University Daily Kansan / Friday, August 30, 1991
9
Jennifer Hoeffner/KANSAN
Facilities and maintenance employees for the Lawrence Parks and Recreation department work to repair loose parts and rusting metal to make the train engine in Buford M. Watson Jr. Park safer. Work on the engine, which was donated in the 1950s by Santa Fe Railroad, will continue through next week.
Government plans Exxon prosecution
Tune up
The Associated Press
WASHINGTON - The federal government decided Exxon Corp. is not serious about reaching a settlement for damages caused by the nation's largest oil spill and is consolidating forces to prosecute the company.
"We're going to isolate them one way or another," said an official familiar with the case.
On Wednesday, Alaska and the federal government reached a new agreement on how to divide whatever monetary awards come out of their prosecution of Exxon on civil and criminal charges arising from the catastrophic 1989 spill.
The pact, which will allow continued cooperation in prosecuting Exxon for the 11-million-gallon spill in Prince William Sound, makes Alaska and the federal government co-trustees for any money recovered from the company.
Last spring, Exxon Corp. and Exxon Shipping Co. agreed to plead guilty to misdemeanor charges and pay a $1 billion civil and criminal settlement
Research on brain cell cluster suggests link between homosexuality, biological destiny
WASHINGTON — A cluster of brain cells that may guide the sex drive of men is twice as large in heterosexual males than it is in homosexual males, suggesting that homosexuality could be a matter of biological destiny, a researcher reports.
The Associated Press
In microscopic examinations of the brains of 41 men and women, including 19 homosexual men, Simon LeVay of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, Calif., found that specific cluster of cells was always larger in heterosexual males than the other specimens.
LeVay cautioned that while the evidence demonstrates a strong link between the size of that group of cells and the sexual preference of males, researchers still aren't sure which is cause and which is effect. But he made clear that based on his own findings and earlier animal studies he believes the odds are that there is a strong biological determinant of homosexuality
— something long argued by many within the gay community.
His research focused on a cluster in
the interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus, or INAH, which has been identified in animal studies as a principal root of male sexual behavior. LeVay said he found a difference in a cluster called INAH3, which is one of four INAH groups of cells.
In the brains of heterosexual men, he said, the INAH2 is "about the size of a grain of sand." In homosexual men the structure, the structure is "small to vanishing."
The study, to be published today in the journal Science, did not include specimens from known homosexual women.
But, he said that based on animal studies "I would put my money on the idea that this is causative and influences behavior."
"I don't know if the structure caused the behavior" related to sexual preference "or if the behavior modified the structure," LeVay said. The INAH possibly could form normally in homosexual men and then, for some reason, shrink or die in adult life, he said.
LeVay said studies on mammals other than humans show that the INAH is created during the formation
and very early development of the brain.
Dr. Roger Gorski, a UCLA researcher who has specialized in studies on the influence of the brain on sexual behavior, said LeVay's findings are generally consistent with what he has found in research using laboratory rats.
But with the present state of understanding, it is highly speculative, he said.
("LeVay's study") suggests that there may be anatomical differences that could underlie sexual orientation." said Gorski.
Gorski said his research has shown that sexual behavior of rats can be manipulated by the influence of hormones before birth.
In rats "the brain is essentially female" and takes on male characteristics only if it receives the proper hormones while the brain is formed, he
"Does this apply to humans?" asked Gorski. "That's very difficult to determine."
function of the INAH that LeVay studied. Studies in monkeys, however, have shown that when the portion of the brain that includes the INAH is destroyed, male monkeys lose sexual interest in females. Gorski said a similar effect has been observed in rats.
LeVay and Gorski both said that science does not yet know precisely the
The hypothalamus alone, however, may not be the only portion of the brain that directs sexual orientation.
LeVay said it could be that a part of the brain directs sexual behavior oriented toward male partners.
"It there is such a structure, then it might be well-developed in women and gay men and poorly developed in heterosexual men," he said. "But that's just pure speculation."
10 conduct his research, LeVay obtained the brains from 19 homosexual men who died of AIDS, 16 presumed heterosexual men, six of whom died of AIDS, and six presumed heterosexual women, one of whom died of AIDS.
LeVay said that due to the large numbers of AIDS deaths in the gay community, he is able to get tissue known to come from homosexual males.
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