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Appetite Control Physical in Rats
By Delos Smith UPI Science Editor
NEW YORK—The scientific business of locating whatever it is which regulates appetite is getting even more complicated. This is bad news for all the overweight people who hope science will find a simple way of thinning them which doesn't involve dieting.
This hope is based on the assumption that the regulation of appetite is purely physical and overweight is due to some disruption of these automatic regulators. If that is true in regard to people and if you knew what the regulators were, you could doctor them into working properly and people wouldn't over-eat and become fat.
The complicating news is dramatic proof that such automatic regulators do exist and work beautifully—in laboratory rats. Unhappily whatever the regulators are, they're anything but simple and easy to get at. Besides there is the implication that people disrupt their own regulators by giving more emotional than nutritional value to eating.
THE SCIENTIFIC approach of the biochemist, Dr. Clarence Cohn, and his technical associate, Dorothy Joseph was promising because it seemed to eliminate complications. One such complication is the presumed effect heredity may have on appetite control. Another is the possibility that overweight creatures have a small defect in brain function.
Dr. Cohn and Miss Joseph arbitrarily took appetite control away from rats. They did it by force-feeding them twice a day for three months. All the animals got the same volume of food so their stomachs would be distended identically after meals. But one group got twice the calories the other group got.
After three months of this, the rats which got the most calories
weighed approximately two times more than the rats which got the fewest. The first group of animals was definitely fat; the second group was lean in the way a rat should be.
Appetite control was then restored to the rats by the simple means of letting them eat as much as they wished whenever they wished. Food was kept constantly available and they were on their own, nutritiously speaking.
If you based an expectation on experience with people, you would have expected the fat rats to start eating as quickly but to eat more than the lean rats.
THE LEAN rats began eating at once. But they didn't over-do it and remained lean.
They didn't eat more. What happened was that they didn't eat at all for days. When they finally began eating their body weights approximated that of the lean rats. This was proof that a natural appetite control of purely physical nature was at work.
Off hand it seemed to confirm a theory that this control begins with body fat—the more fat stored in or participating in body chemistry, the smaller the appetite. But when dissected the once fat rats still had much more body fat than the always lean ones. In their last days the two groups had equalled one another in appetite.
Another theory is that body temperature plays a key part in appetite regulation—the lower the temperature the bigger the appetite. The scientists experimented with rats in a cold environment and in a warm environment and detected no differences.
A third theory is that the level of glucose in the blood keys appetite regulation. This one the scientists couldn't confirm either, they said in reporting their work at Michael Reese Medical Research Institute, Chicago, to the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine.
Not All Painful Emotions Abnormal, Warns Doctor
By Delos Smith UPI Science Editor
A psychiatrist solemnly reminds all psychiatrists that "not all painful emotions are abnormal." It sounds like something everybody knows. But it is newsworthy because it is being urged upon scientific specialists in separating the abnormal from the normal.
The urger was the New York psychiatrist, Dr. Melitta Schmideberg. She cited several instances of the science of psychiatry stubbing its toes on this very point of common knowledge. One involved a woman who had seen 20 psychiatrists in 2 years.
She had an unfaithful husband. That made her distraught. Her husband said he was not going to allow her jealousy to interfere "with his leading a normal life." Eighteen of the 20 psychiatrists considered her paranoid because of this jealousy and some wanted to put her in an institution.
HER FATHER brought her to Dr. Schmideberg, saying: "Madame, I am a Parisian and know life, but when my son-in-law, after behaving as he did, quotes Freud and wants to lock up my daughter, this is too much." Dr. Schmideberg commented thus, "I was lost for a reply."
And there was the 15-year-old girl who was sent to her by a social agency after 3 years of "supportive" psychiatric treatment, continued Dr. Schmideberg in addressing her colleagues through the technical organ of the American Psychiatric Association.
She "looked more like a prostitute of 50" than a child and "she complained of her 'sense of inferiority' and that she imagined people stared at her. I told her that this was actually the case, and explained why she attracted attention and told her how she ought to dress. She took my criticism well and acted on it, and as a result looked better and felt better."
"Iin contrast," said Dr. Schmideberg. "I told him his quotations from Dostoevsky were wrong and pointed to other flaws in his knowledge. This brought him down to earth somewhat and enabled me to establish a relationship. Today he has completed his studies very successfully and is happily married."
AND THERE was a lad of 19 who was referred to her as a "wild-eyed, deluded schizophrenic." He thought he was "the greatest genius who ever lived," and had been under psychiatric treatment for several years. One psychiatrist kept telling him, "do not doubt yourself."
MADRID — (UPI) — A Los Angeles scientist and six companions plan to rediscover America in a carbon-copy of Christopher Columbus' 39-foot galleon Nina.
"I dwelt little on her emotions but high-lighted the fact that she was unable to earn her living and this caused, to quite a degree, her anxiety," said Dr. Schmideberg. "After a few weeks she resentfully stopped treatment, but took a job which she has held ever since."
From these examples she drew the conclusion that it was essential in psychiatry "to assess and rectify the cause" of quite normal painful emotions. The editor of the technical journal put this heading on her admonitions: "Diagnostic evaluation and treatment should be within the context of life."
She also cited a young woman "in an acute anxiety condition." Her psychiatric advice had been to leave home at 18. She did but it had not lessened her anxiety.
John Marx, a 28-year-old skin diver and submarine archaeologist from California, said he and six Spaniards including a direct descendant of Columbus plan to cross the Atlantic by the same route the explorer used 470 years ago.
7 Men to Cross Atlantic In Duplication of 'Nina'
"But at least we know that the earth is round," he said
The vessel and all the equipment aboard will be hand made, right down to the hand-forged nails that will hold together the five different kinds of wood that were used to build the 30-ton vessel.
Marx said there's nothing strange about the hand-made kick.
"If you're on a yacht with a deep freezer and a cocktail in your hands you don't know what Columbus and his men went through."
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The crew includes Cristobal Colon (Christopher Columbus), the Duke of Verague and a direct descendant of the famed explorer.
THE GOVERNMENT, however still has to approve his signing on as a member of the crew. No date has yet been set for the trip but they hope to leave before Aug. 10.
The man behind the venture is Lt. Carlos Etyako, of the Spanish Navy, Etayo, 42, has written two books on Columbus and received a 10-year leave of absence to work on the project.
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He is convinced that his study — and about $20,000 — have led him to build a faithful reproduction of the Nina. According to records he has studied, the vessel could have been as long as 59 feet. But he thinks 39 feet is the more likely figure.
Marx joined the crew because the records showed that there was an Englishman aboard and the Californian says his ancestors came from Britain.
"The hardest thing for the crew so far is getting used to the idea that they can't smoke during the voyage." Marx said.
"The only modern items on board when we leave for the voyage will be passports and one camera. If we are forced to have a radio on board
when we leave port it will be the first thing that goes overboard when we get out."
Sitters Declare Inalienable Rights
ROSELLE, N. J. — (UPI) — Six teen-age baby sitters here have issued a declaration of rights.
The girls revolted against customers who expect them to mind the baby and do housework too.
1. Baby sitters must be paid the amount promised. The girls charge 50 cents an hour from 6 p.m. until midnight and 75 cents during the afternoon or after midnight.
Candles will be used for lighting, cooking done on deck in a sand box. There will be no maps, books, matches, life preservers, and "not even a bobby pin" aboard, Marx said.
Their five point declaration;
Adele Macy, 16, one of the sitters, summed up the declaration recently. "We aren't a union or even a club. We're just six friends who want to get things straightened out."
2. Baby sitters must receive a minimum of one day's notice to appear for work, except when it's an emergency.
3. Parents should not throw in neighbors children to be watched at the same time as their youngsters.
5. Baby sitters should not be treated as servants and be expected to do housework.
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THE CREW will have canvas clothes and be armed with swords. The Spanish Army museum is finishing four artillery pieces for them similar to those used by Columbus in his voyage.
4. Baby sitters should be told when the television set is not working.
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Navigation instruments, kept to a bare minimum and following Etayo's research, consist of a crude handmade quadrant and an astro-labe for determining latitude and longitude by the position of the sun and the stars.
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Each of the crew will get a quart of water and two quarts of wine every day. The food stores include
salter beef, sardines, beans, sugar, salt and sardines. Cheese will be eaten only when it is to rough to cook on board. A goat and "several" chickens will complete the live stores.
The rest of the crew is made up of four Basque fishermen. They form the backbone of the crew which, at times, will have a lot of rowing to do when there is no wind for the two sails.
After the tests end, the crew will sail the Nina to the Atlantic port city of Palos where Columbus originally left on his first trip. To keep to the exact timetable of the explorer they must leave Palos before Aug. 10.
From there they travel south to the Island of Gomery in the Canary group. They plan to leave there before Sept. 9, for the voyages across the stretches of the Atlantic Ocean.
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