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Wednesday, April 18, 1990 / University Daily Kansan
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Study reveals smuggling data Suppliers help nations to expand nuclear weapons capabilities
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WASHINGTON — Pakistan, India, Brazil, Argentina and Iraq have been able to build or expand nuclear weapons capabilities by smuggling materials from supplier countries, according to a private study released yesterday.
The Associated Press
To counter these activities, the report recommended that the United States and other suppliers threaten military and economic sanctions against countries engaging in such operations.
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Titled "Nuclear Exports: The Challenge of Control," the report was prepared by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a private research group. It was written by Leonard Spector, a veteran expert on nuclear proliferation, with assistance from Jacqueline Smith.
The report said that West Germany had been the weak link in the international export control system and that it must tighten its export laws. Both India and Pakistan have relied on West German suppliers for their nuclear programs, the report said.
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Shortly before the report was released, the new head of Brazil's nuclear energy commission, Jose Luis de Calvanto Santana, said Braa.
ail would not build a nuclear bomb. But he declined to say whether it had the technical ability to do so.
Argentina has proclaimed repeatedly the right to develop and explode a nuclear device, although the United States is from being able to achieve that goal.
Three weeks ago, Iraq denied any intention of developing nuclear weapons and reaffirmed that denial Monday. It said devices described by U.S. prosecutors as nuclear warhead detonation capacitors allegedly being smuggled to Baghdad were to be used in a non-nuclear university laser project.
In midMarch, British investigators arrested four people they claimed had tried to smuggle these devices to Iraq.
President Saddam Hussein has expressed concern in recent days about a possible nuclear attack by Israel against his country. The report lists Israel among countries where there is a proliferation concern.
Of the five countries the report focused on, it said Iraq's program was far behind those of the other four.
The report said in some instances, agents of the five countries have
engaged in simple smuggling — for example, by attempting to export commodities without required export licenses or by making blatantly false declarations on export documents
It recommended that traditional nuclear suppliers ensure rigorous enforcement of their common nuclear export guidelines.
In other cases, the report said, these agents have been able to minimize any suspect characteristics of
Other recommendations included:
Finding ways to recover illicitly acquired nuclear commodities or to ensure that nuclear weapons contribute to nuclear weapons programs.
The report said that West Germany had been the weak link in the international export control system and that it must tighten its export laws.
the commodities at issue, taking advantage of a relaxed attitude by licensing officials or exploiting gaps in export regulations.
against nuclear smuggling by threatening reduced aid, military sales restrictions or economic sanctions, the report said.
Prosecuting individuals involved in nuclear smuggling, while essential, neither reached the source of the problem nor imposed unacceptable costs on nations that sought to undermine the international nuclear control regime, the study said.
If controls had been enforced effectively, Spector said, it is possible that "Pakistan would not be able to manufacture nuclear weapons today, that India's nuclear weapons potential would be a fraction of its current size and that either Argentina nor Brazil would have been involved." Ducing nuclear weapons material.
"Indeed, many of these states continue to enjoy the fruits of their illicit nuclear purchasing operations even after they have been exposed," it said.
Supplier countries should retaliate
Publicizing nuclear smuggling operations more frequently. "The embarrassment of publicity serves at least as a mild sanction against states engaged in such operations and also serves to chastise the commercial firms that aid them," the report said.
Researchers uncover 'alcoholism gene'
Scientists call study promising
The Associated Press
CHICAGO — Researchers say they have pinpointed for the first time a gene that may make people prone to alcoholism, adding weight to the argument that alcoholism is a disease and not a moral weakness.
Government scientists called the finding provocative and promising, even if it required more study. But a leading investigator in the field declaimed that it was impossible to say alcoholism gene had been identified.
The researchers reported in last Wednesday's Journal of the American Medical Association that they found a particular gene on a chromosome previously linked with alcoholism to be far more common in alcohols than in non-alcoholics. If verified, the finding would represent
the first specific identification of a genetic root for alcoholism.
Alcoholism, which afflicts an estimated 18 million people in the United States, tends to run in families, and previous studies of families and of adopted twins have suggested that environment and genetic factors contribute to the disorder.
Scientists exploring possible genetic factors previously have implicated three chromosomes as possibly having a role, but no one before has isolated any gene on those chromosomes as likely culprits, the researchers said.
Chromosomes are threadlike structures comprised of thousands of individual genes, the "fingerprints" of DNA that carry each cell's hereditary blueprint. A person's traits are determined by the nearly 100,000 genes in each cell.
The gene pinpointed in the new study has two alternative forms, each of which produces one form of a type of nerve cell called the dopamine D-2 receptor, thought to play a key role in experiencing pleasure.
The researchers looked at both forms of the receptor — the "A-1 allele" and the "A-2 allele" — in brain matter from the cadavers of 70 subjects, 35 alcohols and 35 nonalcoholics.
"We found a very high association of the A-1 allele with alcoholism and a very high association of the A-2 allele with non-alcoholism," said Ernest P. Noble, a co-leader of the study and director of the Alcohol Research Center at the University of California, Los Angeles.
The A-1 allele was present in 69 percent of the alcohols but only in 20 percent of the non-alcoholics, the researchers reported.
Such a high correlation was surprising, given that alcoholism comes in a number of types and is almost the number of causes, the researchers said.
"A large majority of alcoholies in the present study had experienced
It is possible the A-1 allele is associated with a particular sub-type of virulent alcoholism in which the person fails to respond to treatment, they wrote.
repeated treatment failures in their alcoholic rehabilitation, and the cause of death was primarily attributed to the chronic damaging effects of alcohol on their bodily systems," the researchers wrote.
"We really can't say that indeed we found the alcoholism gene per se," said Kenneth Blum, co-leader of the study and chief of the Addictive Diseases division in the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio.
"We think that in the age-old question of nature versus nurture, this finding has added to the nature side, to the disease concept, rather than (to the concept that alcoholism) is just moral weakness or willful misconduct," he said.
Industry Economy environment can coexist
The Associated Press
WASHINGTON — in a reversal of what business preached 20 years ago, the National Association of Manufacturers said yesterday that experience showed that environmental improvement and economic growth are compatible.
Alexander Trowbridge, chairman of the trade group's industry Coalition for the Environment, said the predictions about environmental improvement at the cost of jobs and national economic strength and high prices had proven to be overstated.
"Environmental improvement has been a corollary to economic growth and not come in spite of it," he said.
In recent weeks, a number of large corporations have announced environment-motivated business decisions. Conoco said it would acquire only doublehull oil tankers to reduce the likelihood of oil spills; three major U.S. tuna canners' announced they would buy only tuna caught by methods that don't also kill dolphins; and some oil companies said they would market less-polluting gasoline.
Trowbridge, a former secretary of commerce and an oil executive, said these actions were typical of the concern that is being put at the front of the decision process by many U.S. companies.
Environmentalists, however, expressed skepticism about Trowbridge's message.
"Talk is cheap and action is not cheap," said David Gardiner, legislative director of the Sierra Club.
But, Trowbridge said, the record since Earth Day 1970 indicated that economic growth and environmental improvement had taken place.
Trowbridge presented a report that indicated production of six major pollutants had dropped sharply since 1970, while employment, productivity, per capita income, industrial production and the overall size of the economy had grown steadily.
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