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UNIVERSITY DAILY KANSAN
Monday, March 4, 1968
Commission aims both barrels...
Compiled from UPI
WASHINGTON — America's cities are dangerously unprepared to cope with another summer of ghetto rioting.
That is the grim finding of President Johnson's National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders.
The full text of the commission's 1,485-page report was made public Saturday night. It contained a special supplement on riot control preparations by U.S. cities organized during the eight months since Newark and Detroit racial violence.
A shorter summary of the report, released Thursday night, emphasized the commission's views about the root causes of ghetto tensions and possible remedies.
The commission said a survey of 30 major police departments disclosed "serious deficiencies" in planning, training and equipment.
Some police departments are stockpiling weapons which they should not use in riot control—such as machine guns and tanks—while paying scant heed to non-lethal weapons such as night sticks and tear gas which are very effective in subduing disorders before they get out of hand.
Fire departments "face problems equal in difficulty." None of the 23 metropolitan fire departments surveyed had enough manpower or equipment to deal with the widespread arson of urban riots.
Unpreparedness was evident even in such a basic matter as fire hoses. "Most fire departments lack the heavy stream equipment that is most efficient in handling riot-caused fires," the report said.
The commission found some improvement in the riot control capability of National Guard units, but it felt that much more needs to be done both in training and in equipping Guardsmen with non-lethal weapons.
The Army has designated seven brigades, totaling 15,000 men, "to be immediately available for assignment to control civil disorders
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in the 'event federal troops are needed."
The commission praised both the training and equipment of these units, and commended the Army for the planning it has done to insure rapid deployment and disciplined use of any federal troops that may be needed in uncontrollable riots.
It voiced particular concern about "a belief in some communities that police officers should be armed with highly destructive implements of war."
While Guardsmen may appropriately use armored cars or trucks to move men into a riot area where snipers are believed to be operating, the commission said, "the use of tanks is clearly inappropriate."
There is no conceivable justification, it asserted, for providing machine guns, flame throwers or artillery to National Guard units assigned to riot control operations in densely populated urban areas.
It urged police departments to give their men more training in the proper use of the baton, or night stick, which "has proved to be a very effective weapon in situations where a low level of physical force will control a disorder."
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"Equipping civil police with automatic rifles, machine guns, and other weapons of massive and indiscriminate lethality is not warranted," it said. The FBI's riot control manual was quoted that tear gas is "the most effective and most humane means" of dispersing a mob with a minimum of injuries.
Should National Guard and Army troops have bayonets on their rifles when they enter a riot area? This is a controversial question with experts favoring the bayonet because of its "strong psychological impact" and others declaring that the ugly-looking weapons "may inflame a crowd to greater disorder."
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Unfortunately, police departments generally are not equipped to use tear gas on a large scale. Even those departments with a supply of tear gas or other chemical weapons "lack sufficient gas masks to equip even 30 per cent of their personnel."
When riot violence gets beyond the point where it can be controlled by police with conventional police weapons, the commission said, "trained military forces should be called in."
properly it renders offenders hard for 10 to 15 minutes."
The commission urged police departments to investigate the devices recently developed by the Army — such as small hand-thrown rubber-covered grenades and highly - accurate grenade launchers—which "now make it possible to use tear gas against small groups and individuals" engaged in looting or sniping without gassing large numbers of innocent people.
It said that a commercial chemical product called Mace, which some police departments recently have begun to acquire, is less effective than tear gas but "used
"We should not attempt to convert our police into combat troops equipped for urban warfare . . . great harm is likely to result from the use of military weapons of mass destruction by police forces which lack the command and control and firearms discipline of military units."
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