Wednesday, April 12. 1961 University Daily Kansan
Page 3
UN General Assembly
(Continued from page 2)
mittee to study and report on means which might be used to carry out the purposes and principles of the Charter.
This resolution provided the basis for condemning Communist China as an aggressor in the Korean War (1950) and for censoring the invaders of Egypt in 1956. It was used similarly (but without producing Russian withdrawal) during Soviet intervention in Hungary (1956). It also supplied grounds for U.N. consideration of the Middle East crisis (1958) that accompanied American military action in Lebanon. Although not condemning the United States for its action, General Assembly investigating groups persistently denied its justification and undoubtedly hastened the American withdrawal from Lebanon.
IN GAUGING THE PROBABLE EFFECTIVENESS OF the proposals in the "Uniting for Peace" resolution, it must be kept in mind that, under the Charter, the General Assembly cannot take over the functions and prerogatives of the Security Council, and that neither Soviet power nor Soviet intransigence can merely be voted out of existence. But a situation "has been created" in which the majority (two-thirds of Assembly) may take action sanctioned by the United Nations without the prerequisite of an affirmative vote of all the permanent members of the Security Council. It is important to note that the action contemplated by the General Assembly will take place only "if the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity of the permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security." Further, the resolution recognizes "expressly" that the Charter charges the Security Council with the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AS a political-security organization must be regarded as a "mixed blessing" because of some of the good it has already done. Although the "Uniting for Peace" resolution charts a course for getting around the veto, it runs the risk of committing the Assembly to projects that it cannot always manage. For example, only America's support and Russia's decision not to intervene make the Korean police action a success. On the other hand, the Hungarian case involved Russia's vital interest, and the many condemnatory resolutions passed in the Assembly were without force and effect because the price would probably have been a third world war. But even if the Assembly cannot manage all its projects, the responsibility remains for them to take steps necessary to place itself in a state of readiness so that it can meet future emergencies with vigor and dispatch.
Veto Causes Dissent
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from the veto power. There are basically four results: (1) Because of the veto it seems very unlikely that any form of international law enforcement will be applied to the permanent members of the Security Council; this seems to be a valid criticism, because it is here, among the great powers, that enforcement is needed most; (2) A second consequence is that the veto can only be applied to the small and middle powers and not even in this instance if the large powers have alliances with the small nations; (3) the veto causes the United Nations to be subordinated to the agreements made in the collective security alliances, because the major powers will not allow the enforcement of a measure which degrades one of their allies; (4) another criticism often voiced against the veto, is that it permits the large nations to retain their sovereignty while requiring the small nations to relinquish their sovereignty; this criticism is based on the fact that the vote of the seven permanent members binds the members of the whole United Nations.
IT IS TRUE THAT THESE DISadvantages of the veto exist; however, the veto is not the main reason behind the conflict in the United Nations. The veto is not a cause of the strain but a reflection of the strain. The blame for the inefficiency of the enforcement power, in the final analysis, has to be placed on Russia and the United States, because they are not able to agree on certain basic principles. It is possible to say, in contrast to the criticism just listed, that if it had not been for the veto the United Nations would not have been formed. It is readily observable that without a provision in the charter for vetuing measures put before the Council, most of the large nations would not have joined the United Nations. And to make an international organization function properly, there has to be consensus of the large powers. From this standpoint the veto is a necessity if the U.N. is to be maintained.
Due to the fact that resentment
has mounted regarding the use of the veto in security and peace measures, some scholars have advocated its abolition; this seems to be an unrealistic approach, in that the members of the Security Council would use their veto power to prohibit a change in the voting procedure! In order not to overemphasize the danger of the veto in security and peace measures, it is valuable to point out that over one-half of the vetoes have been used against nations seeking membership in the United Nations, and not against peace and security measures.
OTHERS HAVE MADE A MORE realistic appraisal of the veto power. Goodspeed suggests that the veto be limited when the issue of peaceful settlements of disputes are confronting the Security Council. Perhaps a simple majority procedure could be successfully applied in this instance.
Another method, which has been developing in recent years, is the transference of power to the General Assembly of the U.N. This solution can be criticized on the basis that the General Assembly, because of its size, is incapable of reaching decisions on important matters rapidly enough. On the other hand, the Security Council is small and compact; thus, the Security Council can reach decisions and have them in action rather quickly.
Even if we come to the conclusion that the veto is a hindrance to the U.N., we must still face the fact that it is here and the only way to cope with the veto is to modify it; in view of the problems involved, it is doubtful that it can ever be eliminated.
Short Ones
Revolution is a transfer of property from class to class. —Leon Samson
--the capsules were designed with a view to manned flight.
To laugh at men of sense is a privilege of fools. —Jean De La Bruyere
WASHINGTON — (UPI) — American scientists and lawmakers expressed little surprise today that Russia has won the race to space.
U. S. Scientists -
Astronaut Reaction Varies
One space scientist at Cape Canaveral said the Russian achievement "Just makes me sick." The rocketeers at the Cape had been working hard on the U.S. man-in-space project.
"This is only the beginning," said Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, deputy administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. "We must and we will go forward with our program."
"This is a day we have been expecting," he added.
Powers —
***
Dr. Wernher Von Braun, operations director of the Army's missile center, Huntsville, Ala., said he thought, "The Russians did this to impress the African nations." He said the United States still was ahead of Russia in several fields of space science.
WASHINGTON — (UPI) — LT. Col. John Powers, press officer for the U.S. astronauts, was unimpressed when a reporter told him today that Russia had a man in space.
"It's 3 a.m. in the morning, you jerk," Powers shouted into the telephone from Langley Air Force Base, Va.
The reporter suggested that Russia didn't put a man in space as a regular thing and wondered whether Powers might be able to get the views of the American astronauts on the Russian success.
'If you're wanting something from us, the answer is we are all asleep,' the press officer snapped.
Gravity -
LANCASTER, CALIF.—(UPI) —Zero gravity for a prolonged period would not cause physical discomfort for an astronaut, according to test pilot Joseph A. Walker, who experienced two minutes of weightlessness last March 30 in the X15 rocket plane.
Walker was asked to comment on reports that the Soviet astronaut probably experienced about five hours of weightlessness.
"It would probably be unfair to project two minutes to five hours, but I experienced no discomfort of any sort at all," Walker said. "There was only a brief sensation . . . A mild, falling type sensation, but I recognized it for what it was and I proceeded to forget about it and do what I was supposed to do.
"I was anything but helpless. I changed switches, I reached to the instrument panel and I regulated my speed control handle."
Physiologist -
MOSCOW — (UPI) — PROMI-
nent Russian Physiologist Ezraz
Asratyan, commenting on the Soviet
Union's successful man-in-space
flight, said although the containers
of earlier space ships carried dogs;
--the capsules were designed with a view to manned flight.
This was reported today by the official Soviet news agency Tass, which interviewed Asratyan, a corresponding member of the USSR academy of sciences.
Mob -
Asratyan said all the customary environments of earthly life were related in miniature in the space ships and optimal conditions were envisaged for man and not animals, whose organisms could withstand less stable pressure and temperature changes.
This first, difficult step into space without question will be followed by other, even more important and fascinating steps, Asratyan said.
MOSCOW —(UPI)— News that a Russian had become the first man in space touched off scenes of wild celebrations throughout Moscow today.
Thousands of Muscovites dashed into the streets. They hugged and kissed each other. They wept. They laughed. They cheered. They danced.
The streets looked like Pittsburgh after the Pirates won the World Series last year—like Times Square at the peak of New Year's Eve—like London's Picadilly Circus on V-E Dav.
Down Gorky Street—Moscow's main thoroughfare —marched a snowballing procession of students in an unprecedented spontaneous parade. A huge red banner, reading "Hail to the First Cosmonaut" rolled like a Chinese New Year's dragon past cheering Russians.
Ode —
This was Russia's day and Moscow's man—and woman—in-the-street certainly was making the most of it.
Breaking through the mass of menacing clouds
MOSCOW —(UPI)— Moscow radio today broadcast the following "Ode to Gagarin" it said was written by a woman who came to the station to express her "thoughts and feelings" at his achievement: "Breaking through the maze."
He flew to the horizons of the banks of the stars,
From the stars of the Kremlin, burning with restlessness.
There are no words in the world as wet
To honor his great heroism,
the world is stunned,
The sensation splashes like a torrent
Roars like an elemental force.
Roots like an elemental force.
And the motherland, through the
motherland.
of history
Embracing him, whispers: 'My son.'
And the century says: 'A worthy son of Russia."
Official Reaction -
The announcement that the Soviet Union now has achieved this goal surprised them only to the extent that the Russians were not able to do it sooner.
WASHINGTON —(UPI)— U. S. officials have been resigned for more than two years to the probability that Russia would be the first nation to put a man in orbit.
American space officials had anticipated that Russia would get a man in space last year. They long have credited the Russians with the skills and necessary rocket power, and believe they have been working toward that end at least since 1955.
The United States does not expect to put one of its Mercury astronauts in orbit before late this year or early in 1962.
First, this country must complete a series of preliminary steps. These will include a brief rocket hop down the Atlantic missile range by an astronaut some time next month and the launching of a chimpanzee into orbit later this year.
The United States, however regrateful that the first man in orbit was a Russian, will go ahead with its Mercury program. Officials consider it the absolutely vital first step toward later attempts to send men to the moon or planets.
When the Mercury project became an official program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 27 months ago, officials warned that Russia probably would get a man up first.
Exclusive Fish
SAN FRANCISCO—(UPI)—The brilliantly colored South Park golden trout (salmo agua-bonita) the official fish of California, is one of several species of beautiful golden trout native only to the upper waters of the Kern River tributaries in the High Sierra.
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