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Joao Goulart Controls Brazil Land of 'Tragic Contrasts'
For all practical purposes President Joao Goulart wields the executive power in Brazil—a nation of 3,288,000 square miles and 70.5 million people.
This is a land of tragic contrasts.
Lush tropical rain forests cover the Amazon valley in contrast to the sun-baked semi-desert of the so-called "Poligono das Secas" in the northeast.
Larger than the continental U.S. excluding Alaska, Brazil borders on every South American country except Chile and Ecuador. The climate ranges from tropical in the north to subtropical and temperate in the south and interior highlands.
Huge herds of cattle range over rich pasture land in the south and seek nourishment in the north on land which can hardly support goats. Brazil's 72 million head make up the third largest herd of cattle in the world.
KNOWN MINERAL resources are practically untapped. Brazil only recently began exporting iron and manganese from huge deposits in Minas, Gerais and Amapa.
Gold, diamonds and other precious stones are found in interior streams. The gold and diamonds rarely appear in official export figures because they are smuggled abroad where the rate is higher than that which the government pays.
Berylium and radioactive minerals are also found in substantial quantities, some of which are exported to the U.S.
Many parts of the sprawling hinterland are practically unexplored. Eighty-five per cent of the population still lives in a narrow strip along the nearly 5,000 miles of coastline.
Little was done to facilitate interior settlement until the administration of former President Juscelino Kubitschek.
KUBITSCHKE devoted an estimated billion dollars in construction of the new capital of Brasilia in the Goias Highland, some 700 miles in land. Brasília became the capital April 21, 1960.
The Kubitschek administration also built thousands of miles of roads to connect the new capital with the major ports of Santos, Rio de Janeiro and Belem.
Though it already has a population exceeding 100,000. Brasilia is still an incomplete city. Work has slowed since Kubitschek ended his term in January 1611 and it will be many years before the capital can be considered finished.
BRAZILIAN industry is expanding at a tremendous rate.
This country is now producing 2.7 million tons of steel per year. New plants under construction, plus expansion of the American-financed Volta Redonda mill will boost this to about four million tons by 1955.
The auto industry which did not exist at the beginning of the Kubitschek administration has already delivered 500,000 vehicles and will
RICHARD TUCKER:
THE WORLD'S PRIZE
Opera star Richard Tucker lives in constant fear. He's afraid of losing his voice—and even his life. In this week's Saturday Evening Post, you'll meet the Brooklyn-born tenor. Learn why he gets the shakes when he thinks of Leonard Warren's death. And why he feels his resemblance to Caruso is a "mystic sign."
Page 5
Verolme and Ishikawaiima, the large Dutch and Japanese combines, have built shipyards here during the past three years which are already delivering vessels to government-owned lines. When completed in 1965 both yards will be able to build and repair ships of all sizes.
Other industries such as the manufacture of electric appliances, machine tools, railroad rolling stock and chemicals, are growing apace.
During the past decade electric power capacity has been expanded from 1.9 to about 4.6 million kilowatts. However, it is estimated that power output will have to be increased at a rate of 12 per cent per year to keep pace with the demands of industry.
The 70 per cent of the population which lives on the land accounts for only 28 per cent of the national income.
Average per capita income in Brazil is about $300, but it does not pay the per capita income some rural areas such as the world's least inhabited by 25 million persons.
BRAZIL'S TWO major problems of the moment are land reform and education.
Over the years Congress has shelved more than a dozen land reform bills without action. Two are now pending before the House of Deputies.
According to a recent report by Premier Neves. Brazil has an estimated 2,117,500,000 acres of arable land. But only 30 million acres are cultivated while 300 million are used for grazing.
It is estimated that 30 per cent of annual harvests rots on the ground because of lack of transportation. There is an acute storage of farm financing. The government has usually sought to channel financing into industry.
RURAL ILLITERACY and ignorance are great obstacles to expansion of agricultural output. Brazilian illiteracy is estimated at 50 per cent, which is probably low. In most backward rural communities illiteracy runs as high as 90 per cent.
Only 30 per cent of Brazilian children old enough to enter the first grade matriculate and only ten per cent complete the fourth grade. Over 80 per cent of those that go to school attend private institutions because of the lack of public facilities.
The Brazilian constitution requires that at least ten per cent of the federal budget and 20 per cent of each state budget be dedicated to education. This requirement has never been respected.
University Daily Kansan
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