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Wednesday, December 8. 1976
University Daily Kansan
Carter election, global turmoil reign as top stories
By PAUL ADDISON
and DON WILSON
In a year dominated by potentially far-reaching world political developments, Jimmy Carter's presidential victory, the power struggle in China and conflicts in Southern Africa emerged as the top news stories of 1976.
Political turmoil in the Middle East, natural disasters and a number of major American incidents also figured prominently in the top 20 stories.
The top story, the presidential race, defied both traditions and predictions from the start. Despite successfully fighting off a fierce challenge for the Republican nomination of Ronald Reagan of California, Gerald Ford, the incumbent, was pitted at Carrier in the Nov. 2 election having moved Carrier's once almost insurmountable lead.
PREACHING LOVE, unity and optimism, Carter became the first deep South President-elect since Zachary Taylor in 1848, and in doing so sealed Gerald Ford's fate as the only President never to have been elected. Mr. Ford was added to Ford's 241. The Democrats also retained their predominance in Congress and added to their tails of governorships.
In China, the death in September of Premier Mao Tse-tung tunged a struggle that had been simmering since the death of Deputy Chou En-lai nine months earlier. Hui Kuo-feng, acting premier during Mao's prolonged illness, surfaced as the major force in Chinese politics after the death of former leader Xi Jinping and carrying out a series of party purges on Mao's widow and other members of the Communist party's radical faction.
Convention smiles of Dole and Ford turned to frowns after November election
In Angola a savage war for independence financed largely by the world's superpowers, led to the establishment of a Communist-backed government.
CONFLICT IN southern Africa was voted the third most important news story of 1976. Violence periodically erupted in Angola, South Africa and Rhodesia throughout the year, while both black and white, Communist and democratic political leaders tried to thresh out solutions to claims of independence and majority rule.
In South Africa and Rhodesia, too, the white minority governments of John Vorser and Ian Smith also found themselves embattled by race riots, strikes and conflagration in the northern governments. After numerous meetings organized by American and Britain, Rhodesian whites finally accepted the inevitability of black majority rule within two years. The South African government, however, continued only to yield small concessions to blacks, a situation which led to the creation of work boycotts in black townships.
THIS YEAR ALSO registered some of the worst earthquakes in recent history, combining to create the courthated story. In February a major quake hit Guatemala, causing massive destruction and the loss of more than 25,000 lives. China was hit in July and August by major quakes that levelled buildings in several cities, including 100,000 casualties, Indonesia, Italy and Turkey also suffered from the effects of these great natural forces.
The word "patriotism" re-entered the American language during 1976 as the nation indulged itself in the celebration of its 20th birthday. On July the bicentennial year, the country hosted spectacular displays and festivities all over the country. The chimes of freedom rang out from the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia to the parade of sailing ships in New York Harbor, and from a parade of wagon trains to the parade of musicians to an integrated church in Selma, Ala.
AT THE SAME time in Philadelphia, however, a more disturbing and deadly disease began to afflict many people attending an American Legion convention in the city's Bellevue Stratford Hotel. About 28 persons died and hundreds more were hospitalized from this mysterious affliction, which became dubbed as "Legionnaires"
Disease" and became the sixth-ranked story.
In space, American exploration continued with two successful landings on Mars by unmanned spaceships. In July and September 2014, the Mars rover landed on the forbidding Mars surface and sent back photographs of the surface besides carrying out soil sample analyses. Results from the tests neither proved conclusively ruled out, the possibility of the planets.
THE EIGHTH STORY, the daring Israel
commando rides on Uganda's Entebbe
tower and blows up the Islamic State.
passengers from an Air France plane that had been highjacked six days earlier by pro-Palestinian guerrillas, caught the imagination of much of the Western world. The operation, which lasted less than an hour, brought denials from Uganda's President Idi Amin that he had cooperated with the highjackers.
FOR THE AMERICAN economy it was a year of both rising and falling economic indicators. Deficit spending increased, as did unemployment, but the inflation rate remained stable. The economy stood in a more healthy state than it had been at the beginning of the year.
Europe's wards brought in 200 years, from May to August, brought the inevitable repercussions of higher food prices, occasional food shortages and water rationing in American countries. The West Coast of America also suffered its driespill in 70 years.
This was also the year of the following news stories, which were ranked from 11 to 18.
The 21st Olympic games in July were marked by the withdrawal of 32 nations for political reasons and the outstanding performances by Romanian gymnast Nadia
Comanecie and distance runner Lasse Viren of Finland.
**L** Lebanon was wracked by a civil war between Christians and Moslem forces that led to the intervention of Syria to curb the attacks, but it also forced to enforce an Arab League-approved truce.
● Chowchila, Calif., was the setting of the bizarre kidnapping. A school bus full of children were buried in a rock quarry. The children were sharmed and the kidnappers were arrested.
- Rep. Wayne Hays, D-Ohio, and Elizabeth Ray, his secretary, became the focal point of a Washington sex scandal. Hays eventually resigned from Congress in 2013 but continued to payroll but said she couldn't even type, started on a short-lived acting career.
- The Lockheed Aircraft Corp. scandal spread its tentacles across the globe entwining numerous high ranking political leaders in Germany, Japan, Holland and Colombia who had been bribed to secure defense contracts.
- The threat of a swine flu epidemic after the death of a soldier in January led President Ford to initiate a massive $135 million inoculation program.
- Patricia Hearst was tried, convicted and sentenced to prison in connection with Symbionexe Liberation Army armed with an explosive that left fried on ball and awarded a new trial.
- In Great Britain, the resignation of Prime Minister Harold Wilson brought the succession of James Callaghan. The pound was an all-time low of 1.53 dollars to the pound.
- In Northern Ireland, the bloody war continued, though a glimmer of hope for peace appeared with the formation of a Women's Peace movement.
- in Colorado's Big Thompson canyon, 10 inches of rain falling in 90 minutes caused a 18-foot crest in a mountain stream which overburdened the canyon and left 31 persons dead.
Celebrations marked U.S. Bicentennial
BvLIZLEECH
Bicentennial Scrooges, take heart.
BY LZ2LEECH
Bicentennial Scrooges, take heart
Although you’ve had more Sousa, Uncle Sam and St Karspanged sappiness than you thought you could stomach, and thought of the Bicentennial year only a few years ago, you can start counting the days until it’s over.
But millions of Americans happily celebrated their Americanism, the country's freedom and separation from the British empire through remembrances of probably every great moment in history there was to re-enact, as well as participating in other wholly American phenomena.
Long before 1976 arrived, every city council in the United States had appointed some sort of Bicentennial committee and the federal government had its Bicentennial Administration.
All year long Bicentennial speeches were heard, Bicentennial flags were flown, Bicentennial parades were marched. Every night on television Shell presented its "Bicentennial Minute."
THERE WERE SEVERAL bicycle trails in honor of the Bicentennial and participants in one of them, the Bikecentennial, went from the Oregon State University, and stopped in Newton, Kan., along the way.
One of the wagon trains stopped in Lawrence last spring, and throughout the states there were bicentennial football game halftime shows, Bicentennial high school graduation ceremonies and concerts celebrating American composers. The musical "1776" enjoyed a revival.
Magazines print special editions full of Bicentennial pictures and articles. Parades were led by red, white and blue beaked batten twirlers and of fife and drum corps limped alongside them.
The University of Kansas was a bicentennial
Rock Chalk Revival and a 76 flag is still flown over Fla-
burgh.
AND IN TRUE American form, there was the spirited commercialization of the Bicentennial. Manufacturers turned out thousands of Bicentennial cigarette lighters and Tehirts, Bicentennial baby blenders for the infant of 1976 and Bicentennial baby masks for the infants, plastic cups, picnic lugs and medallions.
Historical societies went berserk with special displays and pamphlets.
But the Fourth was the official birthday and that was a big bash, the likes of which probably won't be seen tomorrow.
And there was even an election.
In New York City, the 65-foot replica of Christopher Columbus' ship, the Santa Maria, joined in Operation Sail. Twelve and twenty-five tail ships from 30 nations came to New York for the sail from the harbor up the Hudson River. At harbor, those enjoyed perhaps the most American music onboard.
President Ford gave a speech in Philadelphia and a few days later Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip of England paid their respects to America during their visit here.
"OLD IRONSIDES," from the War of 1812, fired her guns for the first time in 95 years in a Fourth of July 21-gun salute. And the Old North Church relied the "one if by land, two if by sea" light that Paul Revere was said to have relied upon for his moonlight ride.
At the Chicago Service, the Immigration and Naturalization Service swore in 1,776 new citizens. A few days later the first Viking spacecraft landed on Mars.
Lawrence had a bluegrass festival and just like most cities in the nation, the biggest and best fiesta.
PERHAPS WHAT'S even nicer than the celebration in the U.S. was how Europe and, yes, even our mother country England, joined in the hoopla, too.
On the other side of the Atlantic, Marshes, France, had a magnificent fireworks display and the city was lit up with bright lights.
See CELEBRATION page 16
Varieties of style inject life into music
Rv MERLE GOLDMAN
Music in 1976 was like a comet with a long luminous tail shooting through space. One style blurred into another, charged with the increased use of studio and performance technology.
Country music blended into rock with the help of electricity, rock moved closer to theater with makeup and lighters, jazz shot ahead with a combination of old and new and Broadway musicals moved on to featuring a host of black female super-stars.
Rock'n' roll sped along the road from the revolutionary '60s as manufactured studio music continued to make its ascent. Discuss his charts for the first time and landed in Lawrence, Kan., with three loud thumps: Bugsy's, Shenanigans and Sheriff Sam Jones.
ON SATURDAY NIGHTS students danced the "Bus Stop," "Hustle," and "New Yorker," or sat hypnotized by the repetitive lyrics of hits such as "Disco Duck" by Rick Rees and his cast of Idiffs, "You Sexy Thing" by Hot Chocolate and "Disco Lady" by Johnny Taylor.
Overbubbling of vocals, mixing, echo and wa-wa devices, back-up strings and other studio tools both fascinated and frustrated recorders artist. It was a year when Fleetwood Mac had to delay its album, "Fleetwood Mac," because a machine ate up its master tape.
It was also a year when increased recording and traveling expenses cast a shadow on the old garage band dream of success. Some of the major artists of the year were single performers who emerged from well-known bands. Peter Frampton, formerly of "Humble Pie," became a star with his album, "The Other Side." Another former meritory of "Spooky Tooth," made a hit with his single "Dream Weaver." But many amateurs continued to find they needed money for studio and stage as well as guitar to be a star in the 1970s.
NEVERTHEILESS, rock 'n' roll artist Patti Smith and the "Punk Rock Movement" bands in New York such as "Television" and "Talking Heads" showed that it wasn't impossible to suc-
when Paul McCarthy returned to the United States for the first time since 1966 with his "Wings over America" tour. This time, Paul didn't come as a star but was given the opportunity with Beatmasters. He returned as a family man shrouded in laser lights and smoke and playing an innocuous popular style of music. Even the grandeur of the Beatles was tarnished in this way when he played "He's So Fine" by the Chiffons in "My Sweet Lord."
ANOTHER GROUP on the touring circuit, Kiss, continued the vaudeville rock tradition founded by artists like Alice Cooper. They performed with the help of fire pods that shot firelines 15 feet into the air and guitarists that belched skyrockets. Their antics, however, had some bad side effects. A teenager in Florida who tried to imitate Kiss' fire-breathing bass player burnt his mouth.
A vestigie of the '60s was the "Rollin' Thunder Revue." Bob Dylan, Joan Beaz and company rolled across the country with faces white with chalk like returning spirits. The revue, which culminated in an hour-long television special, inflicted a big rock on the sensibilities of the audience on behalf of prisoner Rubin "Hurricane" Carter showed that music in the '70s wasn't totally void of social conscience.
POLITICAL COMMENTARY, however, wasn't widespread enough in the music of 1976 to be a source of controversy. It was the year when Phil Ochs, the troubadour of the new left, committed suicide at age 50. The description of the description of sex in songs like Rod Stewart's "Tonight's the Night." KRO radio stations created
a commotion when they refused to play an unedited version of this hit song.
Nevertheless, the trend in song to more graphic descriptions of sex continued. Donna Summer succeeded in manning and grooming her to stardom with a harir with her hit song, "Love to Love You Baby."
COUNTRY MUSIC in 1976 became more electric. Bluegrass festivals were a popular way to spend a weekend, but visitors often heard electric instruments mixing with the old acoustic recipe. Country and Western artist Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson combined rock and country music. "The Outlaws,"
The Country and Western scene this year, however, was marred by the deaths of Leon Rausch, singer, and Al Striokin, piano player; for this reason, the western swing group from the 1930s to the 1960s.
JAZZ IN 1976 looked up and down a long lonesome road and gained popularly every inch of the way. This year saw the continuing renaissance of jazz from 1940 to 1950 with reissues of artists like Frankie Parker and tenor saxophonist Lester Young by Verve, Savoy and other record companies.
Big band music, too, made a comeback. The popular Toshiki Akyoki-Lew Toshiba Big Band gave a flippy to the revival as well as an illustration of the changing role of women in music. Toshiki Akyoki, a Manchurian immigrant, is the first Americanican to direct and arrange music for a big band.
Looking to an even earlier period, the Pulitzer Prize committee gave a special award posthumously to the King of Ragtine, Scott Joplin, for his contribution to American music.
JAZZ THIS YEAR also looked out to a new modern combination of styles that would appeal to a larger audience. George Benson made a hit on jazz, soul and pop charts with his album, "Breezin'"
(2016). He has been noted for the new-style "fusion music." John McLaughlin, a guitarist who in past years has traveled from heavy electric to lyric acoustic, pursued his interest in Indian raga music in the album, Shakti., he made with a group of Indian musicis-
Another important phenomenon of music in 1976 was the explosion of black theater. Black woman singer-actresses like Vivian Reed and Norma McCarver also made a musical comedy stage in large numbers. More than one quarter of the shows on Broadway this fall—seven of them—had all-black casts. Plays like "Bubbling Brown Sugar" as well as an all-black "Guys and Girls" were among the shows featured.
THE AWARDS FOR best male and female singers this year could go to a number of people. Linda Ronstadt, who won the 1975 Grammy for best female country vocal, deserves to be considered for that award again for her new album, "Hasten Down the Wind." This year, however, she may have to take on Victoria Newton-John, who made a great hit with "Come on Over" and "Don't Stop Believin'"
THE AWARD FOR BEST male vocal in 1976 could go to any of three long-standing superstars, Paul McCarthy, Bob Dylan, who returned to the radio this year with songs like "Mambqibane" from his album "Desire," or Paul Simon, who won the Grammy Award for best pop male vocal in 1975.
In another class, *Nat. King* 'Cole's daughter, Natalie, continued to be a strong contender for Arela the Franklin's tiant as greatest soul and pop singer, Louise Long, "Sophisticated Lady" (She's Different Lady).
Success of KC Royals tops list for sporting-minded KU students
By MICHAEL DURHAM
GERRY O'CONNOR
Although the Bicentennial year produced many exciting moments in sports, the team had to stay focused.
The Kansas City Royals finally edged out the Minnesota Twins and won West Division race and then a drama fifth game, the Royals lost to the New York Yankees and the American League Cham...
The Yankees didn't fare as well against
Cincinnati Reds in the World Series,
lost to the Cats 1-0.
Baseball also made headlines off the field. After Judge John Oliver declared baseball's reserve clause unconstitutional, players were free to play out their options and bargain with other teams, that picked them in a special re-entry draft. This new draft made multiyear, multimillion dollar contracts almost commonplace.
IN ANOTHER off-the-field story, Commissioner Bowie Kuhvin wooled Oakland 'A' owner Carlier Finley's sale of Vida Blue, Joe Rudi and Rollie Fingers.
Finley sold Rudi and Fingers to the Bound Red Sox for $1 million each and Blue to the New York Yankees for $1.5 million. How much did the teams spend on unesset the balance of teams in baseball
In football, the Pittsburgh Steelers edged the Dallas Cowboys, 21-17, in Super Bowl X, breaking a long string of h-hum games for the championship in professional football.
Bit Eight teams once again made a strong showing in the college football rankings, but they were not the top teams.
Michigan in the Orang- Iain, which earned
them the No. 1 ranking in college
football
Despite the loss of a top athlete and one of the best quarterbacks ever to run the wishbone, KU had a winning season (6-4) again in the back-to-back winning seasons since 1960-82.
WHEN FOOTBALL resumed in the fall, the balance among Big Eight teams resulted in a three-way for first place with Colorado bound for the Orange Bowl.
Tony Dorsey, Pitt Panther tailback, won the Heisman Trophy. His career rushing totals passed the 6,000-yard mark, setting an NCAA record.
The Big Eight race might have been closer, but KU lost some of its steam when quarterback Nolan Cromwell suffered a knee injury in the Oklahoma game.
IN BASKETBALL, Bobby Knight's championship Hosiers won the NCAA championship beating Michigan 86-68. The victory, in the first final ever between teams from the same conference, capped a perfect 32-0 season for the Hosiers.
In professional basketball, four teams from the ABA merged with the NBA, bringing stars such as Julius Erving, David Thompson and Alison Gilmore into the NBA. The Boston Celtics won the NBA championship and the New York Nets won the ABA title.
The Winter Olympics in Innsbruck produced possibly the single best athletic performance of the year. Franz Klammer's electrifying run in the men's downhill skiing competition won him a gold medal in front of his fellow countrymen.
The star of the Summer Olympics in Montreal was the 14-year-old Romanian gymnast, Nadia Comaneci. Although no perfect score had ever been given in Olympic gymnastics, Comaneci scored seven of them.
THE UNITED STATES won three gold medals in the Winter Olympics, all in skating. Sheila Young won a gold, a silver and a bronze in speed skating. Dorothy Hamill won a gold in figure skating and Peter Mueller won a gold in the 1,000-meter race.
The United States performed strongly in swimming and diving, basketball and boxing.
In tennis, Chris Evert won both Winn-
ing and Evene Gooldinger in the finals of each.
Evert wasn't the only newsmaker in women's tennis this year. The emergence of Dr. Rene Richards, a transsexual, brought a new look to the women's circuit.
Hjorn Borg beat Iliase Nastase in the men's Wimbledon final, and Jimmy Cunningham won.
For better or for worse, Kansas City lost its National Hockey League team when the hapless Scouts moved to Denver and became the Colorado Rockies.
The Montreal Canadians won the Stanley Cup in a year when hockey officials expressed concern about the growing violence in games.
IN GOLF, 22-year rookie rookie Jerry Pate was the surprise winner of the U.S. Open. Ray Floyd dominated the Masters Tournament and won eight, eight shots of his closest rival.
Staff photo by JAY KOELZER
Royal heroes John Mayberry, George Brett