4
Tuesday, January 28, 1975
University Daily Kansan
THE UNIVERSITY DAILY KANSAN
SPECIAL FOCUS
CIA panel biased
If one was asked to appoint a committee to investigate campus housing, he might not be certain whom he would choose, but he understandably wouldn't choose an employee of the housing office or the offices of the dean of women or dean of men.
Unfortunately, conflict of interest wasn't taken into consideration when President Ford recently named his choices for the committee to investigate the alleged abuses of the Central Intelligence Agency.
The head of the commission, Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, has said that he thought his job was "to restore public confidence without damaging a very important organ of national security."
It appears that the vice president already decided the outcome of the meeting.
But Rocky isn't the only person with a conflict of interest. It is doubtful that Gen. Lyman L. Lemnitzer, former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and once Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, has had no connection with the CIA.
As to where Rocky stands on civil liberties, one need only look at his record. He pushed for a stop and search law in New York. He also approved of the Nixon-Mitchell "no-knock entry" law.
Most damning of all is that Rockefeller has for the past five years been a member of the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, which periodically oversees the CIA. Asking him to find fault with the CIA is like asking Mickey Mouse to find fault with Walt Disney Productions. Perhaps Mickey Mouse describes the whole situation.
Look at Erwin Griswold, U.S. solicitor general under President Johnson. This is the same man who argued to the Supreme Court that
the army's domestic spying didn't
violate a statute or the Constitution.
have a statue of the Constitution.
As undersecretary of state, C. Douglas Dillon helped concoct the false cover story that Francis Gary Powers's U-2 reconnaissance plane was on a weather-scouting flight when it was shot down by the Soviets in 1960.
Finally, there is Ronald Reagan,
former California governor.
Reagan, who fought the free speech
movement at Berkeley, is expected to
determine whether the CIA has
violated civil liberties. Let's not
forget that the CIA was one of the first to run
the House Committee on Un-America
Activities with information
about his fellow actors.
Three members remain. None of them has been a critic of the CIA or defender of civil liberties. It is easy to question whether such an ensemble will be able to conduct a thorough investigation.
President Ford didn't look very far for committee members. Critics of the CIA, such as Minnesota senators Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale and Wisconsin Senator William Proxmire have championed civil liberties, but Ford ignored those men.
John Gardner, head of Common Cause, would have been a good choice. Even a wild card like former Attorney General Ramsey Clark or consumer advocate Ralph Nader would bring some balance to this stacked deck.
Who knows? Perhaps Rocky, Reagan and company will do a good job investigating the CIA. It is likely, however, that the results will be comparable to Richard Nixon's heading of a committee to investigate the Internal Revenue Service.
—Kenn Louden
THE UNIVERSITY DAILY
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CIA's dagger still cloaked
By JOHN BROOKS Contributing Writer
The Central Intelligence Agency: Is it an effective, useful and necessary institution of a democratic society, or is it a modern day Frankenstein a masterpiece? For nearly 25 years this question has plagued and perplexed congressional leaders, government officials and the people of the United States. It is a question that none have a conclusive answer.
The latest controversy involving the CIA erupted recently after the New York Times disclosed instances of domestic spying by the CIA. The United States public is in apparent violation of the 1947 National Security Act, which created the CIA.
IN A SOCIETY that fears the Orwellian image of "Big Brother," these disclosures about the CIA have aroused public suspicion and have calls for a need to know.
The CIA has become the most notorious and controversial of all U.S. intelligence organizations. Its history is a mixture of noteworthy successes and unbelievable failures.
BEFORE WORLD WAR II American intelligence services were scattered throughout numerous branches of the U.S. government. This intelligence system was inefficient. Coordination and information formation and unity of purpose were practically nonexistent
To compensate for this military and political liability.
President Roosevelt established the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1942. The OSS was involved in intelligence collection, analysis and special activities (clandestine activities).
However, the life of the OSS was short. Soon after World War II it was dissolved by President Truman.
Even though President Truman ordered the OSS disbanded, he thought that some sort of intelligence agency was needed to coordinate the activities of the numerous in-
majority of Congress wasn't in favor of an intelligence organization that would be involved in operations of a political and clandestine nature.
The CIA as it is organized today coordinates and evaluates national intelligence. It also advises the National Security Agency on policy and performs other duties as the council directs.
Although the original intent of Congress may have been only to establish an agency for the coordination and analysis of
The CIA has become the most notorious and controversial of all U.S. intelligence organizations. Its history is a mixture of noteworthy successes and unbelievable
tellgence branches scattered throughout the government.
failures.
To accomplish this goal the Central Intelligence Group was established on Jan. 22, 1946. It was the forerunner of the CIA.
Before the National Security Act passed, much pressure was placed about the exact nature of the new intelligence agency.
IN JULY 1947 Congress passed the National Security Act. This act created the Central Intelligence Agency, the national Security Council and the Department of Defense.
Congress realized the necessity of a central, coordinated intelligence agency that could improve the quality of information. Congressional records also show that at time the
national intelligence, the CIA has since developed a special operations branch that is involved in critical warfare and intervention.
CRITICS OF THE CIA'S special operations division say there is no specific mention within the act that authorizes the new agency to become involved in clandestine political warfare or foreign political actions.
(3)
"We must have a bit of a fight, but I don't care about going on long," said Tweedledum. "What's the time now?"
Tweedledee looked at his watch, and said, "Half past four."
"Let's fight till six, and then have dinner," said Tweedledum.
The National Security Act the National Security Council as the governmental body that was to have control and authority over the CIA. For this reason, the real operating constitution of the CIA isn't so much the legislation that it implemented in 1947 as a number of secret intelligence directives that have been issued by the security council.
If the council has authorized and directed the CIA to engage in these activities, then these activities by the CIA probably aren't illegal.
THE CLANDESTINE ACTIVITIES of the CIA have the focal point of criticism and controversy for the last 25 years. This "cloak and dagger" strategy has been as the "fun and games" division, has been involved in many political activities.
foreign countries. It has topped foreign governments and replaced them with ones more favorable to the United States. It has spied and counterspied. Many of these ventures have culminated in favorable results for this country.
It was responsible for the overthrow in 1853 of Premier Kidderman and for government in Iran. It also was responsible for the coup that toppled Coli Jacobo Arbens Guzmán and government in Iraq.
However, not all the ventures undertaken by the CIA have been successful. The CIA unsuccessfully supported the attacks against the Chinese in 1962 and the Freedom Fighters against the Soviet Union in 1966. The armed invasion of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban nationals at the Bay of Pigs was a failure. This CIA-supported attempt to overthrow the government created an embarrassing situation for President John F. Kennedy and the United States.
Another failure of the CIA was the 1960 incident in which a U-2, a high altitude intelligence plane, crashed in the heart of Russia. The immediate effect of this attack on the president of an important U.S-Soviet summit meeting which had taken years to arrange.
The CIA has organized, trained and supported small armies for armed invasions, undeclared wars and coups in
OTHER INCIDENTS in which the CIA has been involved include the 1963 assassination of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and the 1958 rebellion in
without justification or evidence.
WITHOUT THE CIA, a staggering amount of information needed to direct the foreign policy of the United States would never reach government officials. It would have required an analysis of intelligence data and makes policy recommendations to the president and the National Security Council.
The CIA also functions as a forecaster of impending events. It is the duty of the agency to predict potential crises and to global politics that could affect the security of this country.
However the questions remain: How responsible is the CIA, and can it be controlled? A FWE GOVERNMENT officials have said that the CIA is the "invisible government" of the United States, only nominal legislative surveillance. They believe that the CIA is the controller instead of the subject of control.
For these and other reasons, more than 200 resolutions have been introduced in the U.S. Senate in the last 20 years for and surveillance of the CIA. Most, if not all, have failed.
Much of the responsibility for controlling the CIA falls upon the National Security Council and the director of the CIA.
THE U.S. BUREAU of Budget also has some control over the
However the questions remain: How responsible is the CIA, and can it be controlled?
Indonesia against President Sukarno.
In the summer of 1969, the CIA was accused of collaborating with Army Special Forces Green Berets in involvement involved political assassinations in Vietnam.
Most of these incidents were either inspired or conducted by the special operations division of the CIA. The intelligence division also has produced a number of failures.
The intelligence section failed to predict the attainment of nuclear power by the Soviet Union, the onset of Korean War, and the Middle East outbreak of 1956. The intelligence branch also was taken by complete surprise when Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles were fired in a conflict and when Soviet Freiheit Krushnezhko fell from power in 1964.
Because of this list of CIA involvement and failure in political intrigue, the CIA has become one of the scapegoats of international politics. The CIA is blamed for practically everything that involves clauses, kidnappings, activities, kidnapings, assassinations, rebellions and coup d'etat. Often this is done
agency because it is the responsibility of this bureau to authorize, reduce or reject CIA congressional leaders argue that CIA expenditures can be hidden in the budgets of other government agencies, particularly the Department of Defense.
Another controlling body is the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, which was established in 1956 by President Eisenhower to periodically oversee AO activities. The Bureau of Armed Services Committee also serves as a potential watchdog of the CIA.
BUT EVEN WITH all this real or theoretical control, doubles persist in the minds of some Congressional leaders and the American public that there is enough control of the CIA.
Because of its privileged supersecret status, the CIA has drawn charges that it has the power to defy administrative and Congressional control. It remains to be seen whether the CIA can be able to remove the fear and distrust of the agency from the minds of those who view with alarm the specter of an omnipotent "Big Brother."
Charges of illegal spying focus spotlight on CIA
By TOMBILLAM Contributing Writer
Contributing Writer
The Central Intelligence Agency was placed under public scrutiny last August December 22. On that day, Seymour M. Hersh, an investigative reporter for the New York Times, the same reporter who uncovered the My Lai massacre, quoted "well-massured" government sources who said the CIA had conducted massive, illegal domestic intelligence operations against the antirisk movement and other dissident groups.
Gen. Lyman L. Mennitz, ret.; Edgar F. Shannon J., former president of the University of Virginia; Joseph Lane Kirland, secretary-treasurer of the AFL-CIO; Erwin N. Griswold, former solicitor of California; former governor of California; and John T. Connor, former secretary of commerce.
HERSH REPORTED THAT the CIA had compiled files on at least 10,000 U.S. citizens, including one former Congressman; conducted breakage and wreakages; and surreptitiously inspected mail destined to Communist countries.
Experts on the agency's powers have told the New York Times that the CIA's maintenance of files on U.S. citizens was illegal, regardless of the information, unless thosecitizens had contact with foreign intelligence agents.
Times allegations published Dec. 22, CIA Director William E. Colby sent a 45-page report to President Gerald R. Ford shortly after Christmas outlining CIA operations during the last 20 years. In that report, Mr. Gerald's agents had infiltrated dissident groups and had established files on 10,000 U.S. citizens, but he falsely denied the press allegations that (the) CIA engaged in
The commission was instructed to find out whether the
Responding to the New York
Many questions have been raised about the CIA in its intelligence gathering duties and other activities in foreign
countries.
a 'massive illegal domestic intelligence operation.''
Congress pouced on these admissions: there are at least four Congressional groups planning to hold hearings.
On Jan. 4, President Ford established the Commission on Central Intelligence Activities Within the United States, with the assistance of Rockefeller as chairman. Other members of this blue ribbon panel are C. Douglas Dillon, former treasurer secretary;
CIA was complying with the legal restrictions on its domestic operations, to determine whether the safeguards against violations were adequate and to make recommendations to the president and the CIA director.
The commission was to have met Monday, Colby, former CIA Director Richard Helms and James Angleton, former chief counsel intelligence who resigned to test D2, were expected to test.
ALSO EXPECTED Monday was full Senate approval of a select bipartisan investigating committee, similar to the one created for the break-in. The committee would have broad powers to investigate not only the CIA but also the FBI, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Security Department and the moment of the Treasury (which includes the Secret Service) and the intelligence operations of the armed services. The Senate Democratic Caucus approved a resolution to authorize the break-in.
In early January, William Proximie, D-Wis., and Sen. Richard S. Schweker, R-Au, introduced legislation to help the U.S. investigate the entire U.S. intelligence community and to create a Senate committee to continuously monitor the CIA
The 45-page report by Colby that prompted the flurry of Congressional and presidential activity included a statement by him saying he thought all current senators were within legal limits. Colby also said in his report that the CIA had, in two separate programs,
ABOUT 12 AGENTS were planted to establish credence for "intelligence operatives" in the overseas, according to the report. About 10 agents were planted in groups in the Washington, D.C., area to facilitate facilities and information
placed agents in radical and dissident groups within the United States to protect CIA facilities and personnel.
This operation, which ended last March 10, resulted in the creation of files on 10,000 American dissidents. These files, say the CIA, were shared with the FBI.
Cobb said in his report that CIA involvement in domestic dissident groups began in 1967 when President Lyndon B. Johnson established the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder and the CIA to "look into the possibility of foreign links to American dissident elements."
This request, and others concerning counterintelligence from the FBI, resulted in about 100 law enforcement officials maintained by the CIA.
called Helms to testify about domestic spying and operations.
other files were results of the CIA's own investigations.
AMONG THOMOS who were allegedly spied upon were Rep. Sen. Edward Long, D-Mo. former Rep. Form. Cornelius Gallagher, D-N.J., and William Justice William O. Douglass.
On Jan. 10 Hersh reported that the counterintelligence division of the CIA had unsuccessfully tried last fall to
Clifford P. Case, R-NJ, said Dec. 29 that he thought Helms had led to the committee in 1973 when he denied any CIA involvement in domestic spying.
Halms, now ambassador to Iran, is now in Washington and has talked to President Ford on his immigration. He cerning his, possible in-
The President expects results from the commission in 90 days. So does the public
public.
The new act permits judicial review of secret documents.
volvement in any CIA domestic spying.
obtain station to destroy the 10,000 files, apparently fearing the newly liberalized Freedom of Information Act.
JAMES R. SCHLESINGER, CIA director for about six years, and in 1973, apparently was the first chief to become worried about domestic intelligence operations with the Watergate break-in was suspected, the Senate committee investigating it
ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT that caused consternation among administration members was Colby's firing of James Angleton, chief of counterintelligence, immediately after Angleton came under fire from the New York Times. Angleton was fired Dec. 23. Immediately after Angleton became the top resignations of three more top CIA officials.
Schlesinger, in testimony to the presidential commission, said she was asked by the CIA, the number of domestic "misdemeanors" was "quite small." Schlesinger later wrote his own choice of words was "his poor choice."
Many questions have been raised about the CIA in its intelligence gathering duties and activities in foreign countries.
An equally serious question has been raised—how to inquire into the lives of people question the security of multitude of Congressional committees, the Justice Department and presidential investigations.
IF A FULL investigation is done, will there be too many press leaks? Can the presidential "blue ribbon" commission follow the investigation to its end?
Rockefeller said Sunday that the investigation of domestic spying by the CIA would be parused wherever it led, "to a woman president, to a Democratic president, or anyone else."
The President expects results from the commission in 90 days. So does the public.