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Monday, March 6, 1989 / University Daily Kansan
Resisting rape a Catch-22, expert says
by Marian Weeks Kansan staff writer
Marla Rose was attacked last year.
Maria Rose was attacked last year. Rose said that she escaped by yelling at and punching her assailant.
"We're expected to be feminine and submissive, and that's the way we are attractive to men," she said of women face defending against rape.
Rose, Wilmette, III., senior, was one of nearly 30 people who attended a lecture by Nyla Branscombe, assistant professor of psychology. Thursday in the Pine Room at the Kansas Union. Branscombe explained how blame for rape was often assigned to the victims.
"We're put in situations where we're required to defend ourselves, but we don't know how to — physically or mentally." Rose said.
A woman who fights back and yells at a rapist is more likely to escape, Branscombe said.
But if a rape victim resists, jurors may be more likely to blame her for being raped because she behaved in a way toward the rapist. Branscombe said.
That is because women and men are suspect when they do not conform to sexual stereotypes, even negative ones, Branscombe said.
Stereotypes work against victims
According to several survey projections, one in every two to three women will be raped in their lifetimes, Branscombe said. The United States has the highest rate of rape of any industrialized country.
Only 15 percent of raps are committed by someone not known to the victim, Branscombe said.
If a rape case goes to trial, Branscombe said that most jurors said that they needed evidence that the victim had been assaulted; they could convinced she was actually raped.
Studied juror's reactions
To find out how jurors make decisions about rapists and rape victims, Branscombe asked 88 students to evaluate a test case in which a campus is demanding the library for her case was raped by stranger in the parking lot.
In the test scenario, the rape was described in the test conditions of low physical/low verbal resistance, low physical/high verbal resistance, high physical/low verbal resistance and high physical/high verbal resistance.
When the victim resisted by kicking the assailant in the groin and by
saying such things as "How dare you?" and "Let me go, you bastard," the rapist received a lighter sentence than the other in only one way. Branscombe said.
four judges found the rapist not guilty when the woman resisted in both ways, Branscombe said.
Even so, Branscombe said she did not recommend that women stop fighting in both physical and verbal ways.
Two judges found the rapist not guilty when the woman offered little resistance. Branscombe said.
The rapist received the longest sentences when the woman resisted highly in only one way, Branscombe said.
"When there is one method of resistance, people are quite confident it is rage." Branscombe said.
"The evidence suggests that a single form of resistance can alter judgments in a pro-victim or anti-assailant direction."
But the victim walks a fine line between stereotypes, she said.
Victim walks a fine line
"Either too much or too little
resistance can lead a jury to increased sympathy with the assailant. "Branscombe said."
Male and female jurors differ somewhat in their judgments about rape victims, Branscombe said.
Female jurors ascribe more blame to the victim for causing the rape by some behavior of her own when she is strong verbal resistance, she said.
Men in the study believed the victim's behavior would be seen by the assailant as most exciting when the victim offered little verbal or physical resistance, Branscombe said.
Branscombe said that she explained the paradoxical results of her study as the effects of a woman breaking the feminine stereotype of passivity, compliance, submissiveness and low self-competence and low self-confidence.
Some researchers account for jurors in experiments having blamed a nun more for being raped than a nude dancer by saying that such rapes are violations of the view that: the world is a just place, she said.
Other researchers explain paradoxical judgements as defense mechanisms jurors use to assure themselves that they cannot be victims.
KU begins its Celebration of Diversity campaign
by Cynthia L. Smith Kansan staff writer
Kansan staff writer
Children are blind to stereotypes, the KU student body president said yesterday.
"When you were a kid you didn't see differences between people," said Brook Menezes, student body president. "You didn't see color differences. You didn't see philosophical differences. A friend was a friend."
About 75 students regained a childlike acceptance of others in the Kansas Union. In affair with the Kansas Union, he was the
Fumafair was a series of interactive games to diffuse stereotypes and encourage communication.
"The spirit of play was alive in this room," said
Munroe. "Uni fair games coordinate
not too many."
Funfairnay was a good first step, said Dania Morales, sergeant at arms for the Hispanic Ameri-
"I think it brought all the different groups closer together — I hope," she said.
The event kicked off the celebration of diversity, a series of events sponsored by the Student Senate diversity task force, which was established in October, and other student organizations. The task force comprises 12 leaders of student minority, who will be assigned to represent the student body, Menees said.
Meenes said the conventant on confronting racism and prejudice which was established by the task force was the most important part of the effort. The conventants were an effort to fulfill the conventant's goals.
we sign this covenant as an expression of our glorious and expressive diversity in race, creed, color, religion, gender, sexual preference, age and ability," the covenant said. "We sign this covenant
as a pledge to action — recognizing that words are often not enough — to recommit ourselves to active pursuit of our vision for a peaceful, just and equal world."
Meenes said it was important for organized living groups to become involved with the celebration of diversity because negative feelings sometimes existed between groups.
Menees said he first considered establishing the task force because of his perceptions about the environment at the University of Kansas for non-majority students.
"You start realizing that there are certain groups who are isolated," he said. "And you have
Meenes said the celebration of diversity was established to combat that isolation.
"It's an effort to break down stereotypes, the kind of isolation that exists here," he said. "And it causes me to be uneasy."
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