomer, the meteorologist and the surveyor give to "up;" otherwise all our elevations are wrong, our meteorological reports are wrong, balloonists' reports are wrong, the statement that the ocean is level is wrong, that our houses are leveled when they are built is wrong—well, about everything is wrong.
The correct meaning of a word is determined by the use made of it by authorities; and scientists have agreed to take the sea surface as a standard from which to determine all altitudes. Scientifically speaking, the Mississippi does not flow "up hill." G.
Griffin, the ice man sells coal.
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