THE UNIVERSITY REVIEW.
COMMENCEMENT NUMBER, JUNE, 1884.
THE WAY OF SALVATION.
MASTER'S ORATION.—BY FLORENCE E. FINCH.
THE way of salvation lies along the path of tolerance. It is salvation from the clashing of class hatreds, from a fierce and angry contest between the old and the new. For life in America on one hand, is moving rapidly along toward old-world, ocean-wide distinctions between its classes, and, on the other, the spirit of liberty, the spirit of freedom, the spirit that demands a new order of things is moving just as rapidly. If both go on as they are going now collision is inevitable. For there is a deep and growing hatred, growing deeper and bitterer, between those who represent the two opposing principles, complacent faith in the present system and indignant protest against its results. And the contest will be all the fiercer and hotter because the United States, for all its fair promises of liberty, equality and prosperity for all, gives prosperity only to the few, belies liberty, and denies equality.
That is a hackneyed saying about the rich growing richer and the poor poorer. But, unfortunately, the more hackneyed it becomes the more closely it is packed with truth. In every city in the United States poverty and misery on one side, riches and luxury on the other, elbow each other along and fight inch by inch for each other's territory. In New York City, for instance, it takes but a few minutes' ride to go from the dirt heaps, the moral filth, the squalor, the vice and the wretchedness of the Hester street and Water street regions out into the broad and shining magnificence of the streets in the Forties and the Fifties. In Boston it is but a step
from the dark, hideous, noisome North End, or the South Cove, swarming with vice, children and misery, to the beauty, elegance and rich comfort of Beacon street and the Back Bay region. In all this beautiful country, where the conditions of life are simpler and living is easier and pleasanter than it is in any other place on the face of the globe, you can go to no city or town that you will not find heart-breaking poverty, misery untold, ignorance and wretchedness close clamoring upon the heels of wealth and leisure and elegance. After you have seen and admired well fed comfort and silken clad luxury, you have only to turn around to see men, women and children by the thousand, held in such close embrace of poverty and ignorance that virtue is impossible, intelligence not to be dreamed of, and anything more than the life of the lowest animal united with the worst instincts of the lowest human not even imaginable. Now, I say that any system of civilization in which such contrasts of luxury and wretchedness are inevitable results is a stupendous lie. It is all a sham that promises great things, even while it is robbing honest labor with one hand and with the other pauperizing it with charities and State gifts. We can judge of systems only by their results, and we have but to look candidly at the condition of one half the people in these United States to be convinced that in ours there is poison. It will not do to say that the conditions of life are free with us, and that it is a question only of the survival of the fittest. It is not true. With our present
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THE WAY OF SALVATION.
social and commercial creeds it is a question of the survival of the strongest, of pushing the weakest to the wall and climbing over their shoulders; it is a question of taking advantages, of the powerful binding the hands of those less strong. We befool ourselves with another smooth and easy lie when we are resigned to the operation of the law of the survival of the fittest. In present social conditions it is the law of the survival of the shrewdest and the strongest, of the most unfeeling and the least conscientious. And with every step upward that such a one takes there are legal and commercial privileges that, like a lever, send him two steps higher by pressing down so much the harder on those below him.
Proof that our so-called civilization is all a sham and a shameful lie, a marble sepulchre, rich and beautiful and magnificent on the outside, but full within of noisome death and the poisonous breath of destruction, is to be found not only in the slums and dives and alleyways of those plague-centers, the great cities. It is everywhere. The farmer on those glorious Western prairies, the farmer's wife and the farmer's children find life one unceasing struggle and grind, which gets them a bare subsistence. The factory operative of New England is paid a starvation pittance, told it is all his labor is worth, and then because his employers know he can't live on it is given a bonus, ostensibly to make life easier, really to pauperize him. The miner and the day laborer toil and slave harder and more hours in the day than it is right for any human being to work and get—what? The poorest of food and the coarsest of clothing, barely enough to satisfy their hunger and keep them warm. The mechanic, the operative, the day laborer, with growing families often find it impossible with their last endeavor to earn enough to support those families and are forced to put their children at work. The State comes in with a compulsory education law, saying "my citizens must be intelligent." But the weak hands of those little children were the last necessity for the support of
the family. They are taken from the factory,the shop or the store and put into school. Then the whole family is broken up and goes perhaps to the poor-house.
We are accustomed to say that the hope of a republic lies only in the education and intelligence of its masses. We think we have solved that problem. But it will not be many years until we shall find that another problem, the problem of a widespread poverty, has rubbed it all out. General prosperity is a condition precedent to general intelligence. In a few years we are going to be given an alternative between allowing the children of our working people to grow up in ignorance, with all the manhood and womanhood worked down and ground out of them, or adding to free schools and free text-books free dinners, free shoes and stockings, and pay for the time the children take from their work to attend school. Every year, with a larger and larger number, this is getting to be a struggle of education versus bread and butter. And as long as those who are snobbishly called "the laboring classes" keep up their vulgar habit of eating, the bread and butter will come out first best.
It is growing plainer every day that we are going straight in the direction of those old-world, shameful conditions which the United States was created to disprove. Our system of civilization is essentially the same as that across the water. A little larger and freer and more flexible, it is true, but it hardens and thickens and contracts as our numbers increase, and already is beginning to bear the same poisonous fruit. It will not be long until we shall have just as many things that need blowing up as there are in Russia or Austria, and inasmuch as we have ten times the dynamite in our national character it will be a precious row which this country will have a generation or so hence. It is of no use trying to patch up the old affair by putting on plasters of freer and more education and systematized charity. Professor Adler may build model tenement houses from now until doomsday, and as long as the present system continues the
THE WAY OF SALVATION.
3
more he builds the more he will have to build. The philanthropic may make giving a science and cover the whole country with a net work of associated charities; the kind-hearted may build news boys' lodgings and industrial homes, and it will all be only so many plasters on ulcerous sores that came from a disease within. We may just as well face the inevitable truth that the vice and poverty and ignorance and wretchedness of this country are gaining on its honesty and intelligence and general prosperity, and getting the better of them. Look at the cities and see those waves of poverty and misery and vice lapping out from their centres, swallowing up street after street, driving decency and prosperity farther and farther out. And before this incoming tide stand the tenderhearted hoping to keep it back with model tenement houses and systems of charity and State gifts! The model tenement is King Canute with his sceptre and his courtiers, sure to be swallowed up himself if he stands his ground; and systematized charity and industrial education nothing but Mrs. Partington with her mop, trying to sweep back the Atlantic. If our system of alleged civilization could have fair trial under the sun it has had it in America. But what is its result? Forces gathering for conflict. Those who have tasted only the first sweets of liberty and education and prosperity, and who want their children to have better than they have had, but who feel the lines drawing closer and closer around them, will not quietly see these great goods slipping away from them. The battle of the bread-winners is already begun. Labor is arrayed against capital, State charities against individual effort, monopolies against the people, hoards of wealth against vacuous property, lessening liberties against the demands of perfect freedom. Such complex lines of contest must finally resolve themselves into two great armies, one fighting for the old and the other demanding an entirely new order of things.
And the only course that can save us from that contest is to take the path of
tolerance. A hundred new isms offer themselves for the bettering of things. Let us be tolerant in hearing what they have to say. The wildest one of them all may have in it the germ of truth for which the world is sick. Poor, stubborn, misguided, perverse old world, it has always railed at every healing minister. Men invariably flout and jeer at and stand out against every new idea. They stick to the old, wornout and disproved principles and institutions, and refuse every new and untried helping hand until forced to take it. We have only to look back into any age of the world's history to see it fighting against ideas, theories, principles that it soon after accepted and found beneficial. But, notwithstanding all this, refusing to profit by past experience, in this year of grace, 1884, we, all of us, are acting over again the same old tragical farce. We are clinging to our old ideas and principles, declaring that they are the best the world knows anything about, and valiantly trying to whistle down the wind every new theory that bears in it any promise of relief. We will stand out against them all, ridicule them and persecute with our tongues those who believe in them. But by and by the very power of truth contained in some one of them will compel its acceptance, and the world will discover that that is exactly what it has needed for so long. Now, why not receive these isms more tolerantly, discuss them more largely, and see what benefit they possibly carry for this misguided world? If we hold out against them, as sure as the world moves there is going to be sharp collision between these new theories and the results of our present system, a collision that may end in battle and blood-shed. But we may forestall it by tolerant hearing of what they have to say, or even trial of what they wish. It is a choice between certain misfortune and possible good.
And so the plea I would make to-day is for more and larger tolerance,more and larger liberty of belief, of discussion, of trial, of action. The world stands to-day in more need of tolerance than of any other
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THE WAY OF SALVATION.
thing. As to which one of these hundred isms has in it that which the world needs at this stage of its progress, I do not pretend to say. I only say this: That any system of civilization that grinds down to slaving toil, to poverty and ignorance, one-half its people for the benefit of the other half is wrong from centre to circumference; and that, because that toil and poverty and ignorance are inevitable results, there is something wrong, poisonously wrong, with our system of commerce, deep down to the very roots, something wrong with our system of society, deep down to the very roots; and that therefore we should give ear, justly, generously, tolerantly, to every new idea, every new theory, that bears any promise of benefit.
And now may I step aside for a moment and make special plea for a special tolerance? A plea, which, remembering as gratefully as I do the years I spent within these halls, it would be well-nigh impossible to refrain from making. There has been much criticism of this university from those who support it, and therefore have the right to criticise, because it is believed to be too tolerant, too liberal, is thought to teach some things which many of the people of Kansas do not believe, to foster disbeliefs and doubts and heresies and dangerous isms of many kinds. Now, I do not know for a certainty, but I believe that I voice the loving gratitude of every graduate who has gone out of these doors when I say that not one of us all was taught to believe, induced to believe, one thing in any branch of study that any citizen of the State would think wrong or harmful. O, citizens of Kansas, you greatly mistake the spirit of this gentle goddess of wisdom that you have set high upon this hill if you think that she attempts to lead her pupils in any direction! She says to them' "Investigate all sides of every question and choose that which seems right and reasonable." You could not find in any educational institution a body of men and women more ready to sink their own beliefs and encourage the freest and fullest investigation, whether it leads toward their own
convictions or in the opposite direction, than those who compose the faculty of this university. If your sons and daughters come home with strange, new ideas about society, morals, government, the college is not to blame. They have discussed those things here, as they must discuss them if they know what is going on in the world, but they have been directed neither way. They have been told to study, investigate, prove all things, and hold fast that which seems to them good. These things are all in the winds, and the college that pretends to be a college of to-day, the college that is of any use to the rising generation, that hopes to teach them anything they want to know, must keep its doors and windows open. If you want your university to be a college of to-day, and not a crumbling monument to the things which were of moment years ago, don't shut its doors and windows.
The most grateful tribute which the returning graduate can lay at the foot of this well-beloved Alma Mater is a tribute to this large and beautiful tolerance, which is the distinguishing characteristic of the University of Kansas. Put no obstacle in its way, citizens of Kansas, for it is the very soul of the college, as it must be of any college which would retain its connection with the movements of the world. Its present usefulness, its future existence depend upon the vigor and the vitality which come from that tolerant spirit.
And so I would supplement the plea I have made for universal tolerance by another plea for faith in and tolerance of the tolerant spirit of your university. Kansas, dedicated by the blood of so many martyrs to the cause of liberty and progress, cannot afford to hamper and harass her highest educational institution simply because it is moving in the only possible path of progress, the path of life for it and of salvation for us all, the path of large and generous tolerance.
Tolerance is the light which makes possible intelligent onward progress. The spirit of liberty moves on so rapidly in these latter days that unless we let that
THE ASPASIAS OF MODERN TIMES.
5
light shine down upon our pathway we shall get hopelessly lost. For—
New men, new lights; and the fathers' code the sons may never brook.
It is not enough to win rights from a king and write them down in a book:
What is liberty now were license then; their freedom our yoke would be;
And each new decade must have new men to determine its liberty.
THE ASPASIAS OF MODERN TIMES.
MARY MILLER, Classical Department, LAWRENCE, KANSAS.
N all time woman has been denied the use of that supreme factor of her nature, the divine right to stand side by side with man in social, intellectual and religious life, in politics, letters, and trade. Everywhere she has been a cringing, abject slave; in a large measure destitute of intellect and that force of character necessary to elevate her to a place of equality with man. Until recently, it has been thought that woman's brain was an inferior one, lacking in weight, elasticity, vigor; incapable of producing great thoughts, of enduring prolonged exercise in the higher and broader realms of education, and too weak to grapple the complex and multiform questions of human life. But within the past two decades great changes have taken place. Colleges and universities have opened wide their doors, and out of weakness has come a strength of mind and character, that fits woman to rival man in the highest and most difficult fields of original investigation. In the "whole realm of thought and action" she has become a leader. The press, the bar, the professor's chair, the pulpit, the counting-room, wherever mind comes in contact with mind, this new, living, acting, thinking power, this combination of beauty, grace, and intellect is to be found, and the whole world is forced to exclaim with Victor Hugo—"This nineteenth century belongs to woman."
Hitherto the world's progress has been only half what it ought to have been, simply because one-half of its population was practically a dead weight. Woman, disenthralled, under the new regime, brings her wealth of brains to the front, assumes her new responsibilities, freedom, and independence, asks for unrestricted education,
demands the right to choose the field of labor in which she may work, and demonstrates beyond a doubt her ability to hew a pathway through life as successfully as man.
Intelligence and morality are the two great factors in the world's welfare, and if it be true, as is often affirmed, that woman's influence sways the entire race of man, how great then is the necessity that she should present a perfect ideal of womanhood. The more intelligent and moral she is, the better for the home and for society. This question is entitled to still closer consideration, because it affects not only the present but the future. He is certainly ignorant and fails to discern the signs of the times, who does not see that an element hitherto unknown, a new reserve force, is stepping to the front in the grand march of time and to the music of the spheres.
Having successfully attacked and entered those old relics of the feudal ages, the universities, woman has turned her attention to a question of vital importance—the ballot box. It hardly seems just that onehalf the people of our fair land should have no voice or representation in the government. The old, self-evident truth that "governments derive their power from the consent of the governed," probably was for the benefit of the man alone. Are not women governed, and is their consent asked as to whether they shall be ruled in this way or that? Again, it has been said that "all political power is inherent in the people." Do not women constitute a portion of the people? It is sometimes said that she does not have the power of choosing rationally, is too hasty, jumps at conclusions, lacks judgment, and depends upon
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THE GENIUS OF EMERSON.
the instincts of her nature. If, as the mother of men, she displays intelligence, patience, and love, reaching to the supremeest heights and to the lowest depths of a reasoning and moral nature; if as a student in all the wide realm of knowledge she can scale the highest peaks reached by man, or dive down to the bottom of the sea and drag up pearls of wisdom; if she can pierce with clear vision into the starry depths of infinite space and trace the planets in their majestic sweep along the highways of the universe, is she not, I repeat it, is she not capable of understanding that little sentence which the founders of the Republic thrust defiantly into the face of the Old World, "taxation without representation is tyranny?"
From a thousand platforms in England, Scotland and America is heard the voice of woman proclaiming in no uncertain tones that she is under no curse but that of ignorance, prejudice, and unjust laws. Mr. Gladstone has said: "We are firm in the faith that enfranchisement is a good thing,
that the people may be trusted, that the voters, under the Constitution, are the strength of the Constitution." Carry this principle to its legitimate conclusion. Let the good work go on. Let every true-minded woman add her influence. "The little rivulet which comes down from the mountain-side seems so small that it can do nothing, but those rivulets meet in a stream, the stream flows on to the river, then the river becomes a flood which is finally lost in the ocean." With a character based upon principle, with a nature full of fine impulses, with intelligence, wisdom, and a firm faith in the justice of God, woman cannot fail to influence the feelings of man to loftiest sentiments, and lead him to results both beneficial and honorable.
O ye who control the destinies of America, no longer refuse to bestow upon woman that which is her due. Open wide all the avenues of life and let her enter and reap, as she justly deserves, honor and fame and wealth, and then humanity will become nobler, purer, and more God-like.
THE GENIUS OF EMERSON.
FRED A. STOCKS, Scientific Department, BLUE RAPIDS, KANSAS.
As the centuries come and go there is a constant increase in the list of those who have fought evil and vice and proclaimed by their words the value of goodness and truth. The time and place where our great men shall live and act knows no rule. They spring up here and there, fulfill their destiny, and die. Perhaps one man will give color and tone to a century, but oftener a group of men will push the world onward and upward. How many that the present regards great will pass muster when posterity calls the roll? Only those in whom appear great deeds, great hearts and great souls. Such was Emerson.
He found America without a literature; her men of letters laughed at, charged with narrowness and with an utter want of originality. The world was just awakening to the great possibilities, in every avenue of advancement, which science offered. Scientific hypotheses threatened to become more harsh and exacting than religious dogmas had ever dared to be. The classic rules and formula of diction were observed closely and literary men wrote with little thought, other than to perfect the form and leave out the soul. It seemed that America, great in almost everything, was destined to a mediocre place in the literary world. But Emerson brought new life and vigor to the realm of thought. He believed that this was an age of expansion in literature, as in all other things. He thought that—
"Great is the art,
Great be the manners of the bard.
He shall not his brain encumber
With the coil of rhythm and number,
But leaving rule and pale forethought,
He shall aye climb
For his rhyme
THE GENIUS OF EMERSON.
7
And mount to Paradise By the stairway of surprise."
He opened and, in a certain sense, brought to a culmination, that foremost era in American literature which claims Bryant, Hawthorne, Holmes, Longfellow, Lowell and Whittier. In all his writings, standing out clearly against the groundwork, above the beauty of his thoughts, we see the man. Never writing for a sect, church or party, but for all, he brought joy and gladness to every household.
From many quarters comes the cry that we are drifting toward anarchy; that truth, virtue and honesty are not to be found in our public men; that love for gold is working destruction the most terrible; that the poor are become poorer and the rich richer; that corporations have no souls and that with the increase of our population can come nothing but suffering and deprivation. Amidst all this gloom and dark foreboding it is cheering to think of the luminous optimism of Emerson. While he saw the evil tendencies of our civilization, he always had confidence in the genius of the American people. He could see above and beyond the evils, the grand underlying principles of our government—principles for which three times in the history of our country the best blood of the nation was shed—principles which every true American, to-day and forever, will risk his life to preserve. No one believed more heartily in her opportunities, her powers and her destiny. He believed that truth is mighty and will prevail. Encouragingly he says, "look up, hitch your wagon to a star." All his writings inspire the reader to live a nobler, purer life. He has widened the horizon of purity and holiness. He is a man who would make a great art, a great science or a great nation.
Emerson has attained in the hearts and minds of our people the highest place that love and admiration can give or genius
claim. And now one of England's greatest sons, with decided superciliousness, would shatter the reputation of the man whom we esteem so highly. You have all read the criticisms of Matthew Arnold on Emerson—read how he tries to measure true genius by a rigid rule, assuming that the great American was not a poet because he lacked melody and rythm, was not a philosopher because he founded no system, and that he did not possess the essential elements of a great writer, simplicity, sensuousness and passion. True, Emerson did not spend his days and nights in making an externally perfect verse, but in putting between the words and over the lines sparkling thoughts and noble truths, making each sentence full and rounded, an essay in itself. In the words of Lowell, his diction, "was like home-spun cloth of gold." Emerson was not so narrow minded as to confine to some exacting philosophical system, the meager knowledge of the present, meager when compared with the vast field's still unexplored, but believed that each man should reach out in a straight line after knowledge and give the result of his superior talents to the world, unbiased and unhampered by any system.
But after all Arnold is only a critic and they are surely a fallible race. Johnson, the king among such, once said that, "he would hang a dog that would read the Lycidas of Milton twice." Yet posterity has a way of its own in passing sentence upon greatness. Men who have inspired others to lead nobler, purer lives, who have struggled for better laws and better morals, who have made the skies seem brighter and this world more cheerful because they have lived, who have lessened the burdens of earth and made heaven seem nearer, these the future will call great and as a bright star in the firmament of God will be the name of Emerson.
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THE EVOLUTION OF A NATION.
THE EVOLUTION OF A NATION.
GLEN L. MILLER, Modern Literature Department, WHITE CLOUD, KANSAS.
THE centuries are the spans of a nation's existence. The first hundred years of American nationality, the opening chapter in the grand romance of our Republic, are about completed. 1789 dates the epoch of our Federal union. That fitful burlesque on government, the Confederation, has been aptly characterized "a rope of sand." Yet, while condemning it for its inefficiency, let us not forget that it was the immediate progenitor of our "more perfect Union,"—that, despite the ostentatious boast promulgated in the preamble of the Constitution of "securing the blessings of liberty to ourselves and posterity," the first seventy years of our constitutional career pales with shame in contrast with the glorious Ordinance of 1787, which forever dedicated to freedom the great Northwestern Territory. From Washington to Lincoln was the dark age of our Republic.
The salient fact in our whole political history is, that the most strenuous sticklers for strict construction have been the first to depart from their own precepts, and play fast and loose as might best suit their purpose. When President Jefferson, the great apostle of delegated powers, purchased Louisiana from Napoleon he was forced to admit that the procedure was unconstitutional.
On the other hand, there has from the beginning been a party which has contended for a liberal interpretation of the fundamental law. When the God-like Webster thundered against Hayne in the U. S. Senate, that grand masterpiece was the vindication of a policy that has marked our triumph as a people; that has achieved for us prosperity in peace and proven our salvation when the Demon of Disunion assailed the nation and struggled with the desperation of frenzy to compass its destruction.
The ideal commonwealth of Hamilton and his political associates was stifled by this narrow-minded conception of state
sovereignty. The great principle of "implied powers" has proved the lamp by which we have finally emerged to enduring greatness. Nevertheless, if strict construction has been an incubus on national progress, its conservative influence has not been altogether unfavorable. How often, when sheer fanaticism has ruled the hour, we might have been involved in a policy fraught with deplorable consequences, but for the restrictions of the Constitution. Ever may they stand an impregnable bulwark against union of church and state. Let us not regret that ours is a government of delegated powers. Let us ever be hopeful that, in the future as in the past, when great emergences befall, there shall be found men at the head of state with the sterling common sense, the nerve and the patriotism, to deviate from "the letter that kills."
Can we limit ourselves by the conditions of a century ago? Our fathers built wisely, perhaps better than they knew, but they did not solve all the problems pertaining to civic institutions among men. Since the adoption of the Constitution so wonderful have been the vicissitudes throughout every phase of civilization as to render its provisions out of harmony with the present order of affairs. The railroad and telegraph have annihilated distance and made all men neighbors. Labor-saving inventions have revolutionized our common industries. Science and art have made the fictitious true, and the ideal reality. Manners and customs have changed, and even thought has undergone serious modifications. The impossibilities of yesterday are the accomplishments of to-day. Centuries have become hours. Kings have everywhere become figureheads, and citizens wield the scepter of authority. In two particulars only has the organic law been so altered to conform it to this new civilization—in the emancipation and enfranchisement of the blacks. So far as this nation unfolds
THE ETHICS AND ESTHETICS OF COUNTRY LIFE.
9
and keeps pace with the march of events, well and good; where it fails to do this there will be agitation until right and justice are recognized, whether it be under the formulas of a written constitution or as the outgrowth of some far-fetched precedent. The worst danger is in the tardiness of legislators in comprehending the temper of the times.
The limits of the occasion forbid more than an allusion to the present tendencies of nationality. National aid to education has recently scored a victory, and he who imagines that any backward step will be taken is a novice in political history. The intelligence of the people is the brain of the nation, and a federal system of education must be the next innovation.
The postal savings bank must also come sooner or later. The recent panic, like those that have gone before, has demonstrated the need of secure financial institutions. The post-office is already doing the work of bank exchange. Let it double its blessings by becoming a bank of deposit, encouraging every laboring man who can save a dollar to become a capitalist, and enabling the government to receive its loans from its own citizens, instead of foreign syndicates.
Federal control of the railroad and the telegraph is a question that must be met in the near future. Around these gigantic corporations most of our great labor troubles seem to revolve. Some of the states have tried, but in vain, to solve the problems growing out of these institutions. The result has only proved the futility of a state attempting to grapple with questions of national magnitude. Doubtless there are other measures which will be elevated to the plane of national powers questions growing out of the labor and capital problem, temperance, the marriage relation, and the basis of taxation.
Gradually, but surely, has the jurisdiction of the nation become enlarged until public policy has almost grown to be the criterion of constitutional power. Even now the enunciation of state rights is met with derision in the house of its friends. "Centralization," that bete noir of the Anti-Federalists, has become an unwritten amendment to our Magna Charta, whether for better or for worse. If the rights of the states are less respected than formerly, let us rejoice that the rights of the people are held more sacred. God help the Reactionist!
THE ETHICS AND ESTHETICS OF COUNTRY LIFE.
MARY GILMORE, Modern Literature Department, LAWRENCE, KANSAS.
EVERY object rightly seen unlocks a new faculty of the soul." All the forms of nature have individual symmetry and grace, and all these are moral, for the ethical and aesthetical co-exist; the one incarnating the other. A leaf, a forest, the landscape, a sunbeam, a cloud, the sky awaken in man a desire for the beautiful and "hint or thunder to him the laws of right or wrong and echo the Ten Commandments." No man can associate with these divine objects without himself in some degree becoming divine.
Country life in its loveliness satisfies with a mixture of corporal benefit. To
the body and mind cramped by noxious work or company, nature is medicinal and restores their tone. The tradesman, the attorney comes out of the din and smoke of the street, sees the sky, the fields, the woods, and is a man again. These noblest scenes of earth, in part, lose their charm it is true, over those who are ever with them, but their subtile moulding influence can not be escaped- The infinity of the heavens above, and beneath the waters with reflected skies for their basins, the broad expanse of undulating fields, all imbue the beholder with a breadth and depth of nature that afford him a true,
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THE ETHICS AND AESTHETICS OF COUNTRY LIFE.
deep and continuous enjoyment. The untrained growth of vegetation, the freedom of the birds, the unloosed winds give him the sense of liberty and of equality—with the buoyancy of the air his heart expands to receive all mankind as brothers.
The country lad looks into the masses of clouds overhead and the grass and moss beneath, out of which his imagination produces its luxuriant, tangled and fanciful creations. He takes pleasure in dreamland and cloudland and repeats the glowing dyes of his fancy in the sombre fields of experience.
The city youth has for his associations the throngs of mankind, sees their twistings and intricacies and that is what he has to practice. The long lines of edifices, their windows glittering in the yellow sunlight or growing grey in the rains; the narrow street between with its barren pavement battered by wheels; the squareness and ugliness and regular or irregular deformity of every thing, these are his surroundings. On all sides greet his eyes the works of man and man's working, but a child of nature has the works of God and God's working.
There is a warm friendly atmosphere in the country congenial to ethics and aesthetics. The simplicity and solitude of country life develops natural taste that leads people to prefer substance and heart to gracefulness of dress, manner and aspect; to liking reality in speech better than a prettily turned sentence; a sincere manner better than a well trained one, and in all other ways and things to setting above custom and semblance ever lasting truth.
In country life one who will study nature opens a book with as numerous and varied pages as there are blades of grass, ripples of water, drops of rain and winds in the heavens. All bears witness to the intention of the Supreme Being that we are to receive more from the bounties of nature than the weed and the worm. The flowers seem intended for the solace of humanity, ministering to the greatest passion and the simplest joy. The trees,
strong and upright, inspire lofty feelings. The constant stream, cutting its way to the sea, teaches us steadfastness and perseverance. The rains fall, cleansing the air, and with it the heart is soothed and purified. The boundless expanse of the sky impresses the soul with thoughts of eternity. Winds breathing lightly across slopes of velvet fields or whirling madly over hills, or as De Quincey phrases it, "uttering the same hollow, solemn, but saintly swell as though they might have swept the fields of mortality for a thousand centuries," tell us of the fatality of the body, but the immortality of the soul.
In the histories of the past the fruits of these influences are shown. The sturdy sons of the soil have stood steadfastly by the great reforms, have fought valiantly for them. It was the peasants of Switzerland that preserved liberty in the midst of surrounding despotism. Their deep rich valleys were secure places where it loved to abide and their rugged mountains served for it as a fortress of defence. Religious freedom was embosomed in the winding dales and deep sunk glens of Scotland, nurtured on its heath and among its hills. In our own country for the cause of constitutional right it was the yeomanry who "fired the shot heard round the world." And now, in the cause of temperance, "history repeats itself;" the rural districts stand firm and determined to see it to a victorious end. The seed of reform finds a rich receptacle in the hearts of the country people. There it does not attain the growth of a hot bed, but is nourished, springs up and develops healthily and naturally.
In a word if we review as in a panorama the events of history from the beginning of time, at first the picture presents an uncertain, mingled scene, stained and dimmed by ages, but after the lapse of years and distance of time, there emerge from this confusion bold figures and familiar deeds, and on, and on the picture will stretch "to the crack of doom." There is darkness, harshness and incongruities, but all this is brightened, softened and blended by the effects of country life. Its pristine light hovers over the background, pervades the present and pierces the future—It is heaven's light.
THE LAST QUARTER CENTURY IN SCIENCE.
11
THE LAST QUARTER CENTURY IN SCIENCE.
L. L. DYCHE, Scientific Department, AUBURN, KANSAS.
TOO much steeping in Roman fable, too much lullaby in Grecian dream, too much fetich worship in religion has at last produced a revolution in thought. The change wrought in the ideas of men during the last quarter century is without a parallel. "A conflict," in the language of President White, "has been waged, with battles fiercer, with sieges more persistent than in any of the petty warfares of Caesar or Napoleon." And in every case history confirms the statement that Science, the modern Goddess of Progress, ruling with reason, law and truth, has gained the victory. Men say that Science represents the new, the real, and the living practical thought of the age; and would have her, as the true heiress of knowledge, supplant the old as a basis of training in our schools and colleges. But she is neither haughty nor bellicose; she recognizes the spirit of all culture which awakens and directs the powers of mind. She respects the music of Virgil and Homer, the logic of Cicero and Demosthenes, and only asks a position of equality. That she is entitled to it, is the universal opinion of men trained in modern thought; and of scores of classic-bred scholars of no less practical knowledge than the younger Adams; no less eminent as an authors and philosophers than Professor Blackie, of Edinburgh University, one of the ripest Greek scholars of our age; no less acknowledged as authorities on the character of literature than De Quincey, who says: "It is a pitiable spectacle to any man of sense and feeling who happens to be really familiar with the golden treasures of his own ancestral language, to see young people squandering their time and painful study upon writers not fit to unloose the shoe-latchets of many amongst their compatriots." He continues: "We engage to produce many scores of passages from Chaucer, not exceeding fifty to eighty lines, which cannot be matched in all the Iliad or the Odyssey." Again: "To our Jeremy
Taylor, to our Sir Thomas Browne there is no approach made in Greek oratory." And finally: "For intellectual qualities of eloquence, in fineness of understanding, in depth and large compass of thought, Burke far surpasses any orator ancient or modern."
The appearance, in 1859, just twenty-five years ago, of Darwin's "Origin of Species," and the almost simultaneous announcement of Herbert Spencer that "Evolution is a universal principle," marked the beginning of an impulse given to thought and investigation, the most splendid of the nineteenth century.
The doctrine set forth was branded on every side as a groundless and absurd speculation, which if tolerated would sap the existing principles of social order and mock at the faith of our tenderest hopes. Yet it lives and men are not worse, nor less happy. Yea! more, it has fastened itself as an inseparable principle to all knowledge; not as a "force or cause," but as showing how, by a gradual process of growth and development, an "immense series of changes" related to and dependent upon each other have been produced. In biology, in its simplest form, it shows how individual man is developed from a minute, jelly-like cell in the ovum; in its more complex relations it is illustrated by all the changes affecting the multiplication of types and species. In physical science, it is the nucleus of the nebular hypothesis, which is the theory of the development of worlds in space. In political and social science, its unfolding is seen in the origin and growth of language, art, and all human institutions. In metaphysics, it appears again in the development of mind and perhaps conscience; and the idea is held by some of the ablest thinkers that "there are very convincing reasons why the natural laws should be continuous through the spiritual world." Wrapped in the habits and traditions of early training, philosophy is slow to accept the idea
12
"A COLLEGE FETICH."
that the results of all legitimate investigation, be it scientific or religious, must ultimately fuse into each other in the establishment of truth. We are told that the Astronomy of Ptolemy was taught in Newton's own university, at Cambridge, a hundred years after the announcement, by that great philosopher, of the principles which created astronomical science anew. The modern bigot, skeptical of investigation, bloated with ignorance and self-conceit, will at last share the fate and everlasting rest of the Dodo. And in spite of the theories and speculations of evolution, the warnings and prophesies of religion, the fact still remains, that we are here to-day.
The statistics of the progress of science and its influence upon humanity, for a quarter century past, confound the imagination. It requires a serious effort of mind to realize the intense practicality of science during this period in promoting social, political and commercial changes. The forces which have so long bound man to the soil, degraded his appetites and preyed upon his moral nature, have been unchained link by link by the untiring labor of the unassuming men in the laboratories of science. They experiment with alcohol and a simple statement of its nature out-weighs the eloquence of a Gough in putting down intemperance. They subdue the powers of electricity and steam,
and the railroad, the telegraph, the telephone and the electric light, do more to promote union, peace and prosperity than all the Burkes and Websters and Phillipses of history. They direct the microscope, and the germs of disease are detected. Who can estimate the advantage to the civilized world? A ray of light is examined. Again the genius of these men discloses a knowledge of the heavenly bodies which even our dreams deemed forever inaccessible. Last of all the weather map appears, a glance at which shows the meteorological condition of a continent, nay, the world. And what can be said of the mechanical appliances, products of their energies and lives, which relieve the drudgery of labor in every department of effort, provide time for thought, reduce the actual cost and increase the wages of labor?
Honor, then, to those who have founded institutions, led revolutions and ruled nations by establishing the laws and truths of God in nature, the only basis upon which society, science and philosophy can be securely founded. All honor, again, to the men who have done so much to dispell the imp and nymph of the ancient, the superstitions and dogmas of our fathers, and are at last bringing man face to face with his brother and that great Reformer who died eighteen hundred years ago upon the Cross.
"A COLLEGE FETICH."
AGNES EMERY, Classical Department, LAWRENCE, KANSAS.
IN the education of man various influences are required. The intellectual powers must be trained and strengthened, the moral sense cultivated, the aesthetic taste gratified, the sentiment of humanity developed and broadened, high ideals of life inspired. As a study assists us in attaining any or all of these ends, so is it desirable and profitable. In this light does the so-called college fetch deserve our attention? Let us consider.
The Greek language on account of its regular and complicated structure is undeniably a valuable discipline to the intellect. Each varying inflection betrays a corresponding change of thought. Therefore the mere study of the grammar cannot fail to cultivate the memory, exercise the judgment, train the reason, stimulate the perceptive faculties, give exactness in thought and its expression. Further the effort to turn the subtile and intricate ex-
"A COLLEGE FETICH."
13
pression of the Greek into the common medium of our own tongue furnishes a discipline of the highest order in the choice and use of English.
Still further classical imagery, scenes, events and names are woven into the tissue of all modern writing. The great writers of English have drawn their inspiration largely from the classics. In fact they have exercised so vast an influence on modern thought, so many of our current ideas are traceable to them, that much of our modern literature cannot be thoroughly understood and appreciated without some knowledge of Greek.
One chief excellence of Greek literature is originality. It shows us how man set about and carried to supreme perfection systematic thinking. Hellenic poetry and prose arose from spontaneous creative genius. The spirit of Greece has ever been in the world's history, the incentive to all high creative efforts in art and literature.
Besides it gave the world method. The Greek spirit has always remained truly scientific. In ethics, in logic, in geometry, the work done by the Greeks remains, to this day, a basis of study,. It is in Greek historians and Greek orators, those laborers in the earliest democracies of the world, that we read political lessons directly useful to our own times. Neither the christian dogma nor the history of the christian church can be understood without reference to the character and work of the Hellenic mind. In fact, owing to this very connection, the Hebrews and the Greeks divide between them the intellectual supremacy, the culture and the moral worth of modern spiritual life.
But the highest value of all literature is not so much in form or method, as in substance. Bacon told us this when he called the study of mere words the first distemper of learning. The thoughts of the Hellenes, their aspirations, their ambition, their religious faith, the very substance of the Greek spirit formulated their literature. Their wonderful ideality had its first flowering in the epic, the lyric and the most profound insight of the drama. Philosophy
came as its maturest creation; philosophy with its countless variety of phases, but with Socrates and Plato standing in the forerank, for all time "the masters of those who know." These men, divine worldordering forces, strove to bring to mankind from the world of ideas, perfect forms of goodness, beauty, truth wisdom, ideal happiness and holiness. What better study for the youthful men and women of to-day than their perfect forms and ideals?
Yet the human element in Greek literature exerts a subtile charm. "Wherever literature consoles sorrow or assuages pain; wherever it brings gladness to eyes which fail with wakefulness and tears, and ache for the dark house and the long sleep, there is exhibited, in its noblest form, the immortal influence of Athens." This humanity teaches us that the history of our race is one. Thus the study of the ideas of the Hellenic rises to the study of the philosophy of history, to the philosophy of human life.
No one who looks back on that marvelous fertility, that exhaustless variety of the rarest gifts of thoughts, can believe that, in the divine ordering of the world, it was intended to begin and end in the land which gave it birth, that these words of thinkers had fulfilled their mission when they delighted or instructed the audience which first heard them in the sunny "white-pillared cities by the Aegean or Sicilian Sea." As long geological epochs prepared those material resources which were to minister to the physical civilization of great nations, so this exuberance of intellectual wealth seems to have been designed to sustain the life of the spirit in all future generations.
We could better take from English literature Shakespeare and Milton, or from the German Goethe and Schiller, than from the world's treasures the literature of ancient Hellas. "In the pages of its texts, saved by centuries of diligence, the scholar by his quiet lamp reads back, through long perspectives of perfect thought, to the very beginning of things intellectual. He gains a view-point where all lines of his
14
THE FATE OF THE JEANNETTE.
intellectual being center and whence they mass, is thus always one, and its genera-broadly radiate. He sees the past sweep-tions separate in time, united in nature; ing on through the present and flowing and so, instead of studying Greek, because widely into the far future. He sees that it is Greek, he studies it to understand humanity, both individually and in the himself.
--march over the rough ice. The story is familiar. Nothing, perhaps, has so touched the national heart "in this, the nineteenth century of time," as the sad home-coming of Capt. De Long and his men. Blinded by snow and sleet, bruised and torn by the moving ice, disheartened as one by one the men gave up, strengthened by hope when the main-land was reached, but weakened by despair when it turned out to be a desolate, frozen country—a vast track of snow and ice, with the wind moaning through the giant black trees, no signs of life except here and there a deserted hut, and the silence only broken by the occasional weak cry of a tiny snow bird. It was only a grave for the wanderers. After plodding on for a few weary days they sank down, waiting for help to come, and it came shortly. They dropped to sleep. The snow fell softly and silently, and kindly covered their poor, scarred bodies. There, months afterwards, in that lonely spot, far from human aid, with only the moon keeping watch, rescuers found Capt. De Long and his brave men. And the Arctic tragedy was ended, from which so much was expected and so little accomplished.
THE FATE OF THE JEANNETTE.
CORA E. PIERSON, Scientific Department, LAWRENCE, KANSAS.
THE departure of the Arctic steam-ship Jeannette from San Francisco harbor, in the summer of 1878, will be long remembered. The wharves black with enthusiastic friends, steam-whistles shrieking, the thundering vollies of a hundred guns, long lines of yachts dipping their colors as the ship moved out into the ocean, all combined to make the occasion impressive and memorable.
Let us follow the Jeannette in her long cruise into the region where "utmost winter nips." She pushes out into the Pacific full of buoyancy and glee, holding steadily on her northern course, hoping to reach shelter before winter comes on, but finds her far away from land—out in mid-ocean—the massive ice-floes gradually forming about her, and shutting her into a vice-like prison. Imagine the expedition lying there that long Arctic winter—the ship standing out in bold relief against the clear, brilliant sky, the ghastly moon and the cold stars, the awful silence, and the long stretch of snow-covered ice. It must have been a scene of "the grandest, wildest and most awful beauty."
With the summer hope returned to the commander and his crew, but'twas a vain hope. The summer slipped away and a second winter came, and still they lay locked in that death grip. Finally, after twenty-one months of imprisonment, the Jeannette gave up the struggle. She went down, and with her all the high hopes and anticipations that had gathered about her perished.
Then came that frightful four-months
How different was the home-coming. Slowly the funeral procession winds its way over the frozen fields of the North, casting its long, dark shadow before; that shadow penetrated the nation's heart; cheers and bright hope proclaimed the setting forth of the expedition, tears and the silence of the grave announced its return. And tenderly did a loving, tearful nation bear its dead heroes to their last resting
THE RELATION OF ART TO USE.
15
place in the "beautiful city of the dead," overlooking the sun-lit waves of the harbor of New York.
There is a strange legend connected with the village of Eusserthal, in Switzerland, about a certain golden organ that stood in the chapel of an old convent. The convent was once attacked, and the monks, fearful for the safety of their golden treasure, sank it in a marsh near by. The monks were obliged to fly and died in distant lands, while the convent fell to ruin. Every seven years the sweet notes of the organ are heard at mid-night, and as one listens a light ripple of sound breathes through the golden pipes, growing in volume and intensity, the melody verberating and reverberating through the still air, till at last, just as the morning god ushers in the day, the divine music dies away into a faint echo. But no one has seen the organist, and the discovery of the treasure is reserved for the future.
So when scientific curiosity concerning
the North Pole grows too intense, let us without further expenditure of money or terrible loss of life, turn trustfully and contentedly to our beautiful legends of open seas and balmy breezes and Elysian shades beyond the towering walls of ice, and to the belief that this Northern Paradise, as well as the golden organ, is reserved for the future to discover.
The Arctic problem, in the earth's present civilization, is practically insoluable, and just so sure as night follows day, will disaster follow in the wake of an Arctic expedition. "This is the be all and end all." If the time ever comes when "the magnetic North, gazing from her throne of snow," shall yield to some mariner influence and open her icy gates, we need never fear but that our American colors will first "flout the sky," and that the frozen North will pay her due homage. But till that time comes let us shun the far North as a monster that bodes no good.
THE RELATION OF ART TO USE.
KATE L. RIDENOUR, Modern Literature Department, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI.
GOOD sometimes reaches the point where it becomes an evil. Work, the salvation of the individual and of the race, the grandest gift of all, may cease to be a blessing. In the struggle for dollars, man follows any path leading to the desired goal. Some of the avenues opening before him are so long and monotonous that brain and body become mere automatons. He is no longer free; he is the slave of his trade.
Is there a cure for this narrowness of soul, this poverty of individuality? What means can be employed to secure broadness of vision and culture? The best intellects of the age reply: the wise use of leisure. The flowers of literature and art are to be had for the culling, and they shed a fragrance over life which neither age nor fickle fortune can take away. The beauty
and the goodness of the Past and the Present weighed in the balance against the homely and the evil part of living, surely " dip the scale, so that life rises."
While the benign power of the school, the pulpit, and the press is universally acknowledged, art as a valuable influence is not everywhere accepted. Some take for their point of outlook the extremely practical, and, viewing every problem through a glass d'or ou d'argent, see no money value in art and regard a cultivation of the love of beauty as time idly spent. Let such an one turn to Nature and read the page she unrolls. He will see there, written in letters of every hue: Beauty and Utility. He will learn that delicate structure and harmonious coloring are combined in the rose with the perfume so valued in commerce, that the solemn grandeur of the
16
A PHASE OF REFORM.
storm-cloud contains the vapor which will ripen his grain, that in no department of the domain of Nature is that which delights the eye neglected or despised. If the world created for us is thus beautiful, is it not our privilege, aye, our duty even, to make the world we create as pleasing and as joy-giving as brain can devise and hand can fashion? Have not we a divine right to the creation and possession of beauty? Down through the ages have come the rude, simple carvings of the Stone era. And ever since, the idea of ornamentation has been inherent in the human mind. Brought to light by various causes and under different circumstances, the forms assumed have been manifold. Under the patronage of princes, artists achieved magnificent results; art found an abiding place in tombs, temples and palaces, benefiting chiefly those who already had the most and needed the least. In the last hundred years a great change has been wrought. With the spread of liberty and the dependence of free and enlightened governments upon the education and refinement of the masses, art in the home has been encouraged. Not lavish expenditure, not gaudy ostentation do we need, but a cultivation of that pure, perfect taste which makes of the simplest dwelling a home of beauty and comfort. It is not for the wild aesthetic crazes which sweep over a country from east to west like
"Summer gusts of sudden birth and doom, Whose sound and motion not alone declare But are their whole of being."
that I plead. It is for the art which "does its duty in completing the comforts and refining the pleasures of daily occurrence and familiar service." The Michael Angelos and the Murillos have been potent factors in the world, but there is a more widely-spread call to-day for the humble worker in the arts whose greatest reward is the consciousness of having aided in enlarging the sensibilities of his brotherman, in increasing his means of enjoyment, and in preparing him for the appreciation of the most elevating and ennobling art.
To one living in an atmosphere of refinement, in daily intercourse with the highest and best that has been attained, the possibility of wrong-doing is lessened, higher aims are inspired, a nobler life is lived. The more true art a nation possesses, the better and the stronger will it be, if the art is created for and by the many.
American art is only in its infancy. Whether it shall have a long and a glorious record depends upon the people. Prejudice must be overcome, errors corrected, public opinion rightly formed. When this is accomplished, when the home becomes the temple of beauty, when intelligence and culture are universal, then America shall be "for all the world a source of light, a center of peace, mistress of Learning and the Arts."
A PHASE OF REFORM.
W. H. JOHNSON, Normal Department, OTTAWA, KANSAS.
REFORM is a characteristic of our era. The natural and gradual growth of civil and political institutions still tend toward a higher plane of refinement. Never, in the history of the world, have the energies which bespeak the destiny of a nation shown such wonderful activity as in the last century. Not only is this manifested in the wealth and splendor which surround us, but by the fact
that strenuous efforts are put-forth to crush even the appearance of evil which might originate from the freedom we enjoy.
We ask, and quite naturally too, for the most active agency in the perpetuation of our cause, and the schools of the country answer the question. What have they already accomplished? One hundred years ago our greatness was but a dream, a faint ray of light vanishing in the dim future;
A PHASE OF REFORM.
17
out the cloud of oppression which overhung the western sky receded before the dawning of that freedom cherished in the hearts of a people who had already molded the character of a great nation. Unlike the American Indians, or the Chinese, who, for centuries, have followed the customs of their ancestors as a mark of respect, we have always sought to establish and advance certain principles which would be for the best interests of mankind. These were brought to the wilderness of America and there yielded attractions dearer than the homes of a mother country.
The question of liberty, which was the first step in advance of European civilization, was determined at the close of the struggle of 1776. Thirty years later we taught the world to respect the rights of American citizens. The war of the Rebellion proved the States a union, and removed a danger which threatened prosperity. These were the great achievements toward our destiny—liberty, nationality, union.—These we would perpetuate.
Since the authority of government is vested in the individual, the character of the one depends upon that of the other. If the government is pure and impartial, it must originate with an intelligent class of people. If fraud is perpetrated within the halls of legislation, it is so permitted through wrong motives. Here then is the proper place to reform political abuses, not by attacking the form of government, but by instilling into the youth of the land better principles and loftier motives. Hence the great questions of the day are not national, but local and personal. Neither do we wish them to become national, for then great danger would ensue. Never has there been a time more favorable than the present for elevating the standard of citizenship. We are no longer hampered with the fear of invasion, neither would we shrink from any duty which would better fit the people for governing themselves.
Every organism contains the germ of its own dissolution. So it is with government. The constitutional monarchy of France trembled in the hands of the middle classes because they knew not how to use their privileges. The forces which brought the Roman Empire to ruin, centered in the depravity of her common people. To avoid the errors then which have formerly led to such fatal results is but the province of wise legislation; for the great and prevailing cry against Republican government has been caused by the influence that the ignorant wield. In proportion to the low standard of moral and intellectual culture of citizens, so decreases the stability of popular institutions. So far as Greece educated the child for the state she is worthy of imitation; but as she neglected the moral training we should avoid her mistake. Hence it is evident that from a political standpoint, the common schools are a necessity, and to educate men for rulers, not subjects, is the highest object to which they can attain.
The state supports schools and educates teachers to aid in carrying on this work. It demands physical support no more than moral and intellectual. Not only are professional men needed, but citizens for a free country, for only such will perpetuate liberal institutions. There is a great tendency among certain classes to lose sight of the most precious principles of our government in the struggle for selfish gain and this has been carried to such an extent at times that we have almost despaired of ever reaching our ideal. But a barrier against all such dangers, the security of our peace and liberty we find in the education of the common people. Here we fortify against political abuses. Here we seek to inculcate principles for the perfection of our government, for the upbuilding of our land.
18
A NATION'S POOR.
A NATION'S POOR.
GEO. B.WATSON, Classical Department, SHAWNEE, KANSAS.
THE fear is frequently expressed that the condition of the laboring classes is daily becoming worse and that socialism in its most malignant form will soon be developed. As a matter of fact the condition of labor is better in America to day than it has ever been before in any other nation at any time. But our exceptionally rapid progress in nearly every direction demands an equally swift advancement of the laboring class in order to keep pace with the other factors of society, to maintain the proper balance; and while their lot is moderately fortunate great care should be taken to promote properly their welfare. We were once told that we were to have the poor with us always, and they are still here, but to-day the poor are not those alone who are merely objects of common charity. Our busy, practical people have already created another class of poor, a class poor not only in worldly goods, but in leisure, in amusements, in innocent enjoyments, in self-culture as well—poor in the things that make brighter side of life. This class is not the mill-stone hung about the neck of society, but its main strength and power—the soil which produces the character and rears the destiny of a nation.
The topmost branches of a tree bear a little perfect fruit, breathing the freshest air and ripening in the clearest sunlight, but the middle and lower branches are the heaviest laden; so with a nation—the few at the top represent culture, adorn society, direct its progress, and are the nearest perfect fruit, but it is the middle and lower classes, however, that yield the full harvest.
The welfare of the middle and lower classes, then, ought to be the chief care of government. Democracy is not principally concerned with the independent few but with the dependent many, and while it is not the office of government to middle with the ordinary affairs of life, it is its duty to afford advantages otherwise unattainable. Of the people only a few are
able, through their own efforts, to enjoy the greatest stores of happiness, to reach the highest culture, and since the interests of the fortunate and of the many are virtually inseparable, since the general advancement of all classes is of the greatest consequence, who will say that it is not the province of good government to become the special patron of the middle and lower classes? Not a patron, however, in the sense of giving office, nor of advancing their material interests to the detriment of other factors of society, but in the sense of conferring social elevation and culture, of affording them some of the comforts and refining luxuries of life.
The idea that government is incapable of granting such a boon is simply untenable. Government is not a mere symbol, and on the other hand it is far more than a vast police system. It has higher ends in view, and they are to yield to its people great and lasting benefits, which cannot come from individual effort. Neither will the result be social slavery or the sacrifice of individual independence. People know too well that they must work for a livelihood, and they will be no more inclined to look upon the government as a public almshouse than the parental roof. What better method then of allaying the discontent ever present among the hard-worked laboring classes can be devised than the bestowal of state patronage upon such institutions as not only our educational system, but also upon public libraries, museums, parks, theatres, art-gallaries and other sources of amusement, pleasure and profit. Suroly such gifts as these would not result in class-legislation, as such patronage would be for the people and for all the people.
It is a principle of common charity even to aid and elevate the less fortunate, and in a nation it becomes a strong element of self preservation. To seek the highest good of all is the chief object of govern-
LAW AND LIBERTY.
19
ment and a disregard of this all-important purpose is simply suicide. No people can lead a long existence trained and kept in any narrow channel. Athens fell because of an unwise and tenacious adherence to art at the expense, among her native population, of the practical side of life. America, with her few holidays and fewer legitimate amusements, can easily pave the way to ruin by neglecting the methods of lifting the burdens from the hearts of her naturally noble workers. The laboring man so situated that he can afford it, spends no time more profitably than in reading good books or in some healthy amusement or diversion. Pleasure helps him to do his work better. But labor has always been, and always will be, compelled to work for wages little more than sufficient to provide the necessaries of life to the exclusion of even the lesser luxuries, and by no concerted effort of its own can it even attain the independence required to enjoy these almost necessary luxuries. Provision for the higher welfare of the laboring classes can come from no other source but the State and Nation. It is no gift, but a means of self-preservation.
A nation free from debt could in no better way instill into its people intelligence, and broad-minded national dignity, and root out the selfishness and disrespect of others rights which comes from hard, monotonous toil productive enough to barely sustain life, than by adopting some wise system of State patronage. Let it teach them that the Nation cares for them, that the welfare of every citizen is considered. This is true State patronage, better than government railroads and telegraphs, better than legislation against corporations. The laboring classes will be educated by the libraries, their hearts lightened amusements, their paths smoothed by innocent pleasures, their lives eased from insanity-producing toil. More and better work will be accomplished; and could we lift the veil of a hundred years and see a joyous, light-hearted, free and contented people enjoying pleasant homes, free from socialistic ideas, no longer having a nation's poor, made at last a true nation—a pure democracy, who would now be so selfish, so short-sighted as to oppose State patronage.
LAW AND LIBERTY.
HOWARD T. SMITH, LAW DEPARTMENT, MOUND CITY, KANSAS.
LAW in its best sense—and in that I would use it—"is a rule of human action or conduct," "a solemn expression of the legislative will." Liberty-civil liberty—the liberty of the English-speaking race-"is a restraint from the arbitrary will of others." Law assures the free exercise of liberty. An enlightened sense of liberty shapes the form of law. They are identical, inseparable, one, from the standpoint of civilized institutions. Each aids the other in its full development. Each gives the foothold by which the other gains ascendant stations. Each is the light, life and strength of the other.
Law is associated with the judge, the jury, the sheriff, the prison, all, perhaps.
the seeming antagonists of liberty, though its true guardians. Liberty is like free flowing waters, springing grasses, blooming flowers, that come and go, apparently unrestrained, unquestioned. We think not of the law that governs them—that checks them while in the luxuriance of their life-checks them that they may meet the duties of to-morrow as well as live the pleasures of to-day. We think not that they find law in nature, a judge in God, a jury in the seasons, that weigh the facts and shape the trend of usefulness, a shoerriff in the frost that arrests a too fulsome life, a prison in winter's months. Yet we sometimes say that law is opposed to liberty, that nature affords a perfect picture of
20
LAW AND LIBERTY.
liberty. Yet it presents to a reflecting mind the most rigid compilation of laws known to man—the most ideal blending of law and liberty. The tree, whose lifeblood flows in too sluggish currents, early falls into the "sear and yellow leaf." The grain that lags in its work, changes its green dress for the brown or gray of decay and death, long before the hour when it might have worn the golden colors of the ripened harvest. So is it with the negligence, the frailty of man. We allow them to govern us, we give way to their alluringness, their coquetry, their wantonness, but when we must pay the penalty we shout for liberty but demur to law.
Law and liberty then are compatriots. They are identical elements, in power and good the greatest, working for the installment and perpetuation of perfect civilization. Customs, habits, fashion, all these at their best, produce law. Law establishes liberty. Liberty gives us civilization.
The profession of law is isolated. Its formation, its intent, its purpose, its principles are not commonly understood. Humanity is largely composed of prejudice. The people construe a law upon its face, with no knowledge of its manifold and intricate phases. They do not know that of all the thousand upon thousand principles of law, comparatively few are of general aptness. The varied hue of civilization changes with the change of day, yet a law to stand the test must endure for decades —yes centuries. Sometimes we see a just cause overthrown, because of failure in complying with a rule of law. We never stop to think by a cold, reasoning, logical, impartial process that the violation of that one principle may open the way for a hundred fiends, if the violator go unpunished, unwarned. Individuality, or personality, has ever been the controlling element in rousing to action the envious, quarrelsome attributes of man. We have ever held our own interests of greater moment, the interests of the community of lesser. We think a law which irritates or fetters us in our likes or dislikes, unwise, arrogant, not stopping to consider that it may be the
best possible for our dozen neighbors, that it may insure to them freedom, expanse, liberty. If the sovereignty of law had been, if it were now of first importance in the hearts of all, no scandalous war would blacken the history of this Union. But until passion gives way to reason, prejudice to logic, self to genorosity, we may look for the blackness of angry hearts. When law and liberty become identical in the minds of all; when we refuse to consider them antagonistic, then may we see a brighter day, happier homes, a more contented people.
Through the darkness and gloom of ages we can trace the history of mankind. The duty they so sadly neglected, we have partially accomplished to day. The history of that day and this, the history intermediate, furnish us the growth of law and the progress of liberty as coincident elements. Law was in its crude, narrow, limited existence with these slavish, unenlightened, awestricken peoples. Strength, really, not law, ruled. Liberty, because of the weakness of the age, was unknown. As law became written, liberty became popular. As generosity enjoyed moments of triumph broader and wider laws become numerous. As laws became numerous liberty gained the ascendency. So they followed, each the other, until to-day they work side by side for the same purposes, to the same ends. This growth has ultimately given us free America. And to the law, whether made under the cowl of the monk, the cloak of the priest, or openly in the forum, we owe this present granduer of liberty. Our own legacy, this gem of civil government, will rightly give the credit where it is due before another century of time is told. Thus we have the growth of law and liberty—of liberty in law. They are the balance wheels of civilization. In both are flaws and faults, as in every thing of human structure. But as we attain a higher intellectual atmosphere the laws of its creation will more persuasively lead us into the road of right and justice than can selfishness and prejudice extort us to wrong. In this atmos-
90
ADDRESS TO THE SENIORS.
21
phere, we shall find too, the sculptor's an armament against the wild theories of hand, which is continually moulding the the visionist and fanatic. Law shall finally present laws into those higher forms, that make liberty the birth-right and inherifind their ultimatum in the great principles tance of all mankind. that guide our existence. Law stands as
ADDRESS TO THE SENIORS.
BY CHANCELLOR LIPPINCOTT.
Young Ladies and Young Gentlemen of the Classes of'84:
It becomes my duty, and is no less a pleasure, to convey to you to-day the greetings of the Board of Regents and of the Faculty of the University. We congratulate you upon the successful issue of your student life. These years of study seemed very long and perhaps very tedious when viewed in advance; but how swiftly and, in the main, how pleasantly they have passed. Some of you will doubtless enter the professional school in further preparation for the special work to which you propose to devote yourselves; but, for the most part, you stand upon the threshold of those years, all too few, as you will some day realize, into which you are to weave whatever of success shall crown your lives.
To-day you turn your faces away from your school home. As you stand upon the threshold ready to go, your Alma Mater looks upon you—we may as well acknowledge it—with something of pride. A goodly company, you have filled a large place in the University household. Your work here is now done and it is simple justice to say in this presence that, in the main, it has been well done. But let us not forget that this work is merely the preparation. If you have done this well, you are ready for the duties that even now, perhaps, await your coming. For this is Commencement Day. Do not look upon it as marking the close of school life; here begins that earnest work for which all up to this has been but the preparation. Our hearts go out with you into that untried future
whose buffetings and triumphs we anticipate for you. May these buffetings, which will surely come, be to you but the occasions for triumph!
Will you pardon me if yet for a moment I detain you? Here, for my associates and for myself, I speak the last words before the tie is finally severed that binds us together in the relationship of student and instructor. Would that I might speak just the word necessary completely to supplement the teachings of these years. You mean, each one, to win success. God help you to accomplish it! But what is success? Let me assure you it is not that glittering thing in eager pursuit of which men contend with each other. He who would win the true success must reach it through a victory over himself. Such is the teaching of God's word: "A man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth." Not what you shall possess, then, but what you shall become is worthy your most careful and conscientious consideration.
As you take your places in the intricate relationships of social and business life, specially in the earlier years, we shall follow you with hopeful solicitude. Your triumphs your Alma Mater will count her own; and if in any doubtful contest you look back to her for such assistance as she may render, you may be assured that such help shall not be withheld. Into these years of contest and, as we hope and believe, of triumph she folllows you with her benediction.
22
JOURNALISM IN THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS.
JOURNALISM IN THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. A PRELIMINARY SKETCH.
P
PERHAPS in no college of the United States, of equal size and age, have so many student papers sprung up, flourished their day and then gone down, as in the University of Kansas. In this, the first issue of the UNIVERSITY REVIEW, it has been thought well to give as full an account as possible of the origin, growth and decadence of the various publications issued by the students of Kansas State University. The writer for some time has been collecting files of these papers, and information concerning them. I have found both rather hard to obtain, but have sought to unite all scattered particulars into one sketch, that may be added to or amended as further information is received.
The first paper ever issued by students was the Observer of Nature, published by the Natural History Society. The first number of the first volume appeared in January or February, 1874. I have been unable, as yet, to obtain any copies of this volume, but am informed that it contained four numbers, extending into the year'74-75. The first number of volume II is dated March 4th, 1875, is a three-column folio, about nine-by-twelve inches. It contained the Society's proceedings, many interesting scientific articles, and the last page is filled with college news. William Osburn,'77, was editor and proprietor, and the locals were collected by Chas. S. Gleed. The fifth and last issue of this volume appeared June 15th, 1875.
The next year the Observer appeared as before, and side by side with it the first issue of the Kansas Collegiate. This was in fact a division of the paper, the Observer retaining the scientific part, while the Collegiate added literary articles to its news page. The two papers were of the same size and general appearance, were published in connection, having but one subscription list. The Observer contained scientific articles as before, but the most remarkable thing in this volume is "a blood-curdling
tragedy in four acts, by Prof. F. H. Snow, entitled, 'A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Eastern Kansas.'" This was published in the manner of a serial story, occupying three pages each for four numbers. This volume comprised six numbers, beginning October 26th,1875,and ending April 26th, 1876.
The first volume of the Collegiate also contained six numbers. News must have been a scarce article in the University in those days, judging from the large proportion of litterary matter in the Collegiate. But it was a good paper for the time, and some of the articles are well written. William Osburn still ran the Observer and Chas. S. Gleed the Collegiate.
Of the second volume of the Collegiate I have been able to find but one copy, but am informed that a certain part of the paper was to be set apart for scientific matter, thus combining in one paper the features of the Observer and Collegiate. Chas. S. Gleed was editor, with S. M. Smith and William Osburn, assistants, and Geo. W. Hapgood, business manager. In the one number which I have there is no sign of a scientific department. The gradual pressure of literary matter and the death of the Natural History Society must have produced this change. This volume contained but five numbers. The shape and appearance is the same as before, but the size is increased to eight pages. It is to be remarked that no advertisements appear in the Observer or in the first year of the Collegiate, and in the second volume of the latter there is less than a page of "ads."
The third volume of the Collegiate remained of the same size, but is printed in two columns instead of three. Chas. S. Gleed was still editor, and C. W. Stephenson business manager. It is a very neat quarto paper and contains many good articles. With the May issue W.H.Carruth took sole charge, both Gleed and Stephenson retiring. Six numbers were issued
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JOURNALISM IN THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS.
23
during the year, the June containing the Commencement speeches. In this editorin-chief Carruth announces that next year the paper will be published regularly every month or not at all, and asks for assistance in getting subscribers. Some of the best college translations I have ever seen, from Greek, French and German, were published in this volume.
The year '78-'79 was a prosperous one for college papers. No less than three ran simultaneously and with more or less success. These were the old Collegiate, and its new rivals, the University Courier, monthly, and the University Pastime, fortnightly. The Collegiate and Courier were in some sense the organs, respectively, of Oread and Orophilian societies. Both were of the same size, about nine-by-twelve, and varying from eight to sixteen pages. The Collegiate seems in some degree, the official paper of the school, the Courier an independent effort of the students. The editorials of the Collegiate, in general, better than those of the Courier, and it published more literary matter, but the Courier had much more live news, and also had good articles.
The Collegiate staff this year consisted of W. H. Carruth, editor; S. M. Smith, Florence E. Finch, W. G. Raymond, assistants; W. H. Simpson, business manager. In January,'79, C.F. Scott took the place of Raymond. On the Courier were Henry C. Burnett, editor, Carrie M. Watson, W. E. Stevens, R.W.E. Twitchell, assistants, and C.V. King, business manager. H. H. Jenkins shortly succeeded King. The Courier this year issued but eight numbers, ending March 10th,'74. It was the first paper published by a joint stock company. The Collegiate got out its full number, issuing its last, with the Commencement speeches, on June 10th.
The University Pastime was first issued on September 16th, 1878, and declared itself devoted to athletics and news. It was quite diminutive at first, but soon enlarged. Fifteen numbers, in two volumes, were issued during the year, nine in volume I, and six in volume II. It ceased with the issue
of April 16th, '79, seemingly for lack of support. The editors and owners were W. M. Thacher, E.C.Meservey,and after a time,R.W.E.Twitchell. It was a bright and newsy little paper, though sometimes rather indiscreet.
In the autumn of 1879, both the Courier and Collegiate came out, W. H. Carruth still running the latter, and Colin Timmons, editor; H. J. Hendricks and Scott Hopkins, assistants; A. P. Connor and A. L. Perry, business managers on the former. A number of those most interested in the Collegiate desired to consolidate the two papers, though the actual owner and editor-in-chief, Carruth, was rather opposed, and held out for some time against it. In the Courier company, Scott Hopkins, Bion S. Hutchins and P. L. Soper endeavored to carry a like movement, but were beaten by a large majority. They then went over to the Collegiate, taking with them the editor of the Courier, Timmons, and started the Kansas Review.
Whether there was any consolidation of the two papers in any fair sense of the word is a somewhat disputed point. After comparing the stories of both sides, and collecting some independent evidence, I have reached the conclusion that no real consolidation took place, that what actually occurred was a bolt of a minority of the Courier company to the Collegiate. I have to support this the positive statements of W. E. Stevens, of Edmond Butler, then connected with the Courier, and of W. H. Carruth, then editor of the Collegiate. Also in the first number of the Review no mention is made of any consolidation, and in the Exchanges of that issue occurs the following: "About twenty of our last year's exchanges have arrived. * * * They came to us when our name was Kansas Collegiate. We hope they will continue their visits to, and feel as much at home with the Kansas Review."
In some manner, however, those interested in the Review obtained the signature of Chancellor Marvin to a statement that the two papers had consolidated. Carrying this about among the business men, they secured
24
JOURNALISM IN THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS.
most of the Courier advertisements. The Courier appeared on November 3d, '79, with an editorial against consolidation, and death notice of the Collegiate. R.W.E. Twitchell was editor, Gertrude Bullene and Edmond Butler, assistants, A.P. Connor, business manager. One or two more numbers were issued, one certainly in January, 1880. Then the Courier, having lost most of its advertising support, and lacking capital in the company, went under.
The Kansas Review first appeared in November, 1879, Colin Timmons editor-in-chief. In March,'80, W.H.Carruth took the place of Timmons.Many of the best literary productions in this and the succeeding volume, came from the pen of Florence E. Finch.
Great rivalry almost immediately arose in the Review company between Beta Theta Pi and Phi Kappa Psi. Stock went to a high premium, and the Chancellor was once or twice called in to preserve the peace. The parties were very evenly divided, but the Phi Kappa Psi eventually obtained control. In November, '80, the new staff for the second year went on without an editor-in-chief. But in January,'81, they elected C.F.Scott, one of their number,to that position. By this time the Review was an assured success, and had gotten into a pretty steady track of work.
The next year W. C. Spangler was elected editor-in-chief. The Review had fallen by this almost wholly into the hands of Phi Kappa Psi. Many students disliked this monopoly of a college paper by one fraternity.
During the summer of 1882, Edmond Butler, L. H. Leach, Albert S. Riffle, C. C. Dart, B. K. Bruce, G. L. Miller, J. D. McLaren, and a number of others worked up the revival of the old Courier. The plan was successful, stock was sold quite largely, the paper became popular almost immediately. It had no editor-in-chief, guaranteed half of its stock and half the positions on its staff to the non-fraternity element, was issued fortnightly, and more devoted to news than the Review.
This year the Review celebrated its
fourth birthday by enlarging to its present size. It also secured a charter, and following the example of the Courier, gave a fairer representation to all parties.
At the beginning of the present year the Courier appeared in an entire new dress, and changed to magazine form. The year has been remarkable for the enterprise displayed by both papers, the Courier presenting its readers with photographs of the new professors, and a cut of the new chemical building, while the Review brought out photographs of our three Chancellors and an extra Christmas number.
Although experience had shown that both papers could be successfully carried on, yet to very many of those experienced in the work of a college paper, it seemed well to concentrate the talent and combine the strength of both in one. It was thought to be to the advantage of the University for it to send forth one excellent paper rather two only fairly good. Consolidation was discussed privately, informal meetings of representative members of both companies held, and after considerable talk, a plan was agreed upon and ratified by both companies The University Courier suspended, having issued seventeen numbers in the second volume, the Kansas Review did the same with the tenth number of its fifth volumeThe history of both is ended. That of the UNIVERSITY REVIEW begins.
The UNIVERSITY REVIEW seeks to combine in one magazine the excellencies of both its predecessors. How well it may succeed is for the future to tell. It is now a little over ten years since the first paper was issued by our students. During the next decade the prospect seems fair for journalism in the University of Kansas.
NOTE. My thanks are due for information and files to Rev. Wm. Osburn, '77, W. E. Stevens, '74, Prof. W.H. Carruth, '81, Edmond Butler,' 83. I am conscious that this article is far from including all the facts of the subject, but have thought it best to bring together all the points I could now obtain, in order that this "Preliminary Sketch" might be the more readily corrected and added to from the recollections of old students.
PERLEE R. BENNETT.
EDITORIAL.
25
The University Review.
PUBLISHED MONTHLY,
BY THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY.
All Communications for THE UNIVERSITY REVIEW should be addressed to the Managers, Lawrence, Ks.
Entered at Lawrence Post Office as second class matter.
All those who have not paid their subscriptions for the REVIEW will please do so immediately. BUSINESS MANAGERS.
For the last three months the question of consolidating the Kansas Review and University Courier, has been agitated with varying intensity. Innumerable committees have met and considered articles of confederation and reported to their respective companies. The question has been discussed by them both pro and con, and in a broad and liberal manner from almost every point of view, and to a majority of the members of both companies, who were intimately connected with the management, or who knew what it requires to keep a college paper up to a creditable stand-point, that consolidation would further the best interests of all. Consequently a joint meeting was held the 22d of May and resolutions of consolidation were adopted and presented to the two companies for ratification. Both companies accepted the work of the joint meeting and dissolved. The following is the constitution of the new company:
1. The name of this corporation shall be the Kansas University Publishing Company.
2. This corporation is formed for the purpose of publishing a paper, to be known as the UNIVERSITY REVIEW.
2. The place where the business of said corporation shall be transacted, is in the city of Lawrence, County of Douglas, State of Kansas.
4. This corporation is to exist for twenty-five years.
5. The number of directors of this corporation shall be five.
6. The amount of capital stock of said corporation, is two hundred and fifty dollars, and the number of shares into which it is divided is one hundred, which shall be held only by students of the University of Kansas; provided, that the members of the same secret society shall not hold collectively, more than
ten shares of stock, and, further, that no person shall hold more than two shares of said stock.
7. The management of the UNIVERSITY REVIEW shall devolve upon an editor-in-chief, six editors and two managers.
8. The editor-in-chief and editors shall be elected on the first Monday in May, by a majority vote of all the students present, of the four collegiate classes of the University of Kansas, (Freshman, Sophomore, Junior and Senior,) who have paid into the treasury of the Kansas University Publishing Company, a full year's subscription to the paper for the current year and before the 15th day of April, of the year in which such election takes place; provided, that the editor-in-chief and two editors shall be chosen from the stockholders, and that each stockholder shall have a vote; and further, that no one shall vote by proxy in such election.
10. All the above officers shall hold their positions for one year, from the first of July following the date of their election.
9. The managers shall be elected by a majority vote of the stockholders, and from their number on the same date as the directors.
11. It shall require a two-thirds vote of the stockholders to change this instrument.
This constitution needs no champion, it speaks plainly, clearly and fairly for itself. It voices the sentiments of a large majority of the students in the University, and may be said to be the result of six or seven years of experimenting in college papers. It is the intention of the company to publish a paper of which any college might be proud, and with the ability of the two, united upon one, this can be done. The literary department will be given special attention, and it is hoped to obtain a reputation that will make it an honor to any one to have his article appear in it. The locals and personals will be represented in a conservative manner, minus the usually horrible jokes. The editors we know will do all in their power to make the new paper pre-eminently successful, and with the hearty co-operation of the students in the magazine for them and by them, the best results will be obtained. So hoping that the Review and the Courier after life's fitful fever, will sleep well, we say, long live the UNIVERSITY REVIEW!
26
PERSONAL.
Personal.
FACULTY PERSONALS.
Dr. Lippincott will visit different parts of the State in behalf of the University.
Prof. Snow will make his customary trip to New Mexico in July.
Prof. Robinson will rest by a trip to Colorado and New Mexico.
Prof. Spring will spend the vacation in Boston.
Prof. Williams will conduct institutes in Johnson, Mitchell and Jewell counties.
Prof. Carruth will remain under his own "vine and fig tree."
Prof. Miller will conduct the Burlington institute in July. The rest of the summer he will spend at home.
Prof. Dyche will gather in specimens in New Mexico, and will be assisted by W.H Brown.
Prof. Lehman will teach music to Lawrenceites.
Prof. Sterling will abide on the paternal farm near Abilene.
Prof. Jas. H. Canfield, barring his journey to the National Teachers' Convention as a delegate from Kansas, will be in Lawrence pursuing his favorite studies.
Prof. Arthur G. Canfield will visit New Mexico, and view the ruins of "ye olden times."
Prof. W. B. Brownell, after holding examinations for entrance to the University at Blue Rapids and Marysville, will go to his home in Waterloo, New York, where he will revel in the enjoyments of home.
Prof. Nichols will remain in Lawrence, now and then viewing the stars of the Kansas heavens.
Prof. Bailey will make good use of the summer months in his chosen field, chemistry.
We did not learn what Professor Marvin intended to do during the summer months, but the UNIVERSITY REVIEW wishes him a pleasant vacation.
Prof. Kate Stephens will spend the summer at her pleasant home near Lawrence.
SENIOR EXPECTATIONS.
Miss Cora Pierson visits at Cincinnati. Miss Lida Romig "don't know." Albert S. Riffle will visit the Pacific coast,
Miss May Gilmore visits in New York State.
Mary Agnes Clarke will remain in Lawrence.
Fred A. Stocks will enter his father's bank as cashier.
Miss Clara Gillham will be at home, Alton, Illinois.
William T. Findley is going to work on a farm, and restore his health.
Miss Kate Ridenour spends the summer at her parent's home, Kansas City.
Frank Prentice will remain in Lawrence, ready for anything that may turn up.
Glen Miller will go to Columbia, and eventually become a "limb of the law."
Charles D. Dean will be at home in Lawrence. He will be identified with the Herald staff.
W. H. Nevison expects to go East,to learn how they do at old Harvard.
Miss Mary Griffith will probably take a postgraduate course at some Eastern institution of learning.
Miss Agnes Emery is going to stay at home and rest after the long race of acquiring a sheepskin.
Walter Hamlin Britton will study medicine under the paternal care of his father at Fort Scott.
Geo. B. Watson will remain at home near Shawnee, during the summer, and in the fall attend the Columbia law school.
L. H. Leach will do institute work in Douglas county, and then prepare for the law.
Merton J. Keys electioneers this summer, and to make his work more successful, will run a newspaper. Mr. Keys' politics are of the Democratic order.
Miss Addie Sutliff will spend the summer at home, and in the fall either go East and study music, or stay in Lawrence and help keep up its reputation for fine girls.
Miss Alice Litchfield will renew her connection with the drawing department of the University.
Miss Mary Miller expects to take a post graduate course at Wellesley or Vassar.
Miss Delia Churchill will remain at her home in Lawrence.
PERSONAL.
27
NORMALS.
Miss Minnie Jay will rest this summer.
Miss Emma Kempthorne will be "at home."
Miss Elma Newby will remain in Lawrence.
Miss Cora Henshaw will remain in Lawrence.
Miss Nettie Hubbard will summer in Olathe.
Miss Phebe Ashley will probably remain in Lawrence.
Miss Emma Kempthorn will visit Colorado this summer.
Miss Lulu Miller will be found at her home in White Cloud, Kansas.
Miss Eva Halstead will be found under the parental roof in Reno, Kansas.
Miss Gussie Pierson will visit in Kansas City before returning to her home in Fort Scott.
Olin Templin will instruct in the Johnson county and Jewell county institute and act as a university missionary.
Chas. Metcalf will travel for his health which is very much impared by his severe(? study of this last year.
E. L. Cowdrick will take a trip through Southern Kansas, and then either go to Ohio, remain in Lawrence or go to Australia, he don't know which.
William H. Johnson instructs the schoolmams and masters of Rooks county, and Burlington, Coffey county. He will in interim before institute work, work up a boom for the Ottawa Sunday-school convention.
Miss Daisy Hemphill will visit in Kansas City before returning to her home in Linwood. She will study German and attend normal institutes as recreation during the summer, then will probably take a school before long.
'81. P. L. Soper is in attendance on the exercises.
'84. E. A. Munsell is back to see his old class-mates finish up.
'81. C. F. Scott is in the halls of the alma mater for a visit.
'86. Miss Nannie Pugh has closed a successful year's work in the Iola schools.
'81. Don John Rankin came in from New York to attend Commencement.
'84. Frank Thompson, of Topeka, came down to see his old class graduate."
'83. Miss Alice Bartell is spending commencement week with Miss May Webster.
'81. P. L. Soper is in attendance on the exercises.
'84. E. A. Munsell is back to see his old class-mates finish up.
'81. C. F. Scott is in the halls of the alma mater for a visit.
'86. Miss Nannie Pugh has closed a successful year's work in the Iola schools.
'83. J. G. Smith, of Kansas City, came down in time for the Beta Theta.
'83. C. C. Dart is in the real estate business and studying law in Dallas, Texas.
'83. J. F. Tucker is studying theology at Andover, Massachusetts.
'82. Miss Lizzie Wilder attended the Commencement exercises.
'85. J. D. McLaren has just finished a successful year with the Solomon City schools.
'83. "Ben" Butler cannot come to Commencement as Yale does not close for some time.
'84. Jas. A. Hutcheson is back for Commencement. He will graduate with the laws next year.
'76. Frank P. MacLennan is gaining a bright reputation as a writer on the Emporia News.
'81. Miss Julia Watson is detained at Bethany College and can not attend the reunion of '81.
'81. Miss Carrie Bauman, of '81, will again wield the sceptre af principal of the Beloit High School, this fall.
'87. Miss Sallie Loveland will spend the summer at St. Paul, and in the fall study art and music in Chicago.
'81. Miss Alice Peabody takes the degree of M. A. She is the first alumnus who has taken such by a regular course.
Miss Pearl Young had the pleasure of showing her sister the sights of K. S. U. during the past few days.
'81. C. G. Upton, of '81, attended the Commencement exercises. He is in the real estate business in Southwestern Kansas.
'83. E. C. Little, of '83, divided his time between Commencement and the National Republican Convention at Chicago.
'81. Scott Hopkins is kept away from the Alumni reunion by his college work. He graduates from Columbia this year.
'81. Miss Mina Marvin, another of the splendid class which '81 sent out, showed her love for K. S. U. by attending the exercises of the last week.
A. E. Parker, of the class of '80, is in the city attending Commencement. Since graduating he has worked up a good law practice at Wellington, Kansas.
'81. Bion S. Hutchings, '81, never forgetting his Alma Mater, graced the halls of K. S. U. during the past week. He is still engaged in the mercantile business at Kingman.
'81. Don John Rankin came in from New York to attend Commencement.
'84. Frank Thompson, of Topeka, came down to see his old class graduate.'
'83. Miss Alice Bartell is spending commencement week with Miss May Webster.
'83. J. G. Smith, of Kansas City, came down in time for the Beta Theta.
'83. C. C. Dart is in the real estate business and studying law in Dallas, Texas.
'83. J. F. Tucker is studying theology at Andover, Massachusetts.
'82. Miss Lizzie Wilder attended the Commencement exercises.
85. J. D. McLaren has just finished a successful year with the Solomon City schools.
'83. "Ben" Butler cannot come to Commencement as Yale does not close for some time.
'84. Jas. A. Hutcheson is back for Commencement. He will graduate with the laws next year.
76. Frank P. MacLennan is gaining a bright reputation as a writer on the Emporia News.
'81. Miss Julia Watson is detained at Bethany College and can not attend the reunion of '81.
'81. Miss Carrie Bauman, of '81, will again wield the sceptre af principal of the Beloit High School, this fall.
'87. Miss Sallie Loveland will spend the summer at St.Paul,and in the fall study art and music in Chicago.
'81. Miss Alice Peabody takes the degree of M.A. She is the first alumnus who has taken such by a regular course.
Miss Pearl Young had the pleasure of showing her sister the sights of K. S. U. during the past few days.
'81. C.G. Upton, of '81, attended the Commencement exercises. He is in the real estate business in Southwestern Kansas.
'83. E.C.Little, of '83, divided his time between Commencement and the National Republican Convention at Chicago.
'81. Scott Hopkins is kept away from the Alumni reunion by his college work. He graduates from Columbia this year.
'81. Miss Mina Marvin, another of the splendid class which '81 sent out, showed her love for K. S. U. by attending the exercises of the last week.
A. E. Parker, of the class of '80, is in the city attending Commencement. Since graduating he has worked up a good law practice at Wellington, Kansas.
'81. Bion S. Hutchings, '81, never forgetting his Alma Mater, graced the halls of K.S.U during the past week. He is still engaged in the mercantile business at Kingman.
28
LOCAL.
Local.
Below we give the programs, which were presented for the edification of the University audiences:
OREAD AND OROPHILIAN PROGRAM, FRIDAY EVENING.
INVOCATION.
Music ... (Grand March—C. Mays) ..Buch's Orchestra ESSAYS:
Orophilian..(Shades and Shadows) Hattie C, Hulick Oread...(Reality and Sham ... Nettie Brown Music ... (Irish Medley-Lamotte)...Orchestra Debate-Question: Watchman, What of the Night? Oread, H. B. Martin: Orophilian, R. K. Bruce
Oread, H. B. Martin; Orophilian, B. K. Bruce,
Music...(Waltz Lillian—E. N. Catlan)...Orchestra
DECLAMATIONS:
Oread ...(Left Ashore)...Fannie E. Pratt
Orophilian...(Murillo's Slave)...Pearl A. Young
Music, (Selection Plantation—E. Boettger) Orchestra
ORATIONS:
Orophilian...(The Victory of Faith)...S. M. Cook
Oread...(A Dangerous Idea)...Cyrus Crane
Music...(Gallop)...Orchestra
This was the first entertainment given by the two societies during Commencement, and it has demonstrated the fact that a united entertainment is far better and more interesting than for each to give one. The contestants all did very well.
NORMAL PROGRAM, SATURDAY EVENING.
Overture...(Lyre of Gold—Herman)...Orchestra
Invocation...Dr. P, J. Williams
Essay...Gussie Pierson
(What is the Best Field for Woman's Influence.)
(What is the Best Field for Woman's Influence.)
Music...(Plantation Medley—Boetgen)... Orchestea Declamation..(The Painter of Seville) Phebe Ashley Essay...(Ruins of Ambition)...Eva Halsted Music...(Wedding Banquet—Rexner)...Orchestra Debate—Resolved. That the Events of 1066 Exerted a
Greater Influence upon the World's Progress than those of 1777. Affirmative, M.L.Field; Negative, E.L.Cowdrick.
Music ... (Farewell—Mendelssohn) ...Quartette
ation...(Francis Bacon)...Chas. S. Metcalfe
The Normals had a rainy night to contend with, but they drew a good house and gave a good program.
PRIZE RHETORICALS, MONDAY, JUNE 2D. PROGRAM OF FACULTY CONTEST.
INVOCATION.
Piano Solo...Nellie Melville
“Roundo Capriccioso”—Mendelssohn,
Toussaint L, Overture...Will S. Jenks
Pencil Stubs...Nettie Brown
Wendell Phillips...Fannie E, Pratt
The Vision of Mirza ...Laura Lyons
Piano Solo...Mattie Erb
“Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2”-Liszt.
Extract from Brown...Richard S. Horton
The Republic...Jennie S. Sutliff
The Poet's Ministry...Clara H, Poehler
Nations and Humanity...Cyrus Crane
PROGRAM OF FIELD & CO., CONTEST.
Vocal Duet...N. O. Stevens and Mrs. C. Grant "The Fisherman."
The Anti-Slavery Struggle...W. H. Brown
Socrates...Sarah M. Emery
The American Civilizer...S. T. Gilmore
Piano Solo...George Metcalf "German Triumph March"—Kunkel.
Byron, Poet...Victor Lindley
Wendell Phillips ...Frank A. Marshall
Music...Amphion Quartette
W. S. Jenks, the first on the program, is an easy, graceful speaker. He had a good piece and kept the attention of the audience from beginning to end.
Miss Nettie Brown, the second on the program, is a good speaker, and on this occasion did remarkably well. Her piece was adapted to her manner of speaking.
Miss Fannie Pratt was the next on the program. Miss Pratt has a very graceful and pleasant delivery. On this occasion she had chosen a piece that gave her a good opportunity to display her power in the use of the pathetic. She was a favorite with the audience.
Laura Lyons is also a very graceful speaker. Her selection was more in the line of a narrative, and she acquitted herself with great credit.
Richard Horton came next. He had a piece with more of the dramatic than most of the others. He spoke very well.
Jennie Sutliff had chosen a selection that would hardly be expected to be delivered by a young lady, but she succeeded remarkably well. She entered thoroughly into the spirit of the rhetorical part, and threw into the rendition the necessary vim and energy to make it interesting,and to claim the attention of the audience.
Clara Poehler had a very pretty selection, mostly in the narrative style, but the occasional dramatic periods she rendered well.
Cyrus Crane, the last one in the faculty contest, was one of the best on the program. We have already, in the report of the Oread-Orophilian entertainment, spoken of Mr. Crane's speaking. He did, if anything, better on this occasion than before. Mr. Crane needs but to study the modulating of his voice to make an exceptionally good speaker.
Mr. W. H. Brown was the first speaker on the Field & Co. contest, being one of five who were selected out of a large number to contest on the rostrum for the prize. His subject as seen by the program, is a large one, and in
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the time alloted he could scarcely more than get started. He spoke well, giving a few incidents in the history of the struggle in the North between slavery and freedom.
Miss Emery had a subject, that to the generality of people, would not be so masterly interesting, but the lady treated it in a happy manner, and gave one of the best performances of the day. She spoke of Socrates as compared to the Sophists, as a reformer, and of the way he met his death, giving an outline of the good man's life.
Mr. F.A. Marshall eulogized Wendell Phillips. His production was well written. The language was smooth and the words were elegant. His delivery was also good, barring a little awkwardness in his movements. Mr. M. will make a fine speaker in time.
S. T. Gilmore was the next on the program. To say the least, it was decidedly refreshing to hear something on the other side of the much discussed railroad question. Mr. Gilmore stated some very obvious truths if people would only stop to think.
Victor Lindley spoke of "Byron, the poet," and a noble defense he made of the man who at the present time has very few to do that service for him. He could not sanction the profligate life of Byron, but his noble poetry and his nobler death were worthy a genius such as he was. Lindley had a well-written production.
At the conclusion, the judges, Mrs. D. C. Haskell, Mr. Bion S. Hutchins, and Rev. Chrystler, retired to make up their decision.
In the meantime diplomas were given to Miss Mattie Erb, Nellie Melville and George Metcalf, for completing the course of music in the University.
Prize day is always very entertaining. It is the beginning of the Commencement week really. None of the preceding contests, it can be truthfully said, have been better. All did well, and only differed in their styles of delivery. The judges awarded the first faculty prize, Goethe's Works, to Miss Jennie Sutliff. The second prize, "American Statesman," to Fannie Pratt; the third, Green's History of England, to Cyrus S. Crane. The Field & Co., oratorical prize, consisting of Carlyle's complete work was given to S. T. Gilmore. Mr. Cockins' prize of $25.00 for the one obtaining the highest grade in Freshman and Sophomore mathematics, was won by W. S. Franklin. The Grovenor prize, $25.00, for best scholarship in Freshman year, was not announced to-day, but we understand S. W. Shattuck is the winner. The Crew essay prize, Dickens' works, was won by H. A. McLean. The Courier prizes awarded to those in the Freshman or Sophomore classes obtaining the highest grade in chapel rhetoricals, were awarded as follows : Sophomore,1st.F. A.Marshall,Webster's Speeches; 2d.Jennie Sutliff, Scott's and Tennyson's poems. Freshman year: 1st.W.H. Brown, Phillip's Speeches; 2d,Cyrus Crane, Goethe's and Schiller's poems.
Professor Snow has for several years given two prizes for the best work done in the Natural History department. Miss Nettie Brown was given a prize for the best collection of insects, Guyot's Study of Insects, and C.J.Reed Key's American Birds for best collection of birds.
CLASS-DAY PROGRAM, TUESDAY, JUNE 3D.
President of the Day ...Merton J. Keys
Overture...(Invocation to St. Cecilia) ... Lamotte
Invocation ... Dr. Marvin
Waltz...(Souvenir de Baden Baden) ... Bossissio
Salutatory ... Addie M. Sutliff
Oration...(A National Artery) ... Albert S. Rifle
Overture... (Medley) ... Braham
Poem ... W. T. Findley
Oration ... (Heroes of Science)...Chas, D. Dean
Mazourka ... (Caprice) ... Eilenberg
Hat Speech... Walter H. Britton
Response for Juniors...W. Y. Morgan
Xylophone Solo... Weingarten
Prophecy... Mary Griffith
Valedictory... Lucius H. Leach
March ... (Somerset) ... Wiegand
COMMENCEMENT-DAY PROGRAM, WEDNESDAY JUNE 4TH.
Overture ... (Raymond) ... Ambrois Thamas
INVOCATION.
Grand Cavatina for Cornet ... Hasselmann
1. The Cruise of the Jeannette ...Cora E. Pierson
2. A Phase of Reform ... W. H. Johnson
3. The Ethics and Esthetics of Country Life,
Mary G. Gilmore
Waltz ...(Dreams of Beautiful Women) ...Fahrbach
4. The Evolution of a Nation ...Glen L. Miller
5. Art in Reference to Use... Kate L. Riderour
6. A College Fetich ... Agnes Emery
Overture ... (Medley) ...Braham
7. The Genius of Emerson ...Fred A. Stocks
8. A Quarter Century in Science ...L. L. Dyche
9. Law and Liberty...H. T. Smith
Galop ... (Frisch Heran) ...Strauss
10. The Aspasias of Modern Times...Mary E. Miller
11. A Nation's Poor ...G. B. Watson
March ... (Concentration) ...Rollinson
MASTER'S ORATION:
12. The Way of Salvation...Florence E. Finch
13. Address to the Graduating Classes, and Distribution of Diplomas, Chancellor Lippincott
Overture ... (Martha) ...Flotow
BENEDICTION.
The Faculty have recommended all the Seniors to the Regents as worthy of a diploma. According to the official report L.L.Dyche leads the class, Fred A. Stocks second, and Alice Litchfield third.
The Beta Theta Pi boys entertained the K. A. T.'s in their hall last Thursday.
30
LOCAL.
The Phi Psis have fitted up their double parlors in a most elegant manner.
The baccalaurate sermon, delivered by the Rev. Herrick Johnson on Sunday evening, was the only real baccalaurate sermon delivered for some time, and we think we voice the sentiments of many when we say that it was the best one ever delivered. He chose for his subject the Formative Power of the Bible on Character. He said that the Bible taught five great factors which in their fullest sense made up the perfect man. These were, heartiness, fixedness, aggressiveness, the power of reserve, the courage of repose and self sacrifice. Five principles which no one can do better than to try to live up to.
The class of '81 had a reunion on Monday afternoon. Fourteen members of the class of '81 out of the 18 who graduated were present. Of course a good time was had talking over olden times and pondering upon the future.
This being the time for reunions, and since a number of Williams College men belong to Kansas and its University, they also met and discussed the days of auld lang syne. Dr. Bascom being an alumnus was present.
C. W. Smith, of the class of 76, delivered a fine address to a large and enthusiastic audience on Tuesday evening.
Miss Mattie Erb, who has been in attendance at the University for the past two years, leaves to-day for her home in Little Rock. She will not return.
The first alumni banquet passed off pleasantly, and without the least question will in the future be an important part of Commencement week.
Mr. and Mrs. G. B. Stocks attended the Commencement exercises.
Tuesday, at a meeting of the stockholders of the UNIVERSITY REVIEW, the following board was elected for next year :
Editor-in-chief—W. H. Johnson.
Editors—S. M, Cook, P. R. Bennett, Fannie E. Pratt, Nettie Hubbard, S. T. Gilmore, B. K. Bruce.
Managers-E.F.Caldwell, C.D. Dean.
The editors chosen are all well known,and are well qualified for their positions. The business management will be equally well conducted, and we are sure that the REVIEW of next year will be better than ever before
R. W. E. Twitchell has been appointed major of the New Mexican militia. This not only means honor, but now and then actual service. Those of the boys who marched under "Twitch" in the spring of '80, will feel honored by his promotion.
The Phi Kappa Psi boys give their annual symposium to-night.
The Senior Beta Theta Pi boys made calls Commencement afternoon on their many friends.
The prize contests this year were of unusual interest from the value of the prizes given, which was greater than any ever before offered for such work. Particular mention must be made of the elegant nineteen-volume edition of Carlyle offered for the best oration by S. T. Field & Co. This is the best and most valuable prize ever given in K. S. U. All old students know well that Field's is the best place to buy all University books, that a large line is always on hand, and any book wanted on short notice will be telegraphed for if necessary. This firm pays special attention to the wants of students, and the boys all appreciate it. From three year's experience the writer would advise all new students entering college to buy their books and other supplies of S. T. Field & Co.
Next year a large number of new students will enter, and we take this opportunity of directing them to the best place in the city for books. Mr. Field himself, or "Hargis," or any of their numerous assistants, will always make you welcome.
If the Chancellor and clerk were not too dignified, they would say to every one entering college: "Young man, I know the ropes in this town, and I'm giving you straight goods. Go to Field's for your books and writing materials. I'm a shouting to you."
Did you see that straw hat go down the street with a Senior? Well, I will tell you all about it: You see the Senior stopped at Bromelsick's, and although he (the Senior) had several old hats at home and at Hope's, he was so impressed with the lateness of the styles and the superiority in quality, that he bought a new one. Don't tell anybody, but Bromelsick takes the lead in spite of competition.
And now comes A. B. Warren and makes an "Happy David" that he did, can and will sell stationary in all conceivable styles and shapes, pens, pencils, pocket-books, pocketknives, cicalas, steel engravings, and O dear me, everything, &c., &c., as cheap as any place in the West, and he aint sure but a good deal cheaper.
F. F. Mettner, the old stand-by of Lawrence people in the photograph line, will always be pleased to have the students call on him. Pictures of all kinds and the best that can be obtained in the city, furnished on short notice.
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annual
e calls many
in usual given more of attention volume oration and most All old the best a large wanted for if attention is all apence the entering supplies
students unity of the city Hargis," will al-
not too enter the ropes straight looks and to you."
own the all you all dapped at senior) had he was the styles he bought momelsick
I makes and will styles and pocket- O dear any place good deal
awrence always be on him. but can be rt notice.
A SCHOOL OF BUSINESS SCIENCES.
Fourteen years ago there was established in this city a college unlike those of Yale, Harvard, Columbia or Princeton, which devote themselves to the classics and those intellectual acquirements that fit their recipient for what are termed the liberal professions, law, medicine and divinity. The college we refer to was founded for the purpose of imparting practical knowledge-that knowledge that would be applicable to the ordinary concerns or avocations of life, which would enable the proficient therein to go out into the world and mingle successfully in its business activities; a knowledge which tends through energy and enterprise, coupled with unfilching integrity, to honor and prosperity.
That the age demands practical men and women cannot be gainsaid, and such are not, as a general thing, the product of the purely scientific and literary institutions we have referred to. They are produced through some other instrumentality, through a medium that imparts the information and wisdom which enables their possessors to grapple with the realities of life, its practicalities and its stern business requirements. We have reference to the Lawrence Business College. It was established in 1869. In 1881 Messrs. Boor & McIlravy became the principles and proprietors. Its advantages are most perfect, it having the most practical course of any school in existence. Its students have come from other sections, as well as from Kansas. The number is large at every term, the yearly attendance is over 400, of which fully one-third are ladies, and the course of study comprehends a condensed knowledge of all business phenomena, and is subdivided as follows: Commercial law, which is the very basis of all business education; book-keeping in all its details, actual business practice, penmanship, arithmetic, business ethics and business correspondence, telegraphy and short hand. Students are also grounded in the common branches when necessary. In every way this is a college for imparting logical ideas of business An education of this kind will be of advantage to every man or woman, whatever their future occupation may be; to the mechanic it will teach order, system and management, and remedy many of his deficiencies; to the professional man it will afford a clearer insight into the practical operations of business affairs and give him facilities in obtaining practice; to farmers it will teach business habits and attention to accounts, which will give them increased interest and success. * * *
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LEIS CHEMICAL MAN'F G CO., Lawrence, Kan. I take pleasure in saying to you that I and very many of my friends have used Leis' Dandelion Tonic, and always with good effect. The idea that its sale or use is a violation of the prohibition law of Kansas is exceedingly foolish, as it is in no sense intoxicating, but entirely medicinal. D. SHELTON.
Supt. Bismarck Grove
UNIVERSITY REVIEW ADVERTISER.
L. Bullene & Company ,
Dry Goods, Notions and Carpets.
We extend a cordial invitation to all students and their friends to call on us and examine our very extensive lines of goods.
Our assortment of Parasols and Fans is specially attractive this season.
We are just now in the midst of one of our Special Sales, which means that a large quantity of
Dry Goods and Carpets must be disposed of at Ridiculously Low Prices .
To those living at a distance we will gladly send samples of any goods desired giving them the advantage of any special prices we may make the same as though buying in the house.
L. Bullene & Co.