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Wednesday. December 4.1974
University Daily Kansan
Punishment . . .
From Page One
execution referred to in the Old Testament and hurling the condemned man from a great height or from a tower was used by the ancient Romans. Drowning was used as a means of execution, which was years of the 18th Century and is thought to have been the customary procedure in England long before the time of Christ. The ancient Romans executed condemned criminals method was burying alive, which was widely used in France and Japan. The ancient Christian executed condemned criminals by boiling them to death or by saving them in two while they were still alive.
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT in colonial America had as its source the English penal code. Colonial Massachusetts and Connecticut made 12 offenses punishable by death. In 1647 the first code of laws adopted by Rhode Island listed 10 capital crimes. The state also amended the penalty in Pennsylvania at the time of the American Revolution.
HANGING CRIMINALS in public was the predominant form of execution in colonial days. Public hangings were marked by a carnival atmosphere and were attended by a large number of the surrounding population. Besides hanging, burning alive was a penalty quite commonly inflicted for such crimes as murder, insurrection, arson and rape. In 1741, 13 blacks were burned to death for rape in New York, and in 1744, a black man was burned in New Jersey for the rape of a 9-year-old white child.
Federal laws defining capital crimes were more numerous than in any of the individual colonies. As late as 1892, the federal penal code listed 25 offenses subject to death penalty under the military code 22 which the naval code and 17 under the civil code.
Gradually, both the number of capital crimes and the methods of execution were influenced by a wave of humanitarian action in the 19th Century. Ohio, in 1788, was the first to limit the death penalty to murder. In six legislative acts between 1780 and 1794, Pennsylvania reduced the number of capital crimes to the death penalty to first-degree murder.
MASSACHUSETTS FOLLOWED in 1836 and reduced the number of capital crimes from 12 to six, and by 1838 kobe Island had been seized. In April 1839 until 1842 did the federal government take heed of the growing sentiment in the nation. In that year the number of capital offences in the United States civil code was reduced from 17 to three (murder, treason and rape;
The abolition of public executions occurred hand in hand with reduction of capital crimes. New York abolished public executions in 1835, but several states retained them until after 1903. Arizona executed criminals in public until 1906. Public executions are nonexistent in the United States today.
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AFTER THE CONSTITUTION was written, torture and burning at the stake were eliminated from the penal system under provisions of the Eighth Amendment that prohibit cruel and unusual punishments. Hanging was retained in some states as a punishment the way in using electrocution. The gas chamber also use into about this time.
The humanitarian trend took hold even more forceably in 1847 when Michigan became the first state to abolish the death penalty completely. Rhode Island followed with a gradual abolition of capital punishment one year later. In 1827 Kansas passed a law that forbade a condemned person to be executed after one year had passed since his conviction. But by 1830 the criminal could only be executed at the governor's command. Iowa abolished the death penalty in 1872 but restored it again in 1878. Maine abolished the death penalty in 1876 and Colorado in 1897, but after an overthrow of the governor's decree Colorado reinstated the death penalty in 1901.
The Kansas State Supreme Court ruled on June 9, 1973, that after studying the 1972 United States Supreme Court decision, the constitutionality was constitutionally impermissible.
TODAY, CAPITAL punishment statutes have been enacted into law in 29 states since the 1972 Supreme Court ruling. They are Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah and Wyoming.
WORLDWIDE, BY 1970 the death penalty had been abolished in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Greece, Finland, Greenland, Honduras, Iceland, India, Israel, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, Uruguay, Venezuela and West Germany.
Even though the Supreme Court decision stayed all executions of death row prisoners, Newsweek reported in its July 10 report that a number of opinions seemed to offer a narrow loophole for state and federal legislators who might want to reinstitute the death penalty—implying that capital punishment might be further justified if the penalty were uniformly applied.”
Apparently legislators pushed capital punishment bills through the loophole, for there are now 145 persons on death row in 17 of the 29 states, all of whom were sentenced to die since the 1972 decision. Of this total 143 are men and two are women.
The last execution in the United States was on June 2, 1967. Between 1930, when the Bureau of Prisons began keeping records of prisoners, and 1967, 3,859 persons were executed.
fraternity-sorrority system if the bill isn't passed," he said.
Title ...
From Page One
Robert Turvey, fraternity adviser in the Dean of Men's office, said he regretted that he didn't encourage other special interest groups to offer similar legislation. He said the original fraternity of Title IX, however, didn't frame fraternal organizations to be included.
"It would be hard to say that fraternities and sororites are not discriminating," he said. "These groups offer a unique and interesting living situation and educational option."
walked around and pret; soon the end of the wire went down.
Turvey said that there was a need for equal opportunity for women, but that HEW had not done so.
"Now, I was in a position where I could see it happen right front in of me. I saw the wire pulling the skin in his hand. There is no way he could have been faking it. He even told me to take one side of the rod, and, I couldn't hold that wire up."
Turvey said there were still many interpretations of Title IX being discussed. He said sororites could be a power base for organizing women's rights.
Water-witching...
"I don't feel Title IX should apply to fraternities and sororities because they aren't detrimental to the rights of women," Turvey said.
Gross was so successful, Dort said, that
in addition to its local location, water in
addition to its local location,
some well diggers and, sure enough, they'd find water."
From Page One
"Robbers once wanted to know how far down and how much water there was," Dort said. "In fun someone asked, 'Ask the stick.' In real life, you would ask if it more than five feet down? or 'Is there more than ten gallons?' If the answer was yes, the stick would pull downward. Through the process of elimination they could pinpoint the depth and amount of water."
"Nobody believed it at first, but they dug a hole and found water at the specified depth. They were surprised that would bring in outsiders who had never gone Gross and go to a place where none of them had ever been, and they would find water at the depth and in the quantity predicted by the model."
Dort is skeptical of people who claim they can find oil or materials other than water by dowsing, but Kim Mandle, Wichita senior, said he had a great-uncle who claimed he could find oil with his divining rod, which he called his doodle bug.
map. In one case, Gross passed a straight edge over a map of the island of Bermuda. The water was located three points on the map where he said there was water, even though no underground water had ever been found on the ground. Water was found at those three locations.
According to Dort, Gross also could find water by passing his dividing rood over a
The typical dowser, Dort said, cuts a limber forked or Y-shaped branch from a living bush or tree. He holds the forked part with the branches pulled apart with the tip of the knife, walks over an area, and, if the process works, the point will be pulled down strongly.
"One time in Idaho," Dorf said, "I talked to a well-digger about dowsing who said it could be used to build a wheelbarrow. I got a piece of welding rod and bent it into Y-shaped. Then we went into his field and
Dort said some people claimed that only one kind of wood stick would work. The favorite, especially in New England, is willow, or witch hazel. Others, he said, claim any kind of wood will work, and some even use a piece of stiff wire.
But Dort said he had never been able to find anything by dowsing
"He swear by it," Mandle said. "He would get a geologist report and then go to the area dawning for oil. He found oil on his land. And he died a rich man."
"I dearly wish it would work for me," he said, "but, no signs. I haven’t differentiated kinds of wood, though. I just take a branch and say, 'Will you work? But it won't.'"
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