THE UNIVERSITY TIMES
Published every Friday morning by the TIMES
COMPANY.
A. HUNT, JUS. D. BOWERSOCK, JR.
President Secretary
EDITORIAL STAFF.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS.
EDGAR MARTINDALE, Editor in Chief.
Tella Chapman. *Stanton Smith*, H. Hear, Paul Wilkinson. *Helen Selen*; Paul Wilkinson. *T. A.*; Mand Springer. *Florence Rosewater*; M. W. Mergefield. *G. Holsinger*.
C. E. STREET. J. PRANK CRAIG
TRIBUNE PRINT
Entered at the postoffice of Lawrence, Kansas, by second-class matter.
UNIVERSITY DIRECTORY
BETA THETA Pt. Meets on fourth floor of the Opera House block.
PHI KAPA Psl. Meets on third floor of Opera House block.
GAMMA GALDA DE fraternity, Meets in the Eldridge House block, third floor.
PHI DELTA THETA, Meets on second floor of Opera House block.
SIGMA CIL. Meets on fourth floor east of the Opera House block.
SIGMA Nl. Meets in the Eldridge House block third floor.
PI BETA PHi Meets every Saturday afternoon in homes of members.
PI M.A. CIL. Meets every Saturday afternoon at the homes of members.
KAPA ALPHA THETA, Meets every Saturday afternoon at the homes of members.
BASE BALL, Association, Manager, Prof A. M. Wilcox, Captain of the Nine, Charles Voorhies.
UNIVERSITY SCIENCE CLUB, Meets in Snow Hall.
PHILIOLOGICAL CLUB, Meets in room No. 30, every other Friday at 9 p.m.
ASSOCIATION Club, President, F. E. Reed,
SOCRATRY, F. H. Kullog, Treasurer, W. A. Snow.
SCIENCE CLUB, Every other Friday at 8 p.m.
 POLITICAL SCIENCE CLUB, Every other week at 5 p.m.
 OPERHIPLIMAN LITERARY SOCIETY, Every other week at 8 p.m.
ATTENSSUM LITERARY SOCIETY, Every other
ATHENEUM LITERARY SOCIETY. Every other Friday at 3 p.m.
THE LOGAN COUNTY NICKEL MINES
[A Paper Read by Prof. F. H. Snow at the late meeting of the Academy of Science at Leavenworth.]
While engaged in collecting specimens of Natural History in Wallace and Logan counties in August 1888, I learned that considerable excitement had been produced in the central portion of the latter county by the discovery of valuable metallic ores. The first reports specified silver as occurring in paying quantities in that region, but later advices substituted nickel for silver without any abatement of the popular excitement. I lost little time in making my way to the scene of commotion and found the centre of the new mining region in the southwest quarter of Section 2. Township 14, Range 46, west of the 6th principal meridian. This quarter section is three miles south of the Smoky Hill river, eight and one-half miles distant from Russell Springs, the county seat of Logan county, fifteen miles a little west of south from Winona and eighteen miles a little south of east from Wallace, the county seat of Wallace county. It is about forty-five miles east of the western boundary and seventy-five miles south of the northern boundary of the State of Kansas. Upon reaching this locality, I found that although less than two weeks had elapsed since the announcement was first made of the discovery of these mineral deposits, more than 400 acres of ground had been staked off for mining claims, and the excitement was becoming more intense every day. Hundreds of people were coming and going, and the once peaceful prairie had suddenly assumed the boisterous character of a genuine mining camp. The nomenclature of the claims indicates that Kansas can vie with Colorado and Arizona in the use of expressive lang usage.
The following are the names by which some of the prospect holes have been christened: Western Chief, Nickel King, Nickel Queen, Eli Jinnie, Eurucka, Nickel Canon, etc. Values of these mining claims had not found a definite basis, $20,000 was reported to have been offered and refused for the two best claims, and five hundred dollars had been indigently rejected for a half-interest in a less promising mine.
I was especially interested in visiting this spot because in former years in company with Professor Mudge, and suba-
nently with parties of University students. I had explored the rocks in the immediate vicinity in search of vertebrate fossils. It was within 25 miles of his locality that in 1878 had the good fortune to discover the now famous saurian, whose remains are so perfectly preserved that even the dermal scales upon the ablomen are as accurately outlined is those of living reptiles. Only six miles north of this spot we obtained during the same vacation a saurian whoseaws, nearly three feet in length, wereust proruding from the blue shade,unlesuch circumstances as to indicate that here had been no serious disturbance of the rock-strata during the millions ofyears which must have clapped since theteptide gave up its life. It was within a few miles of this spot that ProfessorMudge obtained the most perfect specimensof fossil-birds which have ever beendiscovered, birds with teeth in their jaws,which have furnished the material forthe great work on Toothed Birds (Odonariethus) by Prof. Marsh of Yale College.Having been thus familiar with thisregion as a paradise for fossil huntersI was anxious to ascertain if itwere possible that some local disturbancehad produced metamorphic changesresulting in the formation of metallic ores.In Woodson county a square mile ofthe carboniferous rocks has thus beenmetamorphosed to an unknown depth, thedisturing forces having transformed intocrystalline rocks the original fragmentary rocks thus producing some ofthe conditions under which metallic depositsare found in mountainous regions.A great silver excitement was produced inthat county about twelve years ago,having for its center this limited areaof crystalline rocks. The chemists foundfaint traces of silver in their analysis ofthis material, and the entire area washoneycombed by the excavations ofprospectors and miners, who gathered fromnear and from far, with the expectationof striking a bonanza. Thousands ofdollars were expended in the vainattempt to extract the precious metalsfrom rocks which had been declared by ourbest geologists and chemists to be of noactual value for mining purposes. It istrue that a trace of silver was detectedin these rocks. There are also traces ofsilver and gold in the waters ofthe ocean, and we are told that thetotalamount of these precious metals thusheld in solution would be sufficientto make every human being rich if theycould be separated from the containingwaters by some inexpensive process.There are undoubtedly minute quantitiesof gold and silver in all our Kansas rocksfrom the sub-carboniferous depositsof the southeast to the tertiary depositsof the northwest. A Denver chemistreporteda trace of gold and a small amountof silver ($2.50 to the ton) in the rocksof Logan county. But any attemptto extract these metals from Kansas rocksseems as impracticable as wouldthe attempt to separate them from the watersof the ocean.
It may be here stated that the lowest grade of nickel ore as yet found profitable for treatment is mined in large quantities at Lancaster Gap, Penn., and contains from 1/4 to 2 per cent of nickel. But this ore in order to merit transportation to the refining works at Camden, N J., must first be reduced atthe mines to a
A careful examination of the rocks now being mined for nickel in Logan-co. reveals no evidence of metamorphic action. There is an entire absence of crystalline rocks. The so-called 'nickel ore' is the prevailing fragmental rock of the Tertiary age, the characteristic conglomerate or pudding-stone which overlies the eroded surface of the Niobrara limestone and shales. The color of this rock at the 'mines' is darker than that of the ordinary conglomerate, but it is unmistakably the same kind of rock. A chemical analysis of specimens of these rocks by Prof. E. H. S. Bailey reveals the presence of nickel and cobalt in very small quantities. A special examination of one specimen said to be among the richest, showed not more than one third of one per cent of cobalt and one-tenth of one per cent of nickel. The specimens used for this analysis were of my own selection from the two mines considered to produce the most valuable ore.
more concentrated form by being smelted into a "mattte" containing 10 per cent of nickel. Thus the Logan county rocks according to Prof. E. H. S. Bailey's analysis, contain only from one fifteenth to one twentieth the amount of nickel present in the lowest grade ores yet subjected to profitable treatment.
I made a second visit to this locality Oct. 20th for the express purpose of making a more thorough search for evidence of metamorphic action. But no such evidence could be discovered, and the conclusions made after my first visit were confirmed by the second. There is no change of limestone to marble, of shales to schist, or of sandstone and conglomerate to chert. The so called "ore" lies at or near the bottom of the Tertiary strata, just at or above their contact with the Niobrara section of the cretaceous formation. The characteristic fossils of the Niobrara rocks are abundant in the immediate vicinity, entirely unaltered by metamorphic action. Within ten rods of the Nickel Queen mine I found an unusually perfect valve of the large malusk of the genus *Hoplosecapha*. Within half a mile of this mine were abundant vertebrate of the common cretaceous fish *Porthus molossus*, with occasionally a saurian vertebra. Metamorphic action such as seems necessary for the formation of valuable metallic ores would have obliterated these fossils in the rocks so nearly adjacent to the ore beds.
As bearing upon the question whether the geologist has the right to expect nickel ores in Kansas, it will be necessary to consider the location of these ores in other regions. So far as I have been able to ascertain, they occur without exception in the crystalline or metamorphic rocks, where there has been a conspicuous displacement of the strata from their original horizontal position, with evidences of their having been subjected to great pressure and consequent high temperature. They also occur in the oldest crystalline rocks rather than in those of a later formation. Almost without exception they are located in the Archaen rocks, and without exception where the strata have been upheaved in mountain elevations. They occur in moderate quantity in close association with chrome ores, in the serpentine rocks from Canada to Maryland. They are generally diffused throughout the magnesium rocks of the Quebec group in Canada. They are found in the serpentines of Cornwall, the Vosges and Mount Rosa, and in the primitive schists of Norway. Mr.W.P. Blake, contributing to the volume of the U.S. Geological Survey upon the mineral resources of the United States, states that the most available ore of nickel and the only one worked up to this date in the United States, is the sulphide, occurring in connection with magnetic iron pyrites. This is an ore which occurs at many places along the lines of the older or Archaen rocks, being found with beds of pyrrhotite (or magnetic iron) from Canada southward. At Chatham, Conn., the nickel and cobalt ores occur in mica schist. There are small quantities of nickel at other places in ancient schist of Connecticut. The nickel ore of Thunbery Bay on the north shore of Lake Superior, is associated with native silver and occurs in a vein traversing Huronian talcose slates.
The newly discovered deposits of nickel ore in Oregon, containing from 20 to 30 per cent of nickel oxide, are found in serpentine with chromite and steatite. The ore of New Caledonia, averaging 18 per cent of nickel oxide, (Garnierite) occurs in veins within serpentine. The richness and abundance of these ores, and the case with which they are smelted, has lowered the price of nickel and driven many of the poorer ores from the market.
It would therefore appear that geological considerations are unfavorable to the existence of valuable nickel ore in the State of Kansas. There are no Archean rocks in Logan county, no crystalline rocks, and no veins containing metallic ores. The minute quantities of nickel and cobalt indicated by Professor Bailey's analysis may perhaps be accounted for by the fact that these metals in very minute quantities are universally disseminated over the surface of the earth.
in the meteoric dust which is continually falling through the atmosphere. Acording to Professor H. A. Newton, of Yale college, no less than twenty millions of meteors enter the earth's atmosphere each twenty-four hours, many of these reaching the earth's surface as the finest meteoric dust. This dust, which like the Logan county rocks contains nickel and cobalt and iron and manganese and other chemical elements, has been found to cover the roofs of the houses of the city of Quito in South America after an unusual meteoric present in the ice and snow of the Alpine and the Arctic regions. It may be collected at any time from the atmosphere by exposing to the air a properly prepared surface, as was done by Tissandier. It was dredged from the bottom of the deepest Atlantic ocean by the Challenger expedition. There is no doubt that the old Tertiary ocean of Western Kansas received this meteoric dust as the oceans of the present time. If the mud and sand and pebbles of our Atlantic should ever become hardened into rock and form a part of the dry land, the chemists of that time would be able to detect the nickel and cobalt dust whose meteoric origin has been established by our chemists and meteorologists. We are now applying the same test to the bottom of the old Tertiary ocean, now a part of the dry land, and find convincing evidence that then as now the atmosphere was traversed by multitudes of meteoric bodies, producing the same effect as they now produce. This disintegrated meteoric matter sinking to the bottom of the ocean then as now, would be distributed by the under currents and lodged in cavities and depressions of the ocean bottom according to its specific gravity. Such a depression or basin seems to have been struck by the Logan county miners. But these deposits are not suitable for mining, for the quantity of nickel dust is too small to warrant the expectation of any returns upon the money invested.
A VIEW.
It is needless to enumerate the subjects that have been viewed, and "Review-ed" in our current literature; suffice it, to say, we have read everything from the "Supe-house" to the "puns" upon the poor old Latin Commentaries; but have looked in vain for comments upon our favorite theme, a College Newspaper.
It is suggested that there is not much to view about a paper; that is certainly true of some papers, but not of the TIMES.
The ideal paper is strictly non-partisan; it neither indulges in extravagant praise of its friends, nor hurls poisonous epithets at its enemies, though its cotemporaries come out in mourning.
A college newspaper should be a medium through which students obtain the College news.
The personal columns should not be let out on a life lease, to the friends of the stock-holders, but should be open to all students of the University.
It would be pleasant to read that some one's best lady, friend was on the hill Monday, if we had not seen her there the four days following.
Private misunderstandings are not common property and the College paper that retains a friend by making an enemy surely pursues a bad policy.
A notable and interesting feature in the last number of the Review was the resume of local happenings under the heading of "The Month." In short-cut and these phrases, the whole month is reviewed making an interesting synopsis. We hope that this will be continued. Previous to this the local pages of the Review rather partook of the newspaper style, with locals and personal clipped at random here and there, slighting some and noticing others, so that it was never satisfactory. The Review is a literary journal, issued only once a month and of course as such, should not pretend to be a news organ. Its local and personal papers have always been previous to this last issue, a weak feature in its make-up. But the present manner of reviving the local happenings of the month, in diary form is to be highly commended, and at the end of the year will make a very interesting history of 88-89 at K. S. U.
ELOCUTIONARY INSTRUCTION.
It is announced that there is to be immediately connected with the University in an unofficial way an instructor in elocution. Prof. Marsh has been in correspondence with Prof. Carruth, who now is Cambridge, Mass., upon the subject; and he announces to-day that within a few days the instructor will arrive. Mr. Saunderson, the new instructor, is a graduate of Dartmouth College and of the Munroe School of Oratory in Boston. He has the very highest recommendations for his ability and skill in his work. He is not merely an elocationist, but also a scholar, and hence free from the faults so common in people who undertake the work of teaching elocation without having had good training in other directions. Mr. Saunderson will not be directly connected with the University, in the sense of being one of the regular corps of instructors, though it is hoped that the next Legislature will make this possible. He will charge fees for his instructions, according to rates hereafter to be fixed. He will probably also wish to form classes in Lawrence and in neighboring cities. It will be an excellent thing for the University to have so competent an instructor in this important subject. This is especially true in view of the fact that the instructors in the English department are already so crowded with work that they can hardly do much in the way of helping students in their preparation for the oratorical contests and for the exercises of Commencement.
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WE were served last week with an excellent dish of "crow." No matter how well cooked and seasoned "crow" may be, it is never a pleasant dish, but seasoned as ours was with numerous jokes and taunts at our contemporary for being out late, ours was specially bitter. We have just one excuse to offer. We could not help it. Our esteemed contemporary will undoubtedly be convulsed with fiendish glee this week and will have several quotations. We hope they will. It is not often that they have a chance to laugh and when they do we want them to enjoy it.
THE TIMES broke its good record for promptness last week by being a few minutes late. Nevertheless it was not for want of news because as usual, we were compelled to crowd out many interesting articles.
We are in receipt of a very neat program of the Kansas State Teachers' Association to be held at Topeka, December 26, 27 end 28, 1888. Parts will be taken by the following representatives of the University; Response to an address of welcome, by Dr. J. A. Lippincott; a paper on "The Study of English in our Colleges," by Prof. A R. Marsh; a paper on the "Limits of Instruction in the Public Schools in Moral Training." by W. S. Jenks, of the class of 87. This association has grown in importance within the last few years and is well attended by the leading teachers of the State. A larger attendance is expected this year than ever before.
Mufflers.
Crain's and Urbansky have received the largest and most varied stock of Mufflers of any firm in the city.
Dancing at K' of P. Hall.
Prof. Ryan's Academy of Dancing open for ladies and gentlemen every Monday and Friday evenings. Ladies private class every Monday afternoon. Ladies and children's class every Saturday afternoon. Mr. Ryan teaches all the most fashionable dances, making a specialty of the Waltz and Reverse. Pupils can enter at any time, their term com mencing with the first lesson. Classes are always open for beginners. References required. For further information concerning tuition, etc., address
J. Ryan, Lawrence House,
or call at K. of P. Hall.
A fine Manicure set makes a good Christmas present. Buy one at Raymond & Dick's.
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