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Color Blindness a Product of Civilization.
(paper read before the Kansas Academy of
Literature and W. S. Franklin.)
ully, RMICK.
The fact that blindness to certain colors exists among civilized people is well established. Also the percentage of cases to be found among males has been determined, with considerable probability, for the races of Europe and America. There has been much diversity in methods of testing, and the results of many reported determinations might well be called into question. Still it is probably not far from the truth that about four out of every hundred males are more or less deficient in color sense. Of females, there has been reported (color blindness, B. J. Jeffries, M. D., p. 74.) as examined in Europe and America 39,828 and of these only sixty were color blind, or 2 per cent. Of both males and females 156,792 have been tested and of these 6,721 or 4.27 per cent are color blind. These statistical facts have naturally excited interest and discussion. If so large a number as four out of every hundred are unable to distinguish colors, there arises, of course, a practical question important to the railroads, marine, &c., the gravity of this fact is already recognized more or less, in all countries by the test examinations for color blindness among employees. But there is in these statistics also much of interest to scientists.
Most cases of color blindness are found to be cognitual and are incurable. Many have been produced by disease, some by violent concussions in accidents and some by excessive use of tobacco and alcohol. Temporary blindness to violet may be induced by Santonine. From these facts several interesting questions has suggested themselves to us. If color blindness follows the laws of heredity is it on the increase or decrease? Further is it a product of civilization?
The first of these queries can be answered only by statistical data extending over long periods of time.
First, for the comparison of civilized nations among themselves, we have calculated out the following percentages from tables reported by Dr. Jeffries.
The second naturally suggests a comparison, first, of the color sense of civilized nations among themselves, and, second, of civilized with uncivilized peoples.
Of tests in native tribes, we can find but two recorded; those of Dr. Favre of The Lyons Med. R. R. in some tribes in Algers, and those of Dr. Fox on 150 American Indians, where we do not know.
No. Examined Per cent
Color Blind
Austria . 5250 3.79
Denmark . 5840 3.74
Belgium . 8106 4.13
Holland . 2300 1.43
Finland . 1200 5.00
Norway . 205 4.88
Sweden . 32504 8.73
Switzerland . 3024 5.36
Germany . 6344 4.12
Russia . 12830 3.30
Italy . 2065 2.32
England . 16431 3.75
United States . 44884 3.64
Average per cent.
No great reliance can be placed upon these results. The numbers examined are too small, the methods of testing not uniform nor equally reliable. However, the probabilities of error are almost equally distributed, so that the conclusion is fairly well established, even without greater accuracy of data, that among civilized nations color blindness is at present almost equally common.
Second. Among uncivilized people Dr. Favre's results from Algiers already alluded to, show 414 examined and only 2-610 per cent color blind. Dr. Fox reports 161 young Indians tested and only 1.81 per cent color blind. These per centages so low compared with those for civilized people, suggest to us that color blindness may be a product of civilization, and have led to our tests here reported. At the Haskell Institute at Lawrence, Kansas, are several hundred Indians, representing many tribes. These we have recently examined by Holingren's method with Berlin Worsteds. Out of 418 tested 285 males and 133 females, only three cases of color blindness exist, or only 7-10 of one per cent. These three are full blooded Indians of the Pottawatomie, Pawnee and Crow tribes. These two have defective color sense for red and one for green.
The Indians of the school are about equally divided as full bloods and half breeds. It seemed to us that the half breeds showed more instances of blunted color sense than the full bloods. This was evident in more frequent and prolonged hesitation among them in comparing the colors than among the full bloods. If this be confined by more extended examinations, it would, in conjunction with the law of percentages obtained as above, be a strong argument in the theory proposed by us, that defective color vision is in some way the product of civilization
The use of tobacco suggests itself as a possible cause. This would explain also the low percentage among females. It will lead also to the thought of increase, in color blindness in males in future generations. But the data is too meagre at present to more than suggest this explanation.
It is certainly not accidental that nearly every case of colorblindness is for red, few for green and seldom one for violet. Why are the defects thus limited, at present at least, to the longer wave lengths of light?
The Young-Helenboltz theory of color perscription will locate the affection in the layer of rods and canes of the retina corresponding to the first of the three primary sensations of color. But why this special layer is, with few exceptions, the only one affected has at present no explanation.
The law of heritility indicates increased sensitiveness in those nerves which are subjected to special use through many generations. It seems reasonable to look for an explanation of the more perfect color sense in females to this fact. But among males, probably there will be an increase in future generations, of the number of cases of defective color sense.
Political Science Club.
The political Science Club held its third regular meeting, last Friday evening. Notwithstanding the many other meetings on that evening, a large crowd was present and an excellent program was rendered.
C. M. Watson gave the first report of the evening on Foreign, Events and Diplomacy. The Report of the November Election by Fred Leddeke seemed to indicate that Harrison had been elected. Although many theories might be advanced as to what the vote over the country indicated, yet it has proved one thing conclusively, and that is that the American people cannot be "tariff-ied" on driven into a panic by the cry of free trade, English rule, etc. Amid all the threatening cries of politicians, they seem to have pursued the even tenor of their way. A glance at the returns shows that the Democrats have as a rule gained in the cities and lost in the rural districts.
C. E. street make a most interesting report on Finance and Industry. Bringing up many interesting and instructive points. The "Special Topics" were then taken up. Miss Nettie Godell read a very entertaining paper upon the "Making and Unmaking of Criminals." She showed that crime was upon the increase in the United States, owing to the great number of large cities and the large foreign immigration, and also what steps might be taken to decrease it. The paper read by Buckingham was upon the "State Trials in the Reign of Charles II." He described the pump and ceremony which attended all trials of that day, and as a sample of the justice of the seventeenth century, gave an account of the trial and conviction of William Howard. Viscount of Stafford, for conspiracy in the "Popish Plot."
The last paper of the evening was by H. F. M. Bear, giving a description of the condition of labor in the coal mines of Pennsylvania. The substance of which was, that in spite of all the lavish gifts of nature and protection of the general government, this labor in Pennsylvania, is probably one of the most miserable in the world.
The discussion which followed each of these papers, was as interesting as instructive. No better way can be found
in which to spend a Friday evening than by taking advantage of the opportunity offered to all students to attend these semi-monthly meetings. Remember that even if you cannot become members, visitors are always welcome.
The Kappa Kappa Gamma calendar for the year 1889 came last Saturday. It is quite unique.
Society
Athenaeum Society held its meeting Friday night. The attendance was made light by the absence of several members who were interested in the "Mikado" at the opera house, the lecture in the Art Rooms, or the Political Science Club.
ATHENAEUM.
The program was well rendered as follows: Reading, C. S. Hall; declarations by Miss Carbin and A. F. Sherman; reading, Miss Howard; essay, R. D. Brown. After recess and some music, the debate was conducted by H. White and C. L. Christian on the affirmative, and by C. P. Chapman and H. C. Riggs on the negative.
The treasurer is at present quite active in collecting the quarterly dues. At this meeting seven persons were voted into the society, and eleven more names proposed for membership. The society adjourned to meet Friday evening, December 7th.
OROPHILIAN
If any one had an opinion that old Or opiphilan was about to die, a glance into their hall last Friday evening, would have soon dispelled all doubt, as to the endurance and presence of its vitality. Every seat was filled and the entire program, as posted, rendered. It reminded one of the 'good old days gone by.' The new officers were installed. F. E. Reed as President and Miss Florence Reasoner as Secretary. The following program was then rendered, the debate probably being one the most interesting features of the program:
Reading ... A. L. Sloan
Essay ... B. R. Wynne
Essay ... J. H. Sautell
Documentation ... F. B. Wher lye
Extemp- raneous N. W. Murray
Extemp- rensive J. K. Nowlin
DEBATE.
Resolved, That the Railroads of the United States should be owned and controlled by the Federal Government.
Affirmative. Negative.
R. R. Whitman. A. L. Wilmoth.
W. T. Caywood. C. M. Enns.
Decided in favor of the affirmative.
Adjournment.
KANSAS ALPHA PHI DELTA THEta.
Monday evening Kansas Alpha of Phi Delta Teeta celebrated its Sixth anniversary by its annual banquet. The members gathered in the chapter room at an early hour and passed the time with songs and other pleasantries until 10 p.m. when they repaired to the Delmonico to "Eat, Drink and be Merry." Kansas Alpha is one of the young Fraternities in K.S.U., but nevertheless she enjoys an enviable reputation among her rivals and it was with the greatest enthusiasm that all of her members celebrated this her sixth anniversary. The menu and toasts were as follows:
MENU.
"Eat at pleasure,
Turkey with Cranberry Sauce
Celery
OYSTERS:
Raw
Vienna Rolls
CAKE:
Fruit
Oranges
Lady Fingers
Chocolate
Malaga Grape
Drink by measure."
Tea
Aqua Adamite
Dolmonico
Sweetheart and Bag-Pudding*
TOASTS:
Magister Fellarum ... W. S. Franklin
"Kansas Alpha." ... W. E. Higgins
"We and our Neighbors." ... V. L. Kuluga
"Our Buffalo." ... M. A. Crocker
"Preaturity." ... J. F. Craig
"Beniamin Har, Ison." ... A. L. B.
At the Chemical Building.
Re-engagement of our "Home Opera Co.," in the "Mikado" for the benefit of the Episcopal Guild great success! great success! Monday evening, Dec. 3d. Chart opens Saturday morning, Dec. 1st, at 8 o'clock.
Winter caps at Abe Levy's.
Of course you will go out and eat turkey with your best girl, but you had better stop in at Andy Reed's and get a shave first.
Good gloves at Abe Levy's.
Sepp will visit this wife's folks.
Wobb will see his chum to-morrow.
Everybody will do the "Turkey" act.
Martin will ride on the cable while in Kansas City.
Seniors will begin work in Micro-rooming to do.
The greater part of the "pharmies will go home to see pa."
Kalsar is in Ottawa and will hear the Thanksgiving sermon.
Morris and Smith went gunning Sat-
urday. Morris got a ducking(.)
The Qualitative analysis students enforced their first "Quiz" Tuesday.
Kendy had two blow ups Monday Nobody hurt, but everybody scared.
Smelser wonders whether he will find the same old cat at home, that was there when he came way.
Prof. Sayre has recently acquired a decided dislike for pepsin and devotes most of his afternoon hours to office work.
Eames is indebted to the parnary boys for valuable suggestions given in regard to collaring of the wolf last Friday afternoon.
Work in the lower laboratory is no longer a burden. Since the two ladies have entered it, no one "kicks" for more time to study.
Prof. Baily demands that the doors connecting the two laboratories be kept closed. The Prof. prefers to take his pepsin internally rather than inhale it.
Prof. Bailey showed his ostem for the boys in quantitative analysis by putting in a pipe leading from the distilled water tank, thus saving shoe leather as well as preventing much annoyance.
The following is the program rendered by the Music Department at University Hall last evening:
Slavonico Dance, op. 46, No. 0,
Dvorak
Fredrik Bauer, op. 21, No. 0,
Miss Franklin and Mr. Manning.
SAVVENIA
(Arranged for Planoforta duet
Miss Franklin and Mr. Manning.
Polonise in C-sharp minor, op. 13
... X. Scharwenka
Miss Franklin
"Expectancy" ... Dudley Buck
Miss Brown.
Waitzer, op. 6, No. 3 ... Saran
Miss Eddy.
a) Romanze from Two Serenades, op. 54 a
b) Octave Etude in Kant, from op. 8.
c) Ottove Etude in Kant, from op. 8.
Mr. Manning.
"Best of all" ... F. Moir
Miss Brown.
Valse-Impromptu in G ... Raff
Miss Johnston.
Faust-Waltzer, op. 123 ... Juell
Miss Franklin.
"Storm and Sunshine" ... Dudley Buck
Miss Brown.
Polonise in f-Sparrow, op. 2 ... J. C. D. Parker
Mr. Manning.
Selections from the Ballet-Music to the Opera
(Henry VI)
No. 3. Hugh Ecclesa se.
No. 3. Dansede in Glips.
No. 5. Scherzetto.
No. 6. Gioco de Vinal.
(Arranged for pianoforted duet).
Miss Franklin and Mr. Manning.
The students of the department were
assisted by Miss Georgia Brown, cop
A cosy audience enjoyed the art talk, given by B. W. Woodward in the art room Friday evening. The speaker handled his subject enthusiastically, giving a lively description of American art, recently exhibited at the Kansas City exposition. This was the best exhibition of American art that has ever been given west of the Mississippi. A comparison was then made between the old school and the new, whereby it was shown that the former had its day. In proof of this Mr. Woodward mentioned several of the old school paintings, which a few years ago sold for $14,000 a piece, but to-day are exchanging hands at $5,000. The speaker commented briefly upon the popular recognition American artists are beginning to receive abroad. The talk on the whole was interesting and instructive. All efforts on the part of Miss Simpson to secure entertainments of similar character, can not fail to be appreciated by her pupils, and the visitors of the art department.
Cheap Rates to Denver.
The railroads are cutting their western passenger rates, but the biggest cut and the one that will do the public the most good, is Bromelskls's slaughter of winter underwear, socks, mufflers, etc.
A Wolf Chase.
Professor Dyche no longer keeps his wolf chained out of doors. Last Monday about 12 o'clock Mr. Wolf severed his connection with the University and struck out toward Wakarusa. His absence was soon discovered and the professors and assistants in Snow Hall, accompanied by some of the pharmacy students were soon in pursuit. Eames tried to induce a neighbor to lend him a horse; Prof. Snow, Kellogg and Dyche ran after the wolf. Prof. Dyche was soon distanced by Prof. Snow and Kellogg. When the two reached the foot of the hill, as in Mark Twain's description of a coyote in "Roughling It," there was a long splitting sound in the air and Kellogg was left alone on University Place. Professor Snow captured the wolf among the snow sheds near the Carbondale road, and the wool now languishes in durance vile. When the chase was over, the pursuers presented a pleasing sight. Eames had left the laboratory with hatoff and sievees rolled up and with Professors Snow and Dyche and Kellogg in close pursuit. A farmer mistook Eames for an escaped subject in anatomy and called a halt. Kellogg was armed with a club and the Pharmacy students were supplied with chloroform and bandages. All in all this was the most exciting event since the Oratorical election.
Murphy of the laws, has lost all faitb in human friendship. He was called home last week by a telegram to the bed-side of a sick brother, and on his return to school he saw in the depot at Independence a trunk that he thought was his, which upon examination proved to be, so he immediately went upon a tour of investigation and found his roommate in the waiting room, wearing a forty dollar suit of clothes that he (Murphy) had left in Lawrence in his room. The miscreant had packed up all of Murphy's law books and everything of any value whatever, and was going to seek a warmer climate. Murphy persuaded him to change raiment and turn over the trunk and then allowed him to go. Murphy has no room-mate at present.
Snow Hall is in receipt of a very fine skin of a Rocky Mountain sheep. The specimen is a good one and will be mounted immediately and placed among the already large collection of animals in the Natural History department. Prof Snow says that the horns of the sheep are the best formed and in the best condition he has ever seen. The sheep was killed in Montana Territory, by an Indian and through the influence of a friend of the Professor was obtained for K. S. U. Rocky Mountain sheep are scarce articles now and Prof. Snow may be congratulated for his good luck.
A certain student of the University, a few days ago, met an old acquaintance who chanced to be out of a job and also without shelter. He kindly shared his room with his friend. The student was called home for a few days and on his return home stopped at a station and there saw his trunk at the depot. He soon found his friend dressed in some of his (the student's) clothing. Whereupon he proceeded to gather together his property and resume his journey to Lawrence, fully determined not to act upon the charity plan in the future.
Prof. Snow during his trip to McPherson took advantage of the opportunity to visit some of the Western Kansas colleges. At McPherson he visited the Dunkard College, a sectarian college and the only one supported by the Dunkard church in the United States. This is a new institution and the citizens boast that the "course of study and the curriculum is modeled after K. S. U." The professor visited the Swedish Lutheran college at Lindsborg. This college has a large attendance and seems to be in a flourishing condition. He reports Salina well supplied with colleges, having four, all of which have a fair attendance.
Gymnasium or no gymnasium, every student should have a pair of Indian clubs or dumb bells, in order to keep the muscles sufficiently developed. These can be procured at Smith's news depot, at way down prices.
Go to the Delmonico for your Thanksgiving dinner and take a friend with you.
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