Tuesday, July 11, 1961 Summer Session Kansan
Magazine Rack
Tanganyika, the 25th African state created since World War II, stands on the threshold of independence.
Tanganyika's Independence
The East African territory stretches north to south from the shining white dome of Mount Kilimanjaro to the deep valley of its river border with Mozambique, and eastward from the continent's great central lakes to the Indian Ocean.
In Olduval Gorge, a part of the Great Rift Valley, British anthropologist L. S. B. Leakey has found world's earliest man, 600,000-year-old Zinjanthropus boisei. Recently Dr. Leakey discovered the remains of a child and adult, whose bones he has not yet dated but which he believes are considerably older. His work is sponsored by the National Geographic Society.
Unusual harmony among its varied peoples has marked Tanganyika's rapid strides toward self-government. Administered by Britain first as a League of Nations mandate and since 1946 as a United Nations trust territory, Tanganyika won internal self-rule on May 1. It will become fully free December 28.
All told, this land of safaris and big game, of roving dark tribesmen and wide harsh plains, of deep-blue lakes and volcanic peaks, is almost the size of France, Belgium, and Germany combined. The population numbers some 23,000 Europeans, 200,000 Asians and Arabs, and 9,000,000 Africans.
Tanganyika is a very old country. Over the ages erosion has peeled off much of the topsoil, leaving for grazing and cultivation only weak subsoil and scattered lush pockets of volcanic origin. It is extraordinarily rich in prehistoric fossils.
Tanganyika's 450-mile coast probably was occupied by Arabs and Indians before the Christian era, for prevailing winds made it easy to cross the Indian Ocean. Arab colonization apparently began in the 8th century A.D. Portuguese mariners explored the coast as early as 1500. One described the age-old settlement of Kilwa as a "Moorish town with many fair houses."
The 19th century was a period of intense exploration of the mysterious, hostile interior, first by Arab traders, then by Westerners. It was under a mango tree at Ujiji on the shore of Lake Tanganyika that Henry M. Stanley found David Livingstone November 10, 1871.
The Portuguese held loose control over the area until the 17th century when they were supplanted by the Arab sultans of Oman. A brisk trade developed in slaves and ivory.
German merchants had earlier set up local businesses, and their homeland eventually stretched out the strong arm of colonization. In 1885 Germany established German East Africa, of which Tanganyika was the bulk, held it with some difficulty and lost it to the British in World War I.
Former German sisal plantations spread inland from the coast. Rope fiber remains the chief cash crop, and Tanganyika is the largest producer. Other exports are cotton, coffee, and diamonds. Mwadui, in Tanganyika back country, is one of the world's richest diamond mines.
But wild animals and the Masai people give Tanganyika its own intensely African personality. Serengeti National Park offers a haven to Africa's most spectacular display of wildlife — hippo, elephant, giraffe, zebra, wildebeest, lion, gazelle, and ostrich. Herds dot the immense brown-gold plains like pepper scattered lavishly from a giant shaker.
The Masai aren't the largest of Tanganyika's 120 tribes, but they form the aristocracy. Tall, tough and proud, Masai warriors live on the blood and milk of their beloved cattle and bow to no man.
Though Tanganyika has moved toward independence under a popular and brilliant leader, Julius K. Nyerere, it faces many bleak problems. The country has limited resources, lags in the development of them. Vast areas are plagued by drought and tsetse fly.
But it hopefully has scheduled a three-year, 60-million-dollar program to improve agriculture, education, and communications. National Geographic News Bulletin
This specialized intellectual efficiency, unfortunately, is picked up by graduate students, a notably timid group. Because of the recent wealth of fellowships and grants, careerism gets off to an early start among graduate students, who are inclined anyway to be opportunists at best and sycophants at worst...
Worth Repeating
It is well to remember that the graduate student, often subsidized by the university, desperately needs his department's recommendation. This, more than anything else, will determine where he is placed, and his initial placement may well set the tone of his career. Graduate professors, on the other hand, have the assurance of a captive and submissive audience.David Boroff
HAS HE "POPPED THE QUESTION?"
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