10
University Daily Kansan
Nation/World
Monday, Feb. 3 1986
American recalls WWII Marcos
United Press International
WASHINGTON — A retired Army general remembers Philippe President Ferdinand Marcos as an authoic World War II guerrilla fighter.
Retired Brig. Gen. Donald Blackburn suggested recently that the chaos that accompanied liberation might have wiped out records of the undercover unit Marcos said he led.
Military records, released last month by the National Archives, showed that in 1947 and 1948, the Army rejected Marcos' claim of having commanded a guerrilla band named Ang Mga Maharika, the Noble Ones, during Japan's wartime occupation of the Philippines.
"No such unit ever existed," the Army records said. They called Marcos' claims absurd.
Marcos, nearing the end of a tough campaign for re-election, angrily rejected the information in the records.
the information in the Record
Blackburn, who operated with
guerrilla forces, said Marcos was on the staff of Lt. Col. Russell Volckman, the leading guerrilla commander in Northern Luzon.
"I guess I met him on a couple of occasions" in late 1942 and 1945, Blackburn said. "One of the reasons Volckman pulled him in there was because of his legal background. There was a tremendous amount of civil-affairs problems then."
Blackburn said Volkman often smoke highly of Marcos' capabilities.
Blackburn said the Army findings on the Maharlika force were baloney, pointing to the voluminous records of Maj. Jig. Charles Willoughby, intelligence chief to Gen. Douglas MacArthur.
Willoughby's three volumes on "The Guerilla Resistance Movement in the Philippines" contain three references to Marcos.
one refers to Ang Mga Maharika,
saying, "This guerrilla unit is
commanded by Lt. Col. Ferdinand Marcos,
an ex-M lawyer and a G-2
(intelligence) on Bataan. He is 30 years old, a first lieutenant in USAFE (the U.S. Army in the Far East) at the time of surrender. He studied law at the University of the Philippines. Marcos is believed to be in Manila directing operations of the unit."
Another reference, in the personalities index, lists Marcos as "leader of the Maharlika, active in Northern Luzon since mid-1943 as an independent organization engaged largely in sabotage."
A third reference lists 15 members of a subunit of the Maharilka known as "dragon hunters" and "the northerners." Blackburn said he seemed to remember that many of the 15 belonged to Volckman's organization.
Someone could have been a guerrilla even if he was not storming Manila, Blackburn said, because during 1943 and much of 1944, guerrilla forces were told to collect intelligence.
Costa Rica expects close vote for president
The Associated Press
SAN JOSE, Costa Rica — Costa Ricans turned out in record numbers to vote yesterday in a presidential election that many observers predicted would be a close race between two candidates, both considered to be moderates and pro-American.
Election day was a balmy day of celebration in the form of flagwaving and horn-honking for this tiny nation, which is Central America's oldest, most stable democracy.
The contest was viewed a toss-up between two of the six contenders, Oscar Arias, 45, and Rafael A. Calderon Jr., 37.
Arias, a London-trained economist, was the candidate of the governing National Liberation Party. Calderon, a lawyer and son of a former president, represented an opposition coalition known as the Social Christian Unity Party.
The other four presidential candidates were expected to share no more than 5 percent of the total vote, which officials said would exceed 1 million for the first time in Costa Rica's history.
The winner will be inaugurated May 8 and will succeed President Luis Alberto Monge, who by law cannot re-election.
Voters also were electing two vice presidents, a 57-member national legislature and more than 1,000 state and municipal officials.
Long before dawn, fleets of privately owned airplanes, cars, trucks and buses manned by party faithfuls began fanning out around the country to take voters to the polls.
Most Costa Ricans do not own cars, and the two large parties each organized an army of vehicle owners to help get out the vote. Polling hours were 5 a.m. to 6 p.m.
From Washington, the Reagan administration let it be known it could live happily with either Arias or Calderon, although Calderon is the
more conservative of the two and a champion of private enterprise.
Costa Rica historically has enjoyed good relations with the United States, a bond that has become firmer since the leftist Sandinista revolution in neighboring Nicaragua topped dictator Anastasio Somoza in 1979.
In 1982, Monege inherited an economy near collapse and has managed to restore it to relatively good health.
Still, perhaps the biggest problem facing the new president will be the country's $4.5 billion foreign debt, one of the highest per capita in the Third World. Costa Rica spends well over half its export earnings to service that debt.
Another great problem for the new president will be Costa Rica's relations with Nicaragua, which deteriorated sharply in recent years and have been marred by dozens of border incidents.
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"The life of the church has been relatively unaffected," they said. "Worship services and other activities continue as before. The only change is that a permit is needed to hold any service off church property and permits are generally being granted."
WASHINGTON — U.S. Methodist missionaries in Nicaragua have told their bishops that despite accounts to the contrary, church life has been relatively unaffected under the Sandinista government's state of emergency.
The $2\frac{1}{2}$-page letter from the four United Methodist missionaries to the United Methodist Church's Council of Bishops challenges accusations by conservative and Roman Catholic groups that the Sandinista government is cracking down on religion in Nicaragua.
In November and December, evangelicals in the United States and Nicaragua reported what they called a campaign of harassment and intimidation—including middle-of-the-night arrests, seizure of religious literature and long interrogations— against evangelical leaders in Nicaragua, especially leaders of the Campus Crusade for Christ.
Church life in Nicaragua changed little, U.S. Methodist missionaries tell bishops
The Dec. 14 letter was prompted by a Nov. 14 resolution by the bishops' council expressing concern over alleged abuses of human rights in Nicaragua because of the state of emergency measure.
United Press International
"News of the measure has been managed in the United States to make it appear that we are under a state of seige," the missionaries wrote. "That is not true.
In addition, the Sandinista government has been involved in a long struggle with the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy in Nicaragua whose leader, Cardinal Miguel Obando y Bravo, has said the persecution against the Catholic Church was worse now than under the regime of deposed dictator Anastasio Somoza.
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