UNIVERSITY COURIER
Entered at Lawrence Post Office as Second Class Matter.
VOL. I.
LAWRENCE, KANSAS, JUNE 6, 1883.
No.18
University Courier.
A SEMI-MONTHLY PUBLICATION DEVOTED TO THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE STUDENTS
THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
BOARD OF EDITORS.
EDITORIAL...C. C. DART.
TOPICS...J. D. McLAREN.
LITERARY...E. A. BROWN, ANNA MURPHY.
SCIENTIFIC...L. L. DYCHE.
NORMAL...G. E. ROSE.
EXCHANGE...ALBERT RIFFLE.
LOCAL...GLEN MILLER, MARY GILLMORE.
PERSONAL...CLARA GILLHAM
MISCELLANY...W. S. WHIRLOW, ELLA V. KEIST.
BUSINESS MANAGERS. EDMOND BUTLER, B. K. BRUCE.
Subscription, One Dollar per Year, in Advance.
EDITORIAL.
The kindness of the other editors, in giving up the space allotted to their respective departments, has enabled us to place before our readers the Commencement-day speeches together with many other articles of rare literary merit. This issue is not a record of everyday school life but rather of four years hard study. A record in which the growth of mental power is measured, not by the books swallowed and facts learned, but by the increased intellectual activity and culture. But in reading these orations, do not think to find diamonds, for '83's charcoal of four years ago is the graphite of to-day which will soon meet the transforming elements in the worlds work-shop and become the diamonds of the future. W-h-e-n!!!
certainly unusual, reflecting no little credit on the gentleman who stands at the head of the institution, and should be a source of gratification to all friends of the institution, who have its interests at heart.
The friends and patrons of the University may well be pleased with its record for the year just closed. Not only has the attendance been greater than ever before, by more than a hundred students, but provisions have been made for additional buildings and appliances for better work in the several departments. The total absence of rowdyism and hazing—terms synonymous with college life-certainly bespeak more strongly than words the character of the young men and women who have sought wisdom within the gray old walls of Kansas State University. Considering the vast number of students, coming from every part of Kansas and in fact the United States, and representing all classes and conditions, this decorum and harmony that has existed among them, is
The State Legislature during its last session, appropriated $12,000 for the erection of a chemical laboratory during the summer, although refusing us an observatory. While the latter may easily be dispensed with, for some time yet, the former was an immediate necessity. Its position in the basement of the main building made it extremely obnoxious, because of the fumes that arose when the ventilators refused to work; this together with the danger from fire by chemicals, rendered the action of the Legislature a most wise one. The contract for the erection of the laboratory is doubtless let by this time, and will probably be completed before the beginning of another school year.
The action of the Regents during the year has been beyond reproach. The sudden and unceremonious removal of the Junior Preparatory Class while doubtless checking for a time, a number of youths in their ambition to attend college, only raises the standard of the institution, and rids it of part of its great incumbrance.
It is to be hoped that the High Schools throughout the state will adopt, as a few have done, the courses of study equivalent to the three years of study here, requisite for admission to the Freshman class. This would justify the authorities of the institution in carrying out their pet scheme, that of the removal of the two remaining classes of the preparatory department.
The change that has been made in the department of Civil and Topographical Engineering, both in the way of appliances for instruction and the enlargement of the course of study, has been a most needed one. The Freshman year in this department is the same as heretofore with the exception of additional drawings. Construction of Roads and Railroads is transferred from the Junior to the Sophomore year, while advanced work takes its place in the Junior year. The Senior year requires Specifications and Contracts in addition to the old course, and an Engineering Thesis, in addition to the regular literary Thesis, which is to be original and technical in its details.
These together with many other changes only indicate the healthy growth of the institution and it takes no prophet to see that a very few years will find Mt. Oread crowned with a University second to none in our land.
In a recent New York Times appears an account of the Student's Cooperative Association of Harvard. This is
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not a boarding-club, but furnishes its members with clothing, books, fuel, and supplies of all kinds. The plan seems to work well, is a great saving to students, and might be adopted with advantage in K.S.U. Our space forbids further detail, but in the September number we will have something more to say on this subject.
NORMAL.
SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE.
A Commonwealth whose prairies are noted for their many school-houses—whose people pride themselves on the possession of the latest methods of training youth—whose teachers are recognized as an influential and energizing force—whose public endowment fund is the largest in the Union—such is ours.
As a state we should be justly proud of our educational advantages and mindful that a haughty pride is prone to be succeeded by a fall.
While each community receives material aid from the purse of the state, it must also provide liberally for its own support. In doing this how many thousands of home comforts are sacrificed! And the offerings thus made sacred by their consecration—are they as sacredly expended? Bring to mind your own neighborhood schoolhouse; contemplate it in all its relations to its use; has it been properly built and preserved in accordance with the means expended? Those who visit schools frequently will most likely say "no." There will probably be found lacking that which Economy could have provided, and things provided which not only Economy but Extravagance would reject.
When the erection of a school house is contemplated let all experimental plans be cast aside; for in this age books on school architecture and men who have devoted, more or less, attention to the subject may be found in every community, so that school boards have no excuse to plead ignorance of building.
In determining the location of the school grounds which is by no means an unimportant matter, its healthfulness, dryness, height, water, convenience of access by roads, advantages as a play ground, etc., should receive careful consideration.
Every school ground should contain a well if a spring is not near at hand. Cistern water, depending largely for its purity on the amount of disturbance it receives, will be neglected too long during the summer vacation. But either well or cistern requires watching.
When the lot has been selected, the best site it offers for the house must then be chosen. School houses containing but one class room on each floor will receive best light and ventilation if the windows are placed on the north and south side of the room. A north and south breeze, adds much to the comfort of the pupils in this climate in the early fall, but the afternoon sun streaming through west windows is very uncomfortable at that season of the year on account of the heat and is so at all seasons on account of the light. As cross rays
of light injure the eye, windows should not be placed in adjacent sides of the room. The amount of light necessary, depends on the size of the room; authorities say that the window surface should be one fifth the area of the floor. For these and many other reasons which space forbids recounting, the writer believes that the main room or rooms in small school buildings will be best placed with the longer directed due east and west and lighted by windows on the north and south sides only.
A frequent error is planning the rooms too large. I have in mind two buildings of four rooms each, capable of seating 130 primary pupils in one room, and 98 grammar school pupils in a single room. A more lamentable fact is that the rooms are nearly full.
Another school comes to mind-A large two story brick building with two rooms, each of which would seat 80 pupils. At least one fourth the floor surface was waste room because of the width of the aisles. There were but 35 pupils assembled here-all in the lower room, which required two stoves to keep it warm. What unavailing economy in the former instance! What bountiful extravagance in the latter! Had the surplus above actual need been put into a school library, the results of a term's work in the latter would have been much more apparent.
The area of the floor determines the size of the house; and the size,style and number of desks,width of aisles and teacher's platform—determine the area of the floor.
So the furniture and the room must mutually fit—and no definite rule can be given regarding size. In general 24x36 will answer the greatest number of cases.
Sixty pupils are as many as any ordinary teacher can manage successfully, and unless an extraordinary teacher can be depended upon year after year, the space devoted to any more than this number will be wasted.
Blackboards should be low enough for the smallest pupils and high enough for the teacher to use without stooping.
Put the stove as far from the teacher's platform as practicable.
Have the steps whether inside or outside sufficiently low to accommodate the smallest children not more than a 6 or 7 inch rise.
Have the water conducted from the eaves. Drain the grounds also. And if care is exercised, good judgement used, and attention given to details much of the work of the school room may be thus facilitated. The surroundings should be as attractive as means will permit and Shakespeare's whining school-boy with the snail like movement will be known only through that author's works.
New styles wall paper. Bates & Field Window Shades. Bates & Field. Elegant Photographs at Mettner's. Picture Frames. Bates & Field. Nobby Straw Hats at Bromelsick's.
C. J. S.
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LITERARY.
(SOME OLD PHILOSOPHY
By J. F. TUCKER, CLASSICAL DEPARTMENT.
Absorbed in our own times it is well to look now and then at the past, and at its great men whose lines have been called the history of the past.
Twenty-three and a half centuries ago Socrates was standing in a prison with a cup of hemlock in his hand. He drank the hemlock and lay down and died. He died for what he had lived for. Let us see if it was worth the while.
He had chisled marble till he was thirty, then he changed his vocation to that of searching for truth;trying as best he could to correct the false opinions of men. The Athenians disliked this, and called their inspired man 'fault-finder,' and what is worse—is it not?—'theorist.' He cared little what they called him, and went on theorizing and finding fault as his guiding spirit directed. Then the men of Athens became exasperated. They tried the man who troubled them and sentenced him. This is why he drank the hemlock and died.
Fatal error is it even to this day to theorize and thereby find faults. But let us see of what use this error has been in the story of the world's progress. The theorist seeking for answers to the questions of men and nations finds many faults. Still he reads off the true answer though it imply things unpleasant to hear, for he knows this is the only way to correct the failings of men. For this they call him fault-finder—for which he ought to thank them as it is a worthy name and means a finder of truth. But they distort the word and make it to signify grumbler. They laugh at him, sneer I mean, for a true laugh is never at the expense of right. Do you know that the sneer of the world determines more actions than do honest convictions?
The theorist is he who leads the way for the world to become a better world. Drawn up in line right across this way are the men who continually tell us from press and forum "all right, go ahead," when they know we are half wrong and ought to stop and think.
Men have failings even yet. Socrates, were he here now, would ask is it wise to care more for becoming broader and better men, as for becoming richer and more renowned men? Higher culture, that is more education, more thinking by all men, this is what we need. Some must see it first, see it plain enough to make them live it, as some have seen it. From these may we all learn what is worth thinking and doing. We are inclined to take up with the better things we see; but we see too few. In books we may find higher independent ideas but we read few books. We trust too much to the newspaper and, I was going to say, to the pulpit. The newspaper gossip is not always unbiased and the pulpit is bound about by thongs. Forgetting that we have prescribed what the preacher shall say we marvel that his theology so coincides with our own.
Another fault is what we boast as our practicality, a longing for something tangible. A tangible thing is not the most real thing in the world. There was a war in this country in which men dressed all alike would march out in long blue ranks and shoot at opposing ranks of gray ; when they knew that dressed in gray were some they loved. After the battle they would hurrah themselves hoarse, then sit down and cry to see how succes-
ful they had been. A half million men were killed that four millions might be free. What did the freeing mean? The blacks were not so sure of a living after the war as before; few make more than that now. Why it just means, what is worth remembering, that there are intangible things and that liberty is one of them, which are dearer to men than anything we call real.
The theorist, the seer, because he looks ahead of other men can never be appreciated. Socrates' death was according to the rule. We have killed all our best men. But the ideas for which they die become the belief of the following or one of the following centuries, as the radical knows to-day what the conservative thinks tomorrow. This will be true as it has been for we have not reached our ultimate yet. We have just begun to be free, and we are going to find out what freedom means. All it means only the future can tell, but it does not mean the right to be narrow and selfish. Such a life is not worth the trouble of living it. When a man's horizon ceases to broaden he ceases to rise. If he is to attain no loftier heights why toil longer on the mountain side? We can become greater men. To do it we must esteem the truth above everything; we must forget our creeds, dare to be called failures, to lose positions if necessary, but we must not dare to say 'I will make a success at all hazards.'
Thus shall come the better day for which men are always looking. But it will not come through the men who say you must take things as you find them. That is a craven spirit.
Tis not worth while to grind the years away. Of course a living is the first thing but we need no prompting on that score. Leisure, we want leisure, too. If the gospel of work be all we hear it ceases to be good news. we must labor but they keep urging us to toil harder when they ought know that we are living so fast now that the matters of life, things, for us to look at and think about, go spinning by in a haze. If there is any one thing above all others that men need to realize it is that he who lets his work drive him through the world does not live at all. From the very eradle we hear maxims about work. Make hay while the sun shines. It is better to wear out than to rust out. They are good enough but only for one side of life. There is something planted in every man of energy which, if he but obey, will work him to death. The fixed faces we see on men hurrying on tell of self-imposed tasks absorbing the whole life. Of all men the work-fanatic is doing most to hinder culture. Especially the men of the laboring classes are scourged by this deformed conscience of an eternal task. And is not this the reason they remain the laboring, the hard pressed classes? The way to rise is not to drudge harder, more hours, but to take time to think. As a man's independence of will arises he will make more demands which must be met.
What is the great profit to be derived from all the inventions to which we have fallen heirs? What, if not that horses and steam and electricity shall do the work for man and allow him more time for thoughts. When we learn to utilize this time, then may we successfully object if the benefits of invention are not equally distributed.
Laying aside the expediency of a man's being a voluntary slave, has he a right to be cruel to himself? Of all obligations that most overlooked is self-obligation. This includes time spent in finding truth for one's self.
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The Bible, the word of God, to any people is the number af God's words they have been able to make out.
Some men of every age have seen their times as the hour before day. Because they felt the dark was it possible for the light to come. And it will come to us, brighter than ever before. Some men happily shall still feel the gloom that will remain, thus will yet more sunshine come.
By the daylight of to-morrow I see written abolition of dogma and cant, merited rewards to every man, devotion to all the time we can find, the most sacred worship of the most divine God to whom the voice of of a people ever murmered thanksgivings.
It must all come about in Socrates' way. Some men must theorize and find the faults; then, instead of turning cynic, kindly tell us where we are wrong; tell us kindly but so plainly that we will consent to take time to become broader men.
Thus shall we approach the day Jean Paul Richter saw when he said, "There will come another era when it shall be light and man will awake from his lofty dreams to find his dreams still there and that nothing is gone save his sleep. Thus shall man learn to live that mighty syllogism, the premises of which are energy and integrity, the conclusion victory."
THE RELATION OF ETHICS TO ECONOMICS.
BY W. C. SPANGLER, SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.
I suppose it is still a debatable question whether the world grows better as it grows older—whether in our desire for material success we have not lost sight to a large degree, of honor, truth, manhood—the very qualities upon which every true life is based. Energetic men and peoples have labored earnestly for centuries yet it has all resulted in dissatisfaction and disappointment. The scholar is pained because the tendency of effort is not toward making men nobler and better and those engaged in the different industries are dissatisfied, because they are hampered and checked, and are denied the best conditions under which to exert their energy and employ their genious.
The study of economics is every year taking a more important place in college curriculums and is gradually attracting the serious thought of all classes of men. A proper understanding of this science—for it is commonly called a science—would do much toward curing many of the evils which have grown up under the sanction of individuals and governments; might and would lift some of the burdens from the poor and eradicate much of the prejudice against the rich, but I fear it would not of itself accomplish all that is generally expected or demanded of it. "A just remuneration for labor" is an entirely different phrase in the mouth of the communist and the capitalist, yet there is a certain degree of truth in the construction put upon it by each.
That the capitalist should have fair and even large returns on his investments seems no more than just, since in his wealth is the record of many years of patient toil and self denial and this should not go unrewarded. But on the other hand, the laborer demands a comfortable home, food, rest and leisure. Economics, no matter how carefully studied or conscientiously applied will never lead to a just or equitable solution of this problem. Will it help? Certainly. A multitude of sanctioned evils and as many misapprehended terms, perplexing entanglements, and vitiated methods must be cleared away and this is the work of pure economics.
But I must confess that I have some doubts as to the ultimate sufficiency of this cold, rigid mind-education. The intellect is the faculty which distinguishes man above all creatures, but there is another part which deserves attention. As in the physical organism, so in the moral, the heart, always urging man on toward what is higher and better, sends warm currents throughout every part, invigorating, strengthening and purifying. And as its influence becomes stronger, and begins to direct the action of the intellect the greater and more permanent will be the results; for although it may blindly grope and run to many excesses, its aim is fixed on eternal right, which it is always approaching. Justice is a great boon and rightly venerated but, there are times when its rigorous judgments seem too severe and we think they should be tempered.
Thoughts like these have led me to believe that the domains of etheics and economics, which now are kept entirely distinct from each other or are only conceded to touch at long intervals, should be made to merge gradually the one into the other; that what is right as judged from a moral standpoint should have at least equal weight with the right from an economic point of view.
The moral idea lies at the basis of all sure and true progress in any direction. Man is not an isolated being but a member of society and since his own happiness and success depends largely upon that of others, he should be led to the conclusion that right acting in regard to his neighbors is the best thing for himself. "It is impossible to banish moral law from public economy" says a learned Frenchman and history seems to substantiate the statement.
Men are inclined to think that in matters of so great importance as the public economy, all feeling should be banished and only the cold laws of the science and the critical judgments of the intellect should be followed. There is danger in that sentimentalism, which seeks to express itself in the act termed "legislating morals" but sentimentalism is not feeling, at least in any true sense of the term.
A standard economist claims that "as a science, economics has nothing to do with questions of moral right" and that "the domains of ethics and economies are independent and incommensurable."
According to this school it appeals to enlightened selfishness and exchanges are only made because they are profitable. There is a higher and nobler sphere than this, it seems to me for economics and those who study closely will find that all its successes have been won along the higher grounds, and all its failures have come from following the teachings of the low, materialistic school. There is but little to encourage a thorough
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study of its laws if this be not so. Enlightened selfishness! yes the world is tending fast enough in that direction and needs no skillful teachers. Material wealth—prosperity, as the world terms it, is already worshipped in a majority of American households. But when we conscientiously answer the question, what denotes the prosperity of a country, we would not say, its material advancement. Intelligence and manly virtue constitute the source as well as the wealth of nations—the same forces which sustain and develop them.
The world has tried the pure economic system for centuries and men are debased, dissatisfied and wretched still. Is it not time for a change? It often seems to me that we do not need economists so much as we do philosophers—men who can comprehend other needs of man than those of mere material enjoyment. A philosopher would teach men that no sound system of economics could be established that was not founded on truth, and would lead them to see how much the success of the one depended upon a just comprehension of the scope of the other.
Much has been said in praise of our system of education and it deserves much, but it is not above criticism. It fails, in that it is largely sought and sustained from an economic standpoint. The old poet sung :
And what's the use of anything But so much money as t'will bring
and thus we say, we will educate ourselves because it pays, not because it will make us nobler or better; and we justify higher education by the state on the same grounds. It was Burke, I believe, who said "the education of the masses is the best defense of nations" but the time has come to base our reasoning on higher grounds. Right feeling as well as right thinking should be our aim in all efforts toward education. Any other is a false though perhaps a specious ethory.
Upon our moral greatness depends our material power and upon that only. "When political science concerns itself with man only and the action of the mind, when its aim becomes not simply material enjoyment but moral elevation," then this field will be far richer in results. Generations will pass away before the laws of economics are properly adjusted but it will all come at last, if we ever reach a perfect civilization, and every advance will be along the line of ethics.
This desire to be something instead of to have something will only come as the basis of our life and intelligence is broadened by true culture-by that culture which without annihilating the individual rises above him and considers what is best for all men. This is the force which is yet to enter the world, stronger than religion as we understand it, and which will rise above sects, and governments, and selfishness and point the way to a perfect life.
"All will come right if we only keep on hoping" says one, but I believe it will only come right if we keep on working, doing. "Go forward, do earnestly with the best light you have" says Arnold, and this seems the wisest counsel.
To the American people, with their peculiar genious for business and their love for speculation and moneygetting, these may seem mere youthful fancies and unworthy of serious attention, but I firmly believe they will yet enter into our lives and become the controlling principles to guide us in our intercourse with one another. In our quieter moments—our moments of thought and leisure, when away from the din and clamour of the active world, we all believe it. It is even now a part of us and the time is coming when we will take it with us into the malarial fog of business life and activity.
There is something entirely too unsatisfactory about this life to think it is always to remain as it is, and the fact that something better is possible confirms the belief that it yet will come. There are too many opportunities for the highest effort and the highest good to think otherwise. Man's highest hopes and aspirations are yet to be realized and although the men who see the light clearly and follow it, are apt to go far ahead of the busy, practical world, yet they can and will move it somewhat; by their efforts the crowd will be raised to a higher plane and will begin to see the horizon broaden and deepen around them. 'The greatest obstacles to our growth and development into a perfect civilization are not material but moral difficulties' and here the battle must be fought.
Man holds firmly by the natural, to reach The spiritual beyond it,-fixes still The type with mortal vision, to pierce through, With eyes immortal, to the antitype Some called the ideal,-better called the real And certain to be called so presently. When things shall have their names.
STATUTE LAW.
By E. D. GOODIN, LAW DEPARTMENT.
In the study of the law, the reflective mind becomes impressed with the sage utterance of an eminent writer, that, "of all the degrees of authority which man exercises over man, that of legislation is the most august and supreme."
Human authority cannot rightfully abrogate or infringe upon natural law, nor can human wisdom be expected to make legislation entirely good or ethically perfect. When grounded, as all laws should be, in natural justice, and when speaking a language evincing moral and intellectual progress, they exalt and adorn the character of a people. In no feature, more than in her statute laws, is the moral and industrial character of a nation made manifest. By their relative fitness and simplicity they indicate the progress of civilized development and afford material for the formation of the judgment as to lettered skill and intellectual wisdom.
In England the power of parliament in the enactment of laws has no circumscription. No tribunal can question the validity of the lawmaking power. As tersely expressed by Blackstone, parliament may "do everything that is not naturally impossible." With us it is different. In this country the legislative power in the enactment of laws finds its limitation in a written con-
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stitution. Here the constitution is the law fundamental, is paramount to legislative power, and all legislation must harmonize with that instrument. To see that repugnant laws are not put into execution is a legitimate function of the judicial department of government, to whose determination, the very theories of our national existence must acquiesce.
One of the most difficult tasks for the judiciary, is to correctly understand and interpret the precise meaning of words in a statute. Simplicity and precision should be among the chief aims of the lawgiver, where "ignorance of law excuses nobody." When doubt and ambiguity abound, rules of interpretation should be constructed in soundest wisdom. Common sense, good faith and a conscientious desire to reach a true construction, should be the guiding star of the expositor. The liberty of the citizen armoured by the protecting agis of the law, based upon the solid rock of justice, vouchesafes a security, the highest, best and truest, within human power to afford.
To secure the greatest good to the whole people, should be the prime effort and object of that power entrusted with the duty of enacting statutes. If individual freedom must be abridged to reach that end, the voice of complaint should not be heard.
But legislatures and courts, if acting wisely and in harmony with the purposes of their being, will guard well the citadel of personal liberty against every unwarranted assault or encroachment. When personal freedom is to be restrained, the highest considerations of public safety should be the governing principle and motive.
No specious pretext born of bigotry or fanciful imaginings, should be permitted to conceive and shape legislation. On the contrary, the lawgiver should have length of vision, breadth of intellect, pride of state, knowledge of the strength and weakness of human nature, profound comprehension of natural law, and be actuated by the purest and loftiest instincts of patriotism and justice. And in the construction and interpretation of the law, the same high aims, wisdom, prudence and patriotic endeavor, should be possessed and felt by the judiciary.
And be it remembered that "it is not constitutions that make liberty. Liberty is not secured by a certain number of words written on parchment. The parchment with its ink upon it may be eaten by the worms; it may be torn to shreds by any daring hand; but if an independent judiciary shall pronounce the solemn expressions of its true spirit, as the law of the nation or state, the living words of their judicial interpretation shall be perpetuated."
Unworthily bestowed, the exalted authority of the judge may cripple or dwarf the spirit of the law, defile the pure fountain of justice, divert the stream of jurisprudence, causing unrest, disrespect of authority, and creating evils of greater magnitude than those intended by the lawmaker to be averted or redressed.
I have spoken of the necessity of intellectual attainments and development in both the making and interpretation of the laws. As the world and time advance, we recognize the need of a deeper culture, severer mental training and sounder powers of reasoning, among those who so largely deal with life, and liberty, and property.
But were I called upon to dispense, in any degree, with more intellectual adorment, I think solace could
be found in a purer morality and better development of that part of human nature which we call the conscience. It has been said by a distinguished writer that "intellect without conscience is the abstract idea of the power of evil." Intellect may suggest and devise, but the heart through its nobler powers, must at last, on every field of duty, furnish the rich harvest of laudable achievement.
Dishonesty, low cunning and artful intrigues on the part of counselor and advocate are reprehensible always ; and for the judge guilty of deceit, artifice, falsehood, there is no apology. To the man upon the bench does the practitioner look for example. Like a beacon light he should stand on the eminence of learning and of truth. His untarnished character, his rare knowledge, his goodness of heart and purity of purpose, should stimulate the profession to greater resolves and inspire loftier results of heart and brain.
Between bench and bar there should be the utmost can dor. Neither, with safety to a proper administration of justice, can break faith with the other. The pathway of one should be the plain course of the other. The powers of both should be directed towards the accomplishment of the same end. To administer the law in its integrity and promote the right belongs alike to each. A concurrence of purpose and effort are peculiarly desirable and essential. The elevation of bench and bar means the elevation of the people themselves. Their degeneration forebodes public and private evil.
When the legislator judge and lawer shall become fully imbued with the true purposes of their exalted stations, when to their devotion to principles is brought enlightened reason and matured wisdom, when chicanery and fraud are driven from the legislative and judicial temples, there will come up a voice of popular rejoicing, "waiting justice" will no longer slumber, faith in popular government will take deeper root and organized society will march forward in renewed strength and splendor!
THE AMERICAN CITIZEN.
By E. C. LITTLE, MODERN LITERATURE DEPARTMENT.
America is the home of the Anglo-Saxon people. No Red Sea ever divided before them. No smitten rock ever availed to cool their parched lips. No mystical flame ever danced on their altars awaiting the return of half-fabled Montezuma. But none the less have they borne round half the circle of the sphere that magical talisman, their Anglo-Saxon citizenship.
As Oswald, the Northumbrian King, banquetted in his castle hall a starving multitude stood at his gates. He sent them the food from his table, broke in pieces the silver dish on which he was served and divided it among them. Bishop Aidan seized the royal hand and blessed it. "May this hand" said he "never grow old." Oswald marched away to battle, defeat and death. They cut his body in pieces and impaled it—but the hand that the holy father had blessed still remained white and pure. Centuries ago a greater than the priest blessed our fathers with the instinct of freedom and they marched forth to found a nation that should teach the world that the earth was made not for Kings, but for men. This and the vicissitudes and dangers of a career which has touched every habitable spot on this mighty globe, midst
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the attacks of enemies foreign and treacherous foes domestic, after Runnymede, and Marston Moor, and Bunker Hill and Gettysburg, that divine instinct of freedom is still the sovereign principle of the race. And if there shall ever be a realization of the hopes of poet, philosopher and philanthropist, it must come through the strong common sense and determined manliness of the American Saxon.
On this continent he has gathered round him the results of Jewish inspiration, Grecian culture, Roman force, French liberality and German philosophy. Touched and dignified by all there is of light from the past or hope for the future, the rude swordsman of the German forests has become the American Citizen. He left beyond the seas mitred priest, feudal baron and Norman king, and the doors of this great continent swung open before him. Extensive as is his domain nature has enabled him to reach every part of it. Distance is forgotten. Time and space are the stuff that dreams are made of.
When the time came for constitutional organization, Hamilton gave shape and form to the political fabric. When sophistical quibbler and logical fencer would have argued the seal from the bond, the kingly intellect and potent eloquence of Webster gave courage and hope to those who loved the Union. Far and wide the boundaries spread, till lo! one day there come from away down the Atlantic coast the boom of a cannon and for the last time cavalier and feudalist raised their crested heads in armed battle to destroy the works of John Wyclif and King Pym. Then, the great soul of Abraham Lincoln crossed the bridge that spans from time to eternity, and
"Henceforth, the dome of our highest place shall wear no lying form, But within the marble goddess shall liberty's heart be warm. Henceforth, the glory of God shall shine from sea to sea, And the names of the dead for a battle shout shall ring over all the free."
You say no other race ever accomplished so much that material and political forces alike have yielded to this people. Yet the future has even greater work for them to do. The ocean steamer that beats down Puget Sound on a spring morning, drives straight into a bank of fog that seems to break and scatter before it. There is no break. The fog does but bend and stretches on and on. Yet if the ship's prow is turned to the north, the mighty Pacific opens before her and slowly the mist disappears. The fog bank bends and grows dim before the American people. But it breaks not and it is far to the open sea. Our fathers have founded a nation strong in political and material resources. Other peoples have done as much. Nor will the work of the Anglo-Saxon ever stop until he has developed a social and commercial system in which the strong shall be fair and just to the weak.
In spite of Confucius and Buddha, of Moses on Sinai, Socrates in prison and our Savior on Calvary, there have ever been among men two always contending forces: intelligence and selfishness struggling for the mastery, ignorance and weakness attempting to hold that which nature intended should be theirs. Accident,
physical strength or superior ability have given to some men place and power which they have ever been swift to use against their fellows. Darkness hide the remembrance of those mighty intellects who have neglected no trick of trade, no tyranny of government, no silly tale of superstition that might serve to bind and sway those less gifted. Pharaoh, satrap, patrician and feudalist have dragged the ear of Juggernaut over the prostrate forms of other men till philosopher and economists are wont to talk of the commercial and social survival of the fittest as if it were necessary, natural and just. It is the high privilege of the American to prove that all this is supremely unnecessary, cruelly unnatural, and the height of injustice. It is his duty to limit the possibilities of an ambition which thinks only of self, ef ability that forgets what is due to other men. It is his duty to see to it that in every home on American soil there is enough to eat and wear; that to every child there shall be given such an education as shall awaken in him all the imperial manhood of the good citizen. Never until this is done will the social and political problem be settled. Never will this come to pass unless it be in these American states. And if man cannot hope to secure as much as this, the sooner this planet shall cease to spin through space, the better.
The Gauls who slew the Roman senators in their curule chairs imagined the class extinct. Our fathers took from the feudal baron coat of mail, spear and shield. The earth whirled round the sun a few times, and, for human nature is always the same, patrician and feudalist control the rail-roads and therefore the business interests of the continent. They decide the amount of the western farmer's income and eastern laborer's expenses. Wealth in their hands is at times well nigh as tyrannical as was ever kingly power in the hands of those whose crowned heads rolled into the basket at the bidding of an indignant people. A little while ago they talked of the divine right of Kings. Today they will tell you of the rights of property. In a civilized community the rights of property should ever be held sacred, for upon them rests every home and fireside in this great Republic. But when so called rights of property are used to destroy the natural rights of men, every good citizen must stand firm for the rights of men. "If there be any one" said Oliver Cromwell "that makes many poor to make a few rich, that suits not a commonwealth." There is too much of this making many poor to make a few rich in the nation in which we have the honor to live. It suits not a commonwealth.
No appeal to law, no appeal to arms will serve to take from this modern feudalist his baronial powers. No nation can afford to put other than the most necessary restraints on energy and ability. Legislation must give way to education in the reforms that are to come. It is true that govermental ordinance must yet accomplish something; but after all there is little left for the soldier and statesman-there is much for the preacher and teacher. In the past, education has been incidental to legislation. In the future legislation will be inciden-
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tal to education. Men talk of a universal democracy. For my part I had rather see a universal aristocracy. I have read that in the English House of Lords they vote, content—or, not content. After a little while every one will have felt the touch of the preacher and the teacher. After a little while education will elevate, freedom enlighten, religion ennoble every one who dwells beneath the mighty dome that spans above us from sea to sea. And then every American citizen will be a member of a great House of Lords, and his vote will be—content.
Men delight to trace their lineage from the days of William the Conqueror. This man was fatally injured in the streets of a city which he had given up to fire and sword. Next morn the bells of the convent of St. Gervais broke his slumbers, and, his brother in prison at home, his son in rebellion abroad, the soul of the conqueror passed away. He died like a great king. New England settlers cleared away the forest in Ohio, and built a village. The first building they erected was a house of prayer. Years passed by, and in the place of the log church there stood a beautiful monument to New England devotion. One Sabbath morn, as the bell in this church steeple called the villagers to worship, it called away the soul of one who three-score years before had prepared for himself this beautiful requiem. No rebel son, no imprisoned brother mocked his old age or cursed his memory. Children and grandchildren mourned one who died like a good citizen. My friends, we are in no special need of great men. The world is full of wisdom. We need men who will live and die like good citizens. We must light our council fires, not from the flame of genius, but from the hearths of happy homes.
The Japanese jugglers are wont to stand, pipe in hand, and weave compliments to the audience in letters of smoke. Too many of the things for which men strive are shallow compliments in veritable letters of smoke. The applause of enchanted thousands is no sweeter to the gray haired statesman than were the shouts of his boyish comrades fifty years ago. The wreath of fame rests not half so lightly on his weary brow as did his mother's kindly touch at close of some days childish sports. Even the lilies that blossom and bloom over the sacred graves of our fallen heroes, are no fairer than the flowers they wore away to battles. But there will come wiser thoughts and truer aspirations. For as the world grows older men grow nobler and purer. Until some day all will stand on the broad plane of true manhood. And when that day shall break, I trust it will find looking toward the dawn, his face aglow with the light of an eternal sunshine, that last and loftiest product of our Anglo- Saxon civilization—the American citizen.
And another Homer shall sing :
"The sacred sun, above the waters raised,
Through heaven's eternal, brazen portals blazed ;
And wide o'er earth diffused his cheering ray,
To give to God's and men the golden day.
To give to God and then the giver day.
For naught unprosperous shall our ways attend,
Born with good omens, and with Heaven our friend."
A PROPHECY.
Delivered on Class Day by C. C. DART.
There is a somewhat vague impression in the popular mind that a time will come when man's present condition will be greatly improved. Joy and gladness, peace and plenty are to hold universal sway. No evil shall exist nothing to disturb the general happiness. This view of "the good time coming" is drawn from the book of Revelation. It has always found adherents, but after the lapse of twenty centuries no millenial brightness has vet appeared.
Whether the language of the Revelator is prophetic or not, let others decide. I do not care to support or deny anything relative to the Millennium of the Bible, bu simply to ask, in the light of science, whether or not a better day is coming—a day of millennial splendor.
The world at present is not altogether bad—not altogether gloomy. Many persons are for the most part happy, and there are times when every one seems to catch glimpses of a higher, more exalted existence. But for every joy there is a sorrow, for every sweet a bitter, for every rose a thorn. In spite of the bright side, there is a dark one which it is our duty to meet and to conquer. We need to know the worst and to gird ourselves for the combat. In doing this, no one need be cynical, narrow, unsympathetic, but rather true, whole-souled, philanthropic.
In considering the evils that bind us hand and foot, I fain would borrow a pencil from Dante, and dipping it in blood of human suffering, I would paint a picture of life's woes. On yonder eminence stands a tall and gloomy structure with broad approaches and wide entrances. Multitudes enter here. Many to perish—a few to recover. Those fevered brows, festered wounds, features distorted by cutting pains tell the beholder more plainly than words that the invalid's lot is not a happy one. Gnawed by hungry, relentless disease, suffering misery insufferable, these poor creatures pour out their lives in sighs and groans, cursing the God that gave them birth.
But behold a second structure more gloomy than the first. Removed from the center of human industry and urban life, with barred doors and windows, it stands in itself a diseased looking object. Here are the living dead. What are the dead alive? Ah, the body lives, the mind is broken, shattered, gone. Oh madness, why are you come to torment men on earth?
But a third most dismal structure presents itself. A gigantic pile. Stone and iron and mortar have done their worst. Do you ask who dwell here? The morally diseased. Those who were once pure and spotless, who have been taught by a fond mother to lisp an evening prayer, who have felt her kiss of love on innocent lips, and listened to her admotions to be goodand true and noble—many who set sail on life's ocean with no cloud in sight, no shoals ahead, even these, beaten upon by unforeseen tempests and dashed against hidden rocks, have at last anchored here. Could tears ransom such, who would not weep?
Hospitals, asylums, prisons, indicative of physical mental and moral diseases. In these is comprehended the sum of human suffering. Any theory that would perfect the condition of men must deal with these disorders. The optimist may assert that all is for the best but his every endeavor to better his own condition fal-
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sifies such a statement. "Whatever is is right" few hold in theory and more in practice.
If, then, things are sadly out of joint, it is ever man's duty to seek the reason and the remedy. Some refer the former to the transgression of Adam. They say that man is totally depraved—that there is no good in him. Perhaps this theory is as good as any. But the idea that men want to do wrong, that they will do wrong when they know it will injure them and that they will not do right when they know it is for their own good is an insult to any man and a reproach to Almighty God, his creator. Instead of desiring to do wrong their constant wail is "show us the truth."
There can be little doubt that all or nearly all our calamities are due to the trangression of law. It follows, then, since suffering is the result of wrong-doing and the latter the result of ignorance that ignorance is the prime cause of all unhappiness. Ignorance and superstition. These have filled the world with tears and blood and woe. They have stretched men on the rack, broken them on the wheel, burned them at the stake. The laws of health have been ignorantly transgressed and mind and body have become the prey of disease. I venture the opinion that most crimes are done through ignorance—not ignorance of a general assertion that certain acts are wrong, but ignorance of any real scientific reason for believing them so.
Many evils have been relegated to the shades of oblivion. The world is better off to-day than ever before. A force is at work that has accomplished so much in the past that the future is radiant with promise. It found man a savage. It leaves him a Newton or a Humbolt, In the development and elevation of the human family Science stands first and foremost. By science, I mean the discovery and application of the eternal, unchangeable laws of mind and matter-the laws of our being. In proportion as these are apprehended and applied will the condition of men be bettered.
To enumerate all that this power has done for the race is impossible. But under its beneficent influence wars are beginning to cease, slavery has been abolished, woman placed on an equality with man, disease throttled in his lair, life lengthened and death robbed of its victims. In the department of medicine alone, a single discovery has alleviated the sum of human misery beyond the power of tongue to tell or pen to picture. Faust and Gutenberg, through the invention of printing, have done more for the race than did ever priest or potentate. Watt gave us the steam engine. Morse the telegraph and Whitney the cotton-gin. Let their names be sounded by the gathered hosts of earth and heaven. They have wrought nobly. They have done much to banish the evils that would engulf us. Greece and Rome and Egypt had their civilization. From their mountain peaks they looked down on all that had gone before. We have climbed higher than they, but there are greater heights beyond. When we shall have ascended the most lofty we shall witness the dawn of a millenial day.
The night of ignorance and superstition is disappearing before the light of reason and intelligence. Kings and priests may claim to be Gods, but no one will do them reverence. Men are beginning to think for themselves. When we consider what has been accomplished in the last two hundred years, when we remember that life means progress, how can we escape the conclusion that a brighter day is coming? Are the names of those
you love dearer than life slandered and maligned by the tongue of hate and jealousy? Do foul-mouthed, brazen-faced men and women force their filthy language on the ear? Do most things seem to go wrong? As sure as progress is written in every line of history, as sure as truth will ultimately prevail, a day will come when these things will be righted.
Am I unwise in expecting great things for future generations? Some say that a Millenium will never come. These fear that we would all be idlers in such a state, and hence that it would be worse than the present. Like the Prisoner of Chillon they leave their chains with a sigh. The optimist and pessimist would keep us forever in the "slough of despond." But I believe the world is improving. I believe it will continue to improve until a millennial brightness shall dawn upon the earth. Our grand business is to hasten it on, to discover and crystallize truth, handing it down to succeeding generations.
The curse of ignorance must be overcome; we must educate. We now have special schools in theology where young men can study at little cost. But why not have schools in geology, medicine and the like where our youth can investigate truth with as little expense to themselves? We need preachers of the gospel, but also preachers of science. I would not cast a slur on the ministry, I would not scoff at religion, but I firmly believe that a physician who masters disease, or a statesman who frames just laws benefits men as much as our best preachers. Give us more and better schools. Dig down to the everlasting rock of truth and on a broad and unyielding foundation build for time and eternity. Give every man and woman the best possible education.
But schools are not the only means of dispelling ignorance. There are the press, the telegraph, the railroad. These scatter truth on wings of the wind. Thus the ends of the earth are brought together. Go into the heart of Mexico. Behold her degraded condition. She has been bowed down for centuries. But a brighter day is dawning on that childish people. They are progressing. And though much is said against rail-roads, I do not hesitate to assert that those leading into their borders will do more to elevate and christianize that people in the next twenty years than the priests of Rome have done in the last three hundred.
A better time is coming. A time when suffering shall cease. A time when all will live happily and fall, when fall they must, like ripened fruit in the autumn of its existence. The ear of progress rolls on. Scientists, con- continue your investigations. In the discovery of truth you are adding to the general weal. You are lighting up the world. Darkness begins to disappear. Yes, day dawns in the east. Broad bands of light shoot athwart the heavens. The sun is risen. Slowly, it mounts higher and higher. It has reached the zenith. The world is redeemed. The angelic throng strike their harps and ten thousand times ten thousand voices, filling earth and heaven, chant in sweetest melody, "Peace on earth, good will to men."
TWO NATIONAL WINDOWES.
BY MISS A. MURPHY-NORMAL DEPARTMENT.
Of all the many feelings which throng the soul of man, not one is so common, so mysterious, so painfully
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beautiful as longing. Ever in the busy stir of life glows down the wished Ideal. Perhaps the longing to be, so helps to make us what we would be. Searching through the historical drift-wood, the remains of many noble men who have lived and thought, we find what animated, what vitalized their action, to have been, a thirst for permanence, a longing to speak, to write, to do something that should be immortal.
It was this feeling that prompted some one to say, "Let us build such a church that they who come after us shall take us for madmen." A little of this divine madness enters into all our noblest undertakings. It was this that made the reign of Peter the Great grander, more brilliant, more terrible, than that of any other Russian Czar.
Like all men, who are to work out great designs, he was full of mysterious contradictions. In him were mingled virtues and vices—grandeur and weakness. His soul was too great to rest satisfied with the highest fortune if it were merely personal and like himself of ephemeral duration. He wished to make Russia one of the noblest, one of the most powerful nations of the world. But he felt, that which to his conquering power was most irritating, the consciousness of weakness. He determined to civilize his people. But he determined to do it by force,a task equal to twisting ropes out of sea-sands.
"You may break, you may shatter the vase if you will. But the scent of the roses will hang 'round it still."
Over the streets of Moscow the blood of his subjects crept curdling cold. Frozen bodies of the murdered nobility were placed along the road-side, cruel monuments of tyrannical rule. But after all this he found that the scent of the barbarian hung 'round the Russian still. "For true power was never born of brutish strength."
Was he truly "Great?" The fleet from the shores of tha Past floating back to us on the waves of Memory bears in its crew few greater.
Was he good? Human fanaticism errs when it pretends to be the executor of the high decrees of Divine justice. Rather leave him as he stands personally obscure in the mist of glory, alternately cursed and worshiped by the world.
Through this window we can look in upon the dark workings of Despotism. Upon a nation ruled by a tyrant. He was not bloodthirsty. He was only determined to succeed. He knew that the millions around him were not men. But he thought by war with its cannonade he could set their dull nerves throbbing.
There is another window, it is high and wide. It flashes out to all the world bright rays of promise. Through it we can look in upon a nation whose boast it is that they are free. But dimly, though not far in the future, can be seen the pale form of this truth panting and gasping, for there are blood-hounds on its trail. Bloodhounds of Fraud and Sin, all gaunt and lean. Faint echoes of their howl reaches us even now. It is that all men are not "free and equal." That the votes of the poor and ignorant can be bought by the rich and knowing. That the cup of freedom, which is held to the lips of the ignorant, is empty, and therefore should be snatched away. Is the man who speaks so truly brave and free? Is freedom then but to break the fetters for our own sweet sake?
"No! True freedom is to share
All the chains our brothers wear."
If they are unworthy freedom on account of ignorance teach them. Make education the brave preventive Politics is an afterwork, a poor patching.
The molding of human beings is the most difficult of all arts. But here in this poor, miserable Actual, is a grand Ideal. As we come down to the bank and look out upon the great Red Sea, we shrink and shudder. But there comes a whisper from the Delphic cave within "Go forward and the waters shall be a wall on either side."
Glancing back for a moment through the old window we find that in whatever Peter the Great may have failed it was the failure of a sublime genius wandering at will. His great coarse nature needed the softening, controlling guide of culture. Shall we fail for the want of the same guide?
If we, as a people, are more ignorant, more unworthy freedom now than we were when our fathers gave it to us, it is our fault. They did their work and did it nobly. Ours is to hush forever this cruel howl. Remembering;
"Great truths are portions of the soul of man; Great men are portions of eternity; Each drop of blood that e'er through true heart ran With lofty message, ran for thee and me; For God's law, since the starry song began, Hath been, and still forevermore must be That every deed which outlasts Time's span Must incite the soul to be erect and free."
SHALL IT BE THE DELUGE?
MASTERS ORATION—PROF. W. H. CARRUTH.
I believe that condition of society to be the best in which every man earns what he gets, and gets what he earns.
This best condition is what a hopeless generation has come to call in a sneering way the "millenium. Of course we do not expect to attain to it much this side of eternity, but it is manifestly absurd to conclude that therefore we should not attempt any bettering of the present.
In the moral and physical worlds the penalties of lawbreaking are swift and sure, fixed by the same hand that made the laws. But in the social world an inscrutable Providence has left the adjustment of rewards almost entirely in the hands of men.
Now in this matter of deserts there are three possible conditions. 1st, That state in which goods are held in common, or divided equally among all: this is Communism; 2nd, The state in which the extreme of inequality exists, in which distribution is made by force instead of by merit; and lastly, all the ground between these two extremes, the midway point being that Utopian state in which every man gets exact and even-handed justice.
It is hardly necessary to do more than call attention to the injustice of Communism. Not only are men born with the most varied capabilities, but they also exhibit the most varied degrees of willingness to use those natural gifts. Certainly a man who can work but will not, does not deserve the same reward as he who does his best; yet Communism would give them an equal claim to the common income. Under this system many men would not get what they earned, and many would not earn what they got.
Society, to-day, is not very far from the other extreme.
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In the economic world the old middle-age rule of "Might makes right" holds almost uncontested sway. "The reign of violence, is dead"—of physical violence, yes, but
"Force rules the world still, Has ruled it, shall rule it, Meekness is weakness, Strength is triumphant."
Not physical strength any more, but the force of wealth and rank. So harp the economic bards of our time.
not physical strength any more, but the force of wealth and rank. So harp the economic bards of our time. Roscher says "there is what we might call a public conscience concerning merit and reward by which a definite relation of the three branches of income to one another is declared equitable. Every fair minded man feels satisfied when this relation is realized. * * * Every deviation from it is, of course, a misfortune, but never so great as when it takes place at the expense of the wages of labor."
Now, plainly, the public conscience declares that this equitable relation does not exist in our country.
I do not know that it is incumbent on me to prove that the public conscience is right,—it does not need any proof to those great numbers who feel only that they are doing their best and working every nerve and muscle and yet find as their reward only the bare necessities of life, while those who control their wages take from the products of the labor every means for gratifying the most extravagant tastes, and accumulate besides fortunes for degenerate sons to ruin themselves with, and this while their own children are obliged to work at an age so early as to prevent their acquiring the education that might help them to a better condition.
Is it not some proof—the simple fact that there is a pretty general and a pretty well-founded belief that the distribution of "this world's goods," is not made with the same impartiality as for instance that of the grades in this institution—that in certain prevalent conditions of society, and among certain great classes of people it is all but impossible for a man to get and hold what is his right. Perhaps no man will admit that he gets his full deserts, but in the case of great numbers the injustice is so obvious that all reasonable men admit it.
Is it not stronger proof still that those who consider themselves thus wronged are willing to fight, even to the death, for justice. However blind the effort, such desperate struggles as the labor riots of 1877 showed that there was a great wrong at bottom. Men who have enough to eat and drink and are in the enjoyment of their rights do not rise spontaneously all over the country and get themselves slaughtered for pastime.
They tell us that no eye but that of Omniscience can see clearly enough to determine the exact merits of men, and that therefore, O lame and impotent conclusion! we are wasting words in trying to improve the present conditions of affairs. Even such a man as Prof. Sumner, who has spent his life in trying to improve things, can write sneeringly of "young enthusiasts who go to work as though sin and suffering could be eliminated from the world," and throw up to his fellow-workers that "it is so much more easy to plan for reform the world than to reform one's self."
Why, all the unselfish men and all the governments since the beginning of time have been working for this sole purpose, to eliminate injustice, and the fact that the task is not yet finished and never will be should not deter any efforts in the right direction—it will be more nearly finished than it is.
On the other hand they say if you take one step in that direction you cannot stop short of communism.
The same logic that leads toward justice leads toward communism, they say. That is toward injustice. Absurd! Justice does not demand equality, it demands that a man get what he earn, and also that a man earn what he get, for the other depends on this. For all increase of wealth is by labor and capital—is earned. Therefore if any man gets what he does not earn, some one, somewhere, must for that reason fail to get what he does earn. If one man without any labor has an income of a million dollars a year, how many men must be giving part of their earnings to furnish that income!
Now I claim that this is the case between capital and labor. If one hold up a passer-by and relieve him of his money, it is called robbery, but if one can appropriate part of the man's earnings through what Political Economy calls the voluntary agreement between Capital and Labor, it is called business capacity.
The victim in the first case has the sympathy of all and is authorized to shoot his assailant. In the second case if the victim remonstrates he is called an ungrateful dog, a socialist, a communist, a nihilist, (for to the unthinking these are all one), and if he dares resist, the same law that in the first case punished the assailant, calls out the militia to shoot the victim. I do not wish to be understood as justifying Pittsburgh riots, but I do say that those riots and others that will come sooner or later are the legitimate results of the existing social order. It is farcical to call the hiring of a man with ten children and no food by a man with no children and the means for ten years' support a free bargain. You might as well call a poor post-office clerk's contribution to Jay Hubbell's campaign fund a voluntary arrangement.
Political Economy takes for granted this principle: That of the various facors engaged in production, Capital alone has a right to profit and loss. Or, more accurately, that profit and loss belong to him who takes the risk. Now I claim that there is no justice in the present order, by which capital is enabled, under very slight restrictions, to dictate the wages of labor. I do not know any one who claims that it is just. Here is a fair statement of the view of most students to-day, written by a graduate of this institution: "Until the millenium is reached the only relation that can exist between labor and capital is this: labor will have to take what capital is able and willing to give. Labor must have employment. Capital may remain idle. It often works grievous wrong,but thus it was in the beginning and thus it must be to the end." Now if that were true, then, indeed, Political Economy, and Government, and the Golden Rule might as well be laid away with Joshua's sun and Jonah's whale and the theories of
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the radical nihilists be adopted. This admits injustice and admits it to be invincible.
In all the great business enterprises of to-day production is secured by a combination of Labor and Capital. Now, I maintain that Labor has a moral right to a portion of the profits of the work on which it is engaged. Capital's claim to profits is based on assumption of the liability to loss. But I think it demonstrable that Labor assumes a greater risk than Capital. I cannot deal with these points at length, but ask you to take them with you. The laborers connected with any great enterprise establish homes in the immediate vicinity, have families, and associations. Furthermore, these laborers become specialists, materially reducing their capacity to other work. Finally, they expose themselves ot personal danger from bad air, explosions, fires. Now, if the business runs low the first place for reduction is the employes' wages. If the business fails, the laborers lose their maintenance. With homes and families hard to move, themselves incapacitated for other work, tell me whether the laborers have not risked more than the Capitalist—their homes, the support of their families, their own health. It seems to me this is so plain as to need no more words. On the ground of Capital's own claim, then, Labor has a right to a portion of the profits.
Scientists know what they call a good working hypothesis. If a theory, a priori undemonstrable, works well, explains phenomena before inexplicable, there is strong presumption in favor of the correctness of the theory. The theory I have just attempted to prove has also this support. Some large mercantile houses in the east have adopted the plan of distributing among their employes a percentage of the net profits. The result is that the work done is more hearty and more thorough, the employees are more loyal to their employers, and the profits of Capital have actually increased in gross. Several of the largest manufacturing establishments in Connecticut have adopted this practice. Another case is that of the extensive wholesale house of Hovey & Co., in Boston, whose establishment was saved in the great fire by the exertions of the employes, thus also checking the progress of the conflagration in the city.
I admit that the question, "What, then, shall be the shares of the parties?" becomes a perplexing one, but study, perhaps, and experience, certainly, can solve it. A small percentage for Labor may be the rule in the beginning. When Capital refuses to go into the business that will show that the limits have been reached.
But how to bring this relation into practice? I would have it taught, if it seems true. Let the preachers of Political Economy impress it upon incipient labor and capital alike, that it is just, and upon capital especially, that it is profitable. And, secondly, if necessary when sufficient study shows the right methods, I would have it enforced by Government. Government makes careful provision for the protection of manufacturers, for the collection of debts, for the security of property, for the privileges of corporations—why should it hesitate to aid the laborer in securing his own. I am aware of the difficulty of securing by law what the common conscience does not hold to be just, but I believe the justice of this will be felt, when fairly stated.
Several methods of checking the vast accumulations of wealth in this country have already been proposed by
those who, though unable to find the source, have felt the danger that threatens our society. A law forbidding the holding of more than a certain amount by one person is the most direct, though the most impracticable. A graded income tax has been supported by all great writers on Political Economy, the most serious objection to it being the difficulty of collection. Mr. Henry George proposes to abolish private land-holdings. The theory, after study, may seem good, but the practical difficulties in the way of getting it adopted seem insuperable. However, a book which has filled the landholders of all Great Britain with alarm and consternation, deserves to be looked after.
What seems to me the most feasible method is the limitation of the amount which may be bequeathed to any one child. All experience shows that the possession of a fortune that has not been earned, especially by the young, is almost invariably disastrous to the character. The effect upon parents would be to check the mad desire to accumulate fortunes for unripe children to waste, and to turn more of the paternal income to the education of the children. Ten thousand dollars spent upon the training of a child in an investment that pays sure returns, while ten thousand dollars left to the child is likely to prove its ruin. German parents, as a rule, put every dollar into a child that his abilities will warrant, and I challenge you to find one German boy among the idlers on our streets. It is a wholesome lesson that they teach Americans, none the less so if it can be enforced by law. I do not believe that any of these measures would check enterprise—or at least beyond a limited and perhaps a very healthy amount. For "I think God made the earth for man, not trade."
None of these measures strike at the root of the matter, but they approximate justice, and they deserve study and consideration. This problem has got to be solved and any reasonable proposition should be received with joy.
But if you propose any adjustment of the inequalities of the present system requiring governmental sanction or interference you will be crushed by the convincing argument of Laissez-faire. Now in many cases Laissezfaire, translated into English, simply means, "Let us alone." "Laissez-faire' is the doctrine the horse-thief believes in as he escapes with the animal. "Laissezfaire" is the policy the Southern States wanted the government to adopt in 1861. "Laissez-faire," if you could understand him, is the petition of the wolf as he makes off with your chicken.—"Let us alone,"—it is everywhere the shout of those who have the advantage, who have arranged things to suit themselves at the expense of others. The weak and the down-trodden, you will find, never shout, "Let us alone." "Laissezfaire," is a bug-bear, but no argument. Whenever a man tries to suppress you with Laissez-faire," be sure he is short of ammunition—this is a blank-cartridge, always ask him "Why laissez-faire?"
Let Labor and Capital both be taught that the profits of business belong to both of them-not to one as at present-that justice demands a division between partners; and let Capital especially be taught that in the long run, justice pays. If we could only see far enough we would all be just-even merciful-from pure selfishness.
If the glories of a future heaven have ceased to attract the struggling masses of our New World, let us show
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them that fair dealing will create something quite worthy of the name of heaven on earth.
If the terrors of a future hell have ceased to be vivid and real enough to frighten them away from sin and injustice in the body, let us show them that wrong will bring about in time on our native soil a hell compared with which the horrors of the pit with its neverdying flames are but summer dreams of pleasure.
There used to be an impression quite widespread that there is a God in the United States as well as in Israel, and that He runs things; but, though admitting that He may still be here,the belief is gaining ground that He has ceased to run things, at least in the economic world and that Gould, Vanderbuilt and a few others have obtained a controlling interest.
But if, blinded to their own interests, and deaf to the appeals of the oppressed for justice, the well-to-do classes in our country cling to the unfair advantages of their position, then a day will come when the offspring of these poor, grown poorer, in the hopeless misery into which they have been forced, will take revenge with interest upon the descendants of these well-to-do people, grown wealthier at their expense, for the degradation and suffering and woe of generations.
If you talk too much in this strain, if you show too earnest a sympathy with the wrongs of the laborer they will try to hiss you off the stage with the cry of "demagogue"but I tell you God loves good,honest demagogues,-the country needs them.
"They are slaves who fear to speak For the fallen and the weak ; They are slaves who will not choose Hatred, scoffling and abuse. Rather than in silence shrink From the truth they needs must think; They are slaves who dare not be In the right with two and three."
Oppression of king and nobility is not the only oppression in the world-nor the worst. The French Revolution cannot be too much studied, and to those who would postpone justice sine die, let us read the lesson of that struggle :
"If the gods of this lower world will sit on their glittering thrones, indolent as Epicurus's gods, with the living chaos of ignorance and hunger weltering uncared-for at their feet, and smooth parasites preaching peace, peace, when there is no peace, then the dark chaos, it would seem, will rise, has risen, and, O Heavens, has it not tanned their skins into breeches for itself? That there be no second Sansculottism in our earth for a thousand years let us understand well what the first was; and let Rich and Poor of us go and do otherwise.
KANSAS AND HER UNIVERSITY.
ADDRESS TO LITERARY SOCIETIES BY PROF. J.W.GLEED.
[A Synopsis of the Address is as follows: Conditions of Intellectual Life in Kansas—Republics educate on ground of Self-Preservation—Self-Government, Freedom and equality, the Foundations of Democracy Relation of Education to These-Relation of University to Education-Culture, Intellectual and Moral-State Ideal-Duty of the State.]
We say it is the province of the church to teach religion; and that is true. But in morals, the State must
do a vigorous work. Culture cannot ignore morals, and the history of morals is bound up in the history of religion. Knowledge and religion are the two eyes of the soul; each, without the other, is likely to become unserviceable. Qualities of heart, are more important than qualities of head. Remember; "Culture is the harmony of a well tuned head and heart." Therefore, though the purpose of this institution is not to teach religion, but to teach knowledge of the world, it must ever respect religion, and push forward everything in it directly touching morals.
The folder of the Santa Fe railroad informs me that Kansas has 80,000 square miles of land, and that the best of that land lies in the Arkansas valley. The folder of the Union Pacific railroad informs me that Kansas has 80,000 square miles of land; and that the best of that land lies in the valleys of the Kansas, the Smoky and the Republican. I am, therefore, safe in concluding that Kansas has 80,000 square miles of land; their very differences of opinion as to where the best land lies gives added weight to the statement in which they agree. And this would be all the more true, if they were not in pool. Now the Catholic and Protestant churches are not in pool; and therefore, as they practically agree about the value of certain lines of conduct and certain qualities of character, there is magnificent presumtive evidence that they are right when they agree. Ingersol and Talmage are not in pool; and as they agree that love is the best thing in the world, it is more likely that they are right than wrong. Greek philosophy and Christianity are not in pool; and as they both teach that it is better to be injured than to do an injury, therefore it is safe to accept that teaching for the present. Every new system of philosophy or religion that adds its testimony to any of the great principles of right conduct, gives additional weight to those principles.
Duty, sympathy, courage, modesty, truthfulness honesty, justice and gentleness, ideas bearing directly on conduct, which is the larger part of life—these ideas have the stamp and seal of the best men, the best systems, the best nations. And so, as culture is the harmony of a well tuned heart and mind; and as the heart has more to do with conduct than the head, it is the business of this institution to make these universal ideas of conduct its crowning aim and glory. For very wise and true is that remark of a noted Englishman, "Men are regenerated, not so much by truth in the abstract as by the divine inspiration that comes to human goodness and sympathy."
Whether you believe it now or not, there will come times in your lives when you will want some hope and stay which knowledge cannot give. Unhapily, we have to deal with the known and the unknown—and the unknown is just as real as the known. Let us have no faith which will hinder finding out. But many things which intimately concern us we have not yet found out. It may be a long time before we do, and meanwhile--faith.
Now the world has found a very helpful faith-mind I don't say knowledge,but faith-in that ode of Horace called Sumner's ode. That was the stay of Sumner's
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life. And many have found comfort in the final words of the Athenian philosopher, recorded by Plato. While in the lack of actual knowledge of something which tragically concerned them, countless storm-tossed and despairing souls have been practically renewed and recreated by the idea of God contained in that old prayer beginning "Our Father."
Now these are bits of three great Literatures which have stood the corrosive assaults of many practical centuries; and, until something has by experience been proven better, proven more practical; I think this state may reasonably say to its young: "Here; these seem to be for certain parts of life, the best practical guides yet discovered. Until something has, by experience proven better, you will do well to make use of these."
Yea, my friends, Carlyle hath declared it, that in human affairs the Bible is the truest of books; and merely considering the part it has played in history, it must occupy some place in our curriculum. It seems certainly somewhat strange that a book which has been more read than any other one written and that has had more to do with history than any other ever written, is the book which is to be driven from the public schools, and which must be avoided like the plague in an institution devoted to the study of literature and which pretends to the name of "Liberal." Let us frankly admit that it has been much mis-read; nay, that we may still be misreading it; but let us remember that that makes it no less one of the Eternal Facts of the universe, like the stars and the earth; and let us try to find its meaning. Because different people have considered the earth flat, or square, or round, or solid, or hollow makes it none the less a true earth, which we still think worthy of our study in geology, mineralogy and chemistry. And as men find that flying at each others throats about it doesn't give them the truths of geology, neither will it, let us remember, give us the truths of the Bible and of morals and conduct generally. No, it must be done in quite another way, a way in which I think the Bible itself teaches, the way of sweet reasonableness—a way which, like other truths, biblical and unbibical, it seems hard for men to learn. We may say God might have made an-earth that we should know all about at a glance—but he didn't. And so he might have made books that we should known all about at a glance—but he didn't. Perhaps that did not seem worth while. At any rate, I think you will find both the Earth and the Book worth studying.
Qualities of the heart, I said, were necessary to culture; such as Sympathy, that miracle by which Christ on the cross felt the woe of human hearts, felt the blackness of great darkness that had fallen upon earth, looked out across the night of human life and knew your struggle and knew mine.
$$
"It was the secret sympathy, The silver link, the silken tie. Which, heart to heart and mind to mind, In body and in soul can bind."
$$
Qualities of heart, such as Sincerity—"The barrel of meal that wasted not, the cruise of oil that did not fail." Qualities of heart, such as Faith; for I tell you that many times it is wise to believe and trust, though you may not know. Qualities of heart; for "even in this world's race, the wisdom of truth, love and simplicity win the prise against astute self-seeking," Qualities of heart, such as Reverence:
"Hush, heart of mine, nor jest nor blasphemy. Beseems the strengthless creature of an hour."
I have spoken of our lack of unity, our want of one supreme, all-vivifying passion, to bind us into firm cohesion. All great nations so far have had such a passion, such an ideal. With the Hebrews, it was righteous conduct: with the Greeks, it was beauty and knowledge; with the Romans, it was political power and conquest. The religious passion, the scientific passion, the artistic passion, the power passion, the passion for liberty and the passion for obedience have all made great nations; the money passion—never. We must avoid that. A naturalist has recorded the case of a turtle that continued to live after its brains had been removed and the cavity stuffed with cotton. But that is impossible in so high an organization as a free state. A state must have something in its cranium more than property. But we must have a national idea; it is imperative.
Wendell Phillips said in a speech, just after the outbreak of the war; "Perhaps we did not give weight enough to the fact we saw that this nation is made up of different ages; not homogeneous, but a mixed mass of different ages;" and he might have added, races, customs, instincts and ideals. He goes on with a perhaps exaggerated picture of the differences between North and South. He says: "The North thinks—can appreciate an argument—is in the 19th century—hardly a struggle left it but that between the working class and the money kings. The South dreams—it is in the 14th century, Baron and serf, noble and slave. Our struggle is between barbarism and civilization." Now whether this was a true picture or not, it certainly is true that between some men and some classes of the Union to-day there is all the difference of the 19th and the 14th centuries. And any one can see that this is a condition fraught with danger—a danger which hangs over us like the ice avalanche over a Swiss village, and which the next peal of thunder may send roaring on its work of destruction. Free land, material resources as yet untouched, and continued financial prosperity—these are the salvation of the present; but when these are gone—what then? We must have a national idea. What shall it be?
We must avoid the errors of the past. Righteousness alone wont do; the Hebrews fell. Art and Intellect wont do; Greece went to pieces. Politics wont do; Rome rotted away. Liberty alone wont do; France has shown us that. What then? Different nations have advanced to greatness along different paths—each doing some one thing. May it not be that these paths are at last to unite in America? Our national passion, then, must be perfect Self-government through Liberty and Equality, reached and maintained by Culture—the harmony of a well tuned mind and heart. A high ideal certainly; but it MUST be high. A Democracy, like the adventurer climbing the cliff, must keep its eyes on heaven, or it is lost. Lofty culture, intelligence, virtue-or the dunghill.
At Olympia in Elis, the whole Greek nation assembled every four years to celebrate the festival of Zeus. During that festival there was universal peace. From every city of Hellenedom, from Asia, Sicily and Italy, came the best of the great-souled Greeks, came the chariot racers,the athletes,the politicians,the orators,the poets the artisians and the artists; and there were contests in
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every kind of human activity; high rivalry; arduous endeavor after perfection. The beautiful land and cape, the magnificent temple, the radiant statues of the immortal victors, the groves, the sunlight and shade made scenery worthy of the play. And there, enshrined by all that Greece held dear, wrap round by all the beauty art and nature could supply, transfigured and exalted by sacred memories of centuries, the gleam of its ivory and gold softened and mellowed by the twilight of the temple, stood Phidias's statue of High Thunderer Zeus. The summit of Greek art, this statue contained the highest thought and feeling of the highest culture. It is related that the Roman conqueror who first beheld it shuddered as in the presence of the very Deity. This place, this temple, this statue expressed and perpetuated the unity of Greece.
So, in the sacred precincts of this college, ought all conflicting interests to meet, all war of petty parties for a moment rest, and worship should go up to that which lies above all human meanness and decay. Here let us build a statue of the State Ideal, whose God-like figure shall express the Hebrew's love of righteousness, whose shining face shall speak the Hellene's love of light; whose sinewy limbs shall, like the Roman empire, stand for world-wide power; a statue which shall speak of English freedom, German science, French grace, Italian loveliness, and which shall glow forever in the soft radiance of exalted patriotism—which shall make us one; one in history, one in religion, one in industry, one in thought.
LOCAL.
For this unity, this ideal the University must labor. It must reach out into this state in the press, in the pulpit, in politics, in the reading circle, the lyceum and the school; it must be the nerve center of the intellectual life of the state; it must co-operate in every enterprise for honesty; it must be an untiring ally in every battle after light.
Contest.
Foot. ball.
Sheep skins.
Class of '87.
Touch it down.
Blossoming orators.
'Rah for Bruce.
Chamberlain got there.
So did the Cyclone.
Oread carpet fund is there, and dont you forget it!
But the performers had hacks, all the same!
H. V. Chase, of '80, came in to hear his brother B. T. Chase, hold forth on the Oread evening.
The audience this commencement, shows the effect of the railroad's action in refusing reduced rates.
Some Seniors stayed away from the baccalaureate sermon-
Miss Agnes Lowe has come up to attend commencement.
A house comfortably full greeted the contestants on Monday morning. In the Faculty contest, B. K. Bruce gave a magnificient rendering of Phillip's "Dynamite and Dagger" speech, which well deserved its reward. W. Y. Morgan discoursed on the "Principle of Freedom."
Miss Haskell followed with a panegyric on O'Connell. Then came J. E. Curry, who sougth to tear down an Idol—Rufus Choate—and succeeded to the satisfaction of the audience. N. A. Swickard gave a rather gloomy but very beautiful selection on "The Dead." Miss Gertude Russ then contrasted "Oratory and the Press." S. M. Cook then told us eloquently of the "Littleness of Eminent Men." Last but not least Glen Miller gave a forcible "Appeal for Starving Ireland."
In the Bates & Field contest: First came W. T. Findley with a very well written oration on "Aspiration." Henry A. McLean followed with a beautiful tribute to James A. Garfield. F. H. Clark in a well written and equally well delivered oration, showed forth the "Genius of the Teuton in Modern Civilization." J. B. Chamberlain came next, with a fine contrast of "Two Familiar Faces"—Wolsey and Savonarola. This gentleman's eloquence is well known. Last was J. L. Shearer, with an eloquent discourse on "Our Martyrs"-Lincoln and Garfield. The thanks of the contestants and audience are due to Prof. Marvin, Dr. Patterson, Misses Breck, Bell, Erb and McLellan, for their beautiful music..
After a short wait the judges of the faculty contest announced as follows; First prize, "Emersons Complete Works" to B. K. Bruce; second prize, "Carlyle's Essay" to Miss Hattie Haskell; third prise, "Macaulay's England," to Miss Gertude E. Russ.
While the Bates & Field judges were making their decision, Prof. Spring announced that the Grovenor prize for best scholarship, in regular Freshmen, was taken by S. T. Gilmore. Prize was $25. in gold.
The Cockins mathematic prize, was divided; $10 and first place going to Olin Templin, of '86; secand place and $15 to F. H. Clark, of '85. Grades: Templin, 97; Clark, 95.
Finally the unanimous decision on the Bates & Field prize was given in favor of J. B. Chamberlain. The prize is Rawlinson's Five Great monarchies, 6 vols.
Fearl is a "good" Turner.
All of the graduates of the Lawrence Business College, this year have, with one or two exceptions, secured positions in mercantile houses as soon as through their course.
Over three hundred and fifty students have been enrolled at the Lawrence Business College this year, representing eleven different states and territories.
Prof. Marvin melodiously advised the young man to "trust her not"—the fair "co-ed."
Chamberlain and Ainsworth, from Ochiltree, are in at commencement.
'Rah for Oread !!!!!
For the benefit of certain parties, we will say right here, that not one of the various Society, Contest or Class-day reports, was written either by any one taking part, or by a member of the same "frat."
J. T. Harlow came up Tuesday to visit the boys.
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"Howe's Festus Foster". Courier, Sept 6. Festus Foster's Howe. Is the way it reads now.
Nobe. The man who wrote the above died suddenly-Local Ed.
May 15th, Robson and Crane played great farce at the opera house.- June 1st.- Gilmore and Crane played greater farce in Oread Hall.
W. S. Kinnear, lettered the diplomas of the graduating class. This is the first time the work has been done at the University.
A report coming in that the Professor of Chemistry had been dismissed by the Regents, a number of the students immediately set to work, circulating petitions that he be retained. At this writing a large number of names had been obtained. We hope the report is not true; and should it prove correct, we trust the Regents will regard the expressed wish of the students, and retain a gentleman so well fitted for his position.
Bruce got there, on the Faculty Prize, in spite of the Prof. of Elocution.
The Freshman did themselves proud. The Bates and Field prize, the second and third Faculty prizes, and the first place in mathematics go to 86.
R. W. E. Twitchell, a student of the "great rebellion" is in town.
The Orophiliions had a good audience, June 1. Miss McQuiston president. Miss Lou, Osborne declaimed "The rescue. The debate, by Messrs. Hutcheson and Powell, was excellent. Miss Nettie Hubbard read a very good essay on "The Services of Dickens." W. S. Whirlow's oration, instructed us on the "civilization influences of the middle ages." Miss Zella Neill sang in her usual charming style.
The Amphion Quartette made its first appearance in a very creditable manner. The Double Quartette caused some amusement by breaking down in its little peice.
Make Gilmore set 'em up.
The voice of the book-agent is heard in the land.
The Preps have hand-painted badges-Ah-
Little was compelled to resign the "hat.
Quite a large audience greeted the Normals on Saturday evening. Rose opened with a review of the progress of N. L. S.-rather too much blow. Then followed Miss Fay with Bret Harte's "Conception De Arguello. The essay by Miss Haworth, would have been improved by a little prunning, but was in many respects very good. The debate followed on the question "That the influence of Mohammetanism was beneficial to civilization."—supported on the affirmative by Miss Lina Gano, and on the negative by Olin Templin. This was the event of the evening, and one of the best we have heard for a long time. A judge would have been puzzled to decide between the speakers. Then came the oration, delivered by Mr. J. L. Shearer. The gentleman was very eloquent on the subject, "Nature." The speech might have been condensed with advantage, but was otherwise a very creditable performance. The vocal solo by Miss Emma Kempthorne was encored. A string quartette from Buch's orchestra furnished excellent music.
Miss Lizzie Wilder, of '82, came up from Wyandotte Monday.
Leach is happy.
Charley Webb gets around to hear the boys spout Did you get a prize?
Chorus of foot-ball-players: Oh, how tired we are.!
J. A. Still, formerly of '84, came in Saturday to attend commencement.
F. H. Rockwell, of 86, is visiting his friends and taking in commencement.
Festus Foster and Miss Lillie Howe are to be married the Thursday after commencement. The COURIER extends its best wishes.
Maj. Ransom, one of the founders of the Alpha Nu chapter, entertained the Betas last Thursday evening.
"Hutch" is now local editor and manipulator of the daily Journal.
S. T. Seaton, formerly of '84, came up from Olathe to see his girl last week.
Miss Alice Bartell, of 83, is visiting with Miss Edith Webber.
The Amphion Quartette, which bids fair to rival the old Arion, is composed of Messrs. Johnson, Jenks, Hamilton and Sterling.
Scott Hopkins dropped in to see the boys last week.
The Cyclone came out last week. It is far superior to last year's Kikkabe, but much of it could be easily improved.
To young gentlemen and ladies desirous of securing a thorough commercial education; we would say attend the Lawrence Business College; the largest and most successful equipped Business College west of the Mississippi. See ad. on another page.
E. C. Meservey and W.G.Raymond, came in Saturday for commencement.
L. M. Spray and P. C. Young, both of '82, took in the ceremonies.
The attempt of some of the good Oreads to "crack" the carpet fund by calling a secret meeting, at which no "cranks" should be present, was not a decided success.
Not Robson & Crane but Gilmore & Crane.
A good many students took in the Turners last Sunday.
The Normals beat the Orophilians, so the latter say. Prof. Gleed sails for Europe on the 14th inst.,
Ask Gilmore and Crane how much money they got out of the Oread carpet fund.
The Lawrence Business College will have twenty-five graduates this year. Here is success, reward for industry and enterprise.-Topeka Educationalist.
LAW GRADUATES.
Mr. Burney will practice law in Harrisonville Mo., Ed. Goodin will "keep bar" at Wyandott.
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SENIOR COLLEGIATES.
J. G. Smith will take an eastern trip this summer and next fall will begin the study of law,
E. C. Little will act as an instructor in the Mitchell county institute.
R. N. Osmond will go south as a civil engineer.
P. B. Russell will make a tour through Old Mexico, and after returning will "dø" Northern Kansas.
Miss Alla Barnes will rest at her home in Beloit.
Wilson Sterling will go on a farm near Abilene.
J. F. Tucker intends to pursue his studies in Lawrence this summer:
W. S. Whirlow will teach the young ideas how to shoot.
Edmond Butler will see "pa" in Montana.
W. C. Spangler will make a trip to New Mexico. He will retain his position as clerk and take the law course next year.
Miss Ada Briggs will remain at home during the summer and go east in the fall.
Miss McQuiston will go to New Mexico the week after commencement, and spend some time at Las Vegas and Hot Springs.
Miss Cara Fellows will make an extended eastern trip.
O. D. Walker will railroad on the Fort Scott & Gulf.
NORMAL GRADUATES.
F. H. Clark will teach in institutes this summer and next fall take charge of the Emporia High School.
Miss Ella Coltrane will recuperate at her home near Lawrence.
J. L. Shearer will attend the G.A.R. re-union at Denver. He will spend next year teaching.
Miss Haworth will attend the Cherokee county institute at Columbus.
Miss Mary Davis will spend the summer at Kansas City.
Miss Gano will rusticate at her home in Frankfort.
Geo. E. Rose will teach in the Cherokee county institute in July and Wyandotte in August.
FACULTY.
Chancellor Marvin will remain in Lawrence and supervise the building of the new laboratory.
Prof. Snow, with several natural history students will collect specimens in New Mexico.
Prof. Miller expects to go to Old Mexico.
Prof. Robinson will remain in Lawrence.
Prof. Patrick, with some of his special students, will go to Arizona and Mexico to make collections for the University.
Prof. Williams will conduct the Normal institute.
Prof. Carruth will remain in Lawrence, except to conduct University examinations in Southern Kansas.
Prof. Canfield will remain in Lawrence, but expects to deliver several lectures.
Prof. F. O. Marvin will first go to Chicago, then to the plains.
Prof. Spring will spend the summer in New England. Prof.Summerfield will remain in Lawrence.
Prof. Lehman will stay with the University through the summer.
Prof. Taylor will accept a position in the Roberts College, Constantinople.
L. L. Dyche will collect specimens in New Mexico, a full account of which will be given in the COURIER next year.
Miss Watson will recreate by a trip west.
THE OREADS had the best house of the society entertainments. The program was as follows:
INVOCTION—Chancellor Marvin.
Music—Amphion quartette.
OPENING ADDRESS—J. B. Chamberlain.
PIANO SOLO-Miss Nellie Griswold, the leader of the Oread's corps of fair pianists.
RECITATION—"The Pilot's Story," by Miss Laura Lyons, well rendered, but the real octoroon would have put much more fire and love and scorn into her words.
ESSAY—"Sorrow in Literature," by Miss Clara Gilham, was read in the writers well known manner.
ORATION—"American Politics," by Glen Miller long and eloquent. Its faults were its length and discursiveness, its merits, excellent language and forcible delivery,
SOPRANO SOLO-By Miss Alice Collier-was given in the singer's usual charming manner.
BARITONE SOLO—Dr Patterson, the Dr is to well known to need comment.
DEBATE—Messrs. Jenks and Chase discussed American inter-oceanic canals. The gentlemen were equally eloquent, but in our opinion the negative, Mr Chase, had much the best of the argument.
Music—Double Quartette, these gentlemen nobly redeemed themselves from the defeat of last Friday.
The "pa" of "Our Dude" makes himself conspicuous in regard to the chemical department.
Linley has had his head mowed.
Fraternal affection is all very well, but we dislike to see "frats" so prejudiced that they can see no merit in speeches made by the opponent of their "brother."
"Maid of Lawrence, Ere We Part," is what the boys sing now.
Bennett says he got fifty cents worth of advertising in the Cyclone.
The "Mexican Bandit" will go on the war path next year.
W. H. Brown has gone into silk-worms.
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The Regents held a special meeting at Topeka on Monday last.
Dean interviewed the board of Regents at Topeka. He had documentary evidence.
Exit Little Willie, enter "Our Dude."
The Courier enngratulates the Oreads "big four."
Debates are on top this year, forming, with few exceptions, the best part of the society programs.
Ask T—how he likes the result of the contest—selah.
Mr John Walker and family are in the city visiting friends and attending commencement exercises. They will remain in the city a few days.
Wm. Spray of '82 is in the city attending commencement exercises. He has been teaching since graduation,
E. G. Smith is in the city. He is employed in civil engineering.
Mr Grant McAlexander passed through the city yesterday enroute to West Point. He received the appointment a short time ago. While here he made many friends and ranked high in his classes. We are sorry to lose so bright a student.
CLASS DAY—Miss Cara Fellows in "Fore Words," made the real salutatory; it was very well written and delivered in the writer's pleasant manner.
Mr. Dart's oration was an original and able production and forcibly delivered.
Mr. Little, probably the best known speaker in the class of '83, did himself credit in the hat speech. He kept his audience in a roar of laughter, and barring a little hesitation, his was the best effort of the morning.
Miss Gilmore made a neat response in behalf of the Juniors.
The address of Miss McQuiston, was good, but delivered in too loud a voice.
"Last Words" or the valedictory was well written ane well delivered. The Poem and Prophecy were read at the Chancelor's reception and not repeated.
Music by Buch's orchestra was excellent.
Steps have been taken towards working up an Inter Collegiate Oratorical Association in this state. Two weeks ago at a call meeting of our students, the following committee was appointed to work up the matter:
F. H. Clark and O. Templin from the Normal society; Glen Miller and W. S. Jenks from the Oreads; E. F. Caldwell and L. H. Leach of the Orophilians. This committee was authorized to choose a seventh for chairman, and at a meeting a few days later, W. C. Spangler was chosen permanent chairman and L. H. Leach permanent secretary of the committee. At this same meeting a sub committee was appointed to draft a constitution for our own local organization. This committee will report at the beginning of our next school year. A permanent organization will be effected and the matter placed on a sound basis. In the mean time, this committee of seven will do all they can to work up an interest among the colleges of the state, so that at an early date next year we can have our contests and send a representative to the Inter State Oratotical contest, to
be held at Iowa City next year. Now is your time to strike, for it will probably be some time before the contest between states will be held so far west as it will be next May.
Miss Carrie Bauman was at commencement exercises. She has given such good satisfaction in teaching at Beloit that the schools have been placed in her charge. Score another for K. S. U's. Normal graduates.
The class of '84 drew forth many compliments on classday from the large audience gathered to hear senior eloquence. It is one of the best classes of the university, and promises to be the largest at graduation.
The senior Betas will make "P. P. Calls" this afternoon. They go in big style. The generosity of the Regents in paying for music on commencement day, leaves the boys circumstanced so that they can afford this seeming extravagence.
Charles Hall an intimate friend of Olin Templin's left for home a few days since. He could not wait for closing exercises, for as he said, "he had to paint the back fence."
Miss Mary Smith of Mound City is one of the many who are spending a few days among university friends.
FIELD DAY.
Mile Walk, Won by J. D. McLaren; time, 9: 55 $ sec;
prize $3.00.
Three legged race, won by G. M. Walker and S. Detwiler. Distance 75 yds; time $15\frac{1}{2}$ sec; prize $4.00 hat and 4.50 vest.
Standing Broad Jump—Won by W. S. Jenks; length 10ft. 11in; prize $2.00 knife.
Running Broad Jump, Won by A. D, Hostetter; length 17ft. 101/2in; prize "Goethe and Shieler."
Egg Race—Won by G. Harrington; time, 1:10$ \sharp $ . Prize "Gibbons Rome," second prise, 4 doz. eggs, won by A. C. Markley.
Three Jumps, standing-Won by W. S. Jinks: distance, 31 feet and 8 inches; prize $2 book.
Indian Wrestle,—Light weight, won by A. C. Markley, prize $2 book.
Running Hop Step and Jump—Won by W. S. Jinks; distance, 36 feet and 1 inch, prize, $1.50 pair of slippers.
THE PROGRAMS FOR
The Oread Society,
The Normal Society,
The Prize Contestants,
The Faculty Invitations,
of K. S. U.,
Class Day,
The Biblical Society,
The Athenian Society,
of Baker University,
were printed at the job office
of Hoadley & Hackman.
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